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GrammarEllipsis1.省略主语省略主语:祈使句中的主语通常被省略祈使句中的主语通常被省略;其他其他省略的主语的情况多限于少数现成的说法省略的主语的情况多限于少数现成的说法.(1) (You) Come in, please.(2) (I) See you tomorrow.(3) (I) Thank you for your help.(4) (I) Beg your pardon.简单句中的省略简单句中的省略2.省略主语或谓语的一部分省略主语或谓语的一部分简单句中的省略简单句中的省略(1) (There is) No smoking.(2) (Will you) Have a smoke?(3) Why (do you) not say hello to him?(4) How (do you think) about a cup of tea?(5) (You come) this way, please.简单句中的省略简单句中的省略 3.省略宾语省略宾语:可省略宾语的全部；可省略作宾可省略宾语的全部；可省略作宾语的动词不定式语的动词不定式,只保留只保留to,但如果该宾语是动但如果该宾语是动词词be或完成时态或完成时态,则须在则须在to后加上后加上be或或have(1) -Do you know Miss Hu? -I dont know (her).(2) Dont touch anything unless the teacher tells you to (touch).(3) -Are you a teacher? -No, but I want to be (a teacher).(4) -He hasnt finished the task. -Well, he ought to have (finish it).简单句中的省略简单句中的省略 4.省略表语省略表语(1) -Are you thirsty? -Yes, I am (thirsty).(2) His brother is lazy? Nor is his sister (lazy).5.同时省略几个句子成分同时省略几个句子成分(1) -Are you fell better now? - (Im feeling) better (now).(2) (I wish) Good luck (to you)!(3) Lets meet at the school gate as the same as (we met) yesterday.并列句中的省略并列句中的省略两两个并列分句中，后一分句常省略与前一分句个并列分句中，后一分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分中相同的部分(1) My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.(2) I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school(3) Lins father was not at home, but his mother was (at home).主从复合句中的省略主从复合句中的省略1.主句中有一些主谓被省略主句中有一些主谓被省略(1) (Im) Sorry to heat that you are ill.(2) (Its) a pity that you missed such a good chance.2.省略从句中与主句相同的部分省略从句中与主句相同的部分They do not visit their parents as much as they ought to (visit their parents).3.主句与从句各有一些成分被省略主句与从句各有一些成分被省略The sooner (you do it) , the better (it will be ).其他省略其他省略1.1.连词的连词的thatthat省略省略(1)宾语从句中常省略宾语从句中常省略that,但多个宾语从句并列时但多个宾语从句并列时, 通常只省略第一个通常只省略第一个thatHe said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.(2)在定语从句中在定语从句中that在作宾语时才能省略在作宾语时才能省略The book (that) I borrowed yesterday was hers.2.2.在某些状语从句中在某些状语从句中, ,当从句的主语与主句的主语当从句的主语与主句的主语一致或者从句主语为一致或者从句主语为itit，且从句谓语部分有，且从句谓语部分有bebe动动词时词时, ,可省去可省去“主语主语+be+be”部分部分其他省略其他省略(1) When (he was) still a boy of 10, he had to work day and night.(2) As (he was) a child, he lived in India.(3) If (you are) asked you may come in.(4) If (it is) necessary Ill explain to you again.(5) Though (he is) young, he knows a lot.(6) He opened his lips as if (he were) to say something.其他省略其他省略3.不定式符号不定式符号to的省略的省略(1)(1)并列的不定式可省去后面的并列的不定式可省去后面的 to.to. I told him to sit down I told him to sit down and and wait forwait for a moment. a moment. (2) (2) help help 当当“帮助帮助”讲时，后面的宾语或宾补的不定式符讲时，后面的宾语或宾补的不定式符号号toto可带可不带可带可不带. . I will help I will help (to)(to) do it for you. do it for you. I will help you I will help you (to)(to) do it. do it.（ （3 3） ）介词介词butbut前若有动词前若有动词do,do,后面的不定式不带后面的不定式不带 to.to. The boy did nothing The boy did nothing but playbut play. .其他省略其他省略(4) (4) 某些使役某些使役动词动词（ （let, make, havelet, make, have） ）及感官及感官动词动词（ （see, watch, see, watch, hear, notice, observe, feel, look at, listen tohear, notice, observe, feel, look at, listen to等）等）后面作后面作宾语宾语补补足足语语的不定式一定要省去的不定式一定要省去 to, to, 但在被但在被动语态动语态中中须须将将to to 复复原。原。 I I saw the boy fallsaw the boy fall from the tree.from the tree. The boyThe boy was seen to fallwas seen to fall from the tree.from the tree. The bossThe boss made us workmade us work 12 hours a day.12 hours a day. We wereWe were made to workmade to work 12 hours a day12 hours a day.(5) (5) 主主语语从句中有从句中有动词动词dodo, ,后面作表后面作表语语的不定式的的不定式的 toto可可带带可可不不带带。 。 What we can do now is What we can do now is (to) wait.(to) wait.(6) find (6) find 当当“ “发现发现” ”讲时讲时，后面作，后面作宾语补宾语补足足语语的不定式符号的不定式符号toto可可带带可不可不带带。 。 We found him We found him (to) work(to) work very hard at the experiment. very hard at the experiment. 但如果是不定式但如果是不定式 to beto be， ，则则不能省略。不能省略。 She found him She found him to beto be dishonest. dishonest. 其他省略其他省略4.4.连词连词ifif在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但要将后面的在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但要将后面的shouldshould，werewere，hadhad提到主语的前面提到主语的前面. .其他省略其他省略(1)(1) Had they timeHad they time, they would certainly come and , they would certainly come and help us. help us. (2) (2) Were I youWere I you, I would do the work better., I would do the work better.(3(3） ）Should there beShould there be a flooda flood, what should we do?, what should we do?替代替代( (一一) )soso和和notnot作替代作替代词词, ,代替被省略的某个代替被省略的某个词词( (组组) )或句子，或句子，一般同表示个人看法或想法的一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连动词连用，作用，作be afraidbe afraid， ，believebelieve， ，becomebecome， ，allall， ，dodo， ，expectexpect， ，fearfear， ，hopehope， ，Imagine,Imagine, say, see, speak, suppose, think say, see, speak, suppose, think等的等的宾语宾语。 。NotNot代替否定的句子，代替否定的句子，还还可放在可放在perhapsperhaps， ，probablyprobably， ，absolutelyabsolutely等副等副词词后后 E.g.: She was not angry at first, but became so （=angry）after a while. Is he the best student in the class ?I think so(=He is best student in the class).I think not(=He is not the best student in the class).替代替代（二）替代的应用（二）替代的应用1.So可以放在句首或句尾，但若谓语动词是see, notice, hear等,则只能放在句首.如：I believe (say, think)so. =So I believe (say, think). I believe (say, think)so. =So I believe (say, think). He is absent today. He is absent today. So I see (hear, notice).So I see (hear, notice).2.2.在表示肯定或怀疑意义的句中不可用so。如：误：误：I doubt so. 正：正：I doubt it. 3 3.在ask和know之后也不用so。如：误：误：Why do you ask so ? ?正：正：Why do you ask that ? ?4.do so一般只用替代动态动词，不替代静态动词。一般只用替代动态动词，不替代静态动词。如：如：She said she would go with me, but she didnt do so. 替代替代-Alice feels better today.-I think she does.-So she does.而不能说而不能说I think she does so.
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