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专题十三 阅读理解A组20162014年各省市高考题（改编）考点一主旨大意与写作意图题Passage 1(2016全国)话题：沉默的解读词数：329The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say.A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, or worry.Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap (间隙) with conversation.Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a persons needs.Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do.Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what maybe implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power.For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion.However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her.In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.Nurses and other caregivers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing.Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patients silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily.A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.1What does the author say about silence in conversations?AIt implies anger. BIt promotes friendship.CIt is culturespecific. DIt is contentbased.2Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?AThe Chinese. BThe French.CThe Mexicans. DThe Russians.3What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?ALet it continue as the patient pleases.BBreak it while treating patients.CEvaluate its harm to patients.DMake use of its healing effects.4.What may be the best title for the text?ASound and SilenceBWhat It Means to Be SilentCSilence to Native AmericansDSpeech Is Silver; Silence Is GoldPassage 2(2016全国)话题：图书分享活动词数：250Reading can be a social activity.Think of the people who belong to book groups.They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them.Now, the website BookC turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share.BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book.Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds itBruce Peterson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, “The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read.BookCrossing combines both.”Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops.Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it.Emails are then sent to the BookCrossing to keep them updated about where their books have been found.Bruce Peterson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual(虚拟)The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirtyfive countries.1.Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?ATo explain what they are.BTo introduce BookCrossing.CTo stress the importance of reading.DTo encourage readers to share their ideas.2What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?AThe book.BAn adventure.CA public place.DThe identification number.3What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it?AMeet other readers to discuss it.BKeep it safe in his bookcase.CPass it on to another reader.DMail it back to its owner.4.What is the best title for the text?AOnline Reading: A Virtual TourBElectronic Books: A new TrendCA Book Group Brings Tradition BackDA Website Links People through BooksPassage 3(2016全国)话题：苹果节词数：277If you are a fruit groweror would like to become onetake advantage of Apple Day to see whats around.Its called Apple Day but in practice its more like Apple Month.The day itself is on October 21, but since it has caught on, events now spread out over most of October around Britain.Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples.To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.Although it doesnt taste of anything special, its still worth a try, as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cats Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions.One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but youll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so its a_pipe_dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.At the events, you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered for with applethemed fun and games.Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit，including stately gardens and commercial orchards(果园)If you want to have a real orchard experience, try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale，near Faversham in Kent.1What can people do at the apple events?AAttend experts lectures.BVisit fruitloving families.CPlant fruit trees in an orchard.DTaste many kinds of apples.2What can we learn about Decio?AIt is a new variety. BIt has a strange look.CIt is rarely seen now. DIt has a special taste.3What does the underlined phrase “a pipe dream” in Paragraph 3 mean?AA practical idea. BA vain hope.CA brilliant plan. DA selfish desire.4.What is the authors purpose in writing the text?ATo show how to grow apples.BTo introduce an apple festival.CTo help people select apples.DTo promote apple research.Passage 4(2016全国)话题：好消息传播快词数：338Bad news sells.If it bleeds, it leads.No news is good news, and good news is no news.Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers.But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules.By tracking peoples emails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.“The if it bleeds rule works for mass media，” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania.“They want your eyeballs and dont care how youre feeling.But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react.You dont want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”Researchers analyzing wordofmouth communicationemails，Web posts and reviews, facetoface conversationsfound that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didnt necessarily mean people preferred positive news.Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr.Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times website.He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most emailed” list for six months.One of his first finds was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than nonscience articles.He found that science amazed Times readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad.The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr.Berger explains in his new book, “Contagious: Why Things Catch On.”1What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?ANews reports. BResearch papers.CPrivate emails. DDaily conversations.2What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?ATheyre socially inactive.BTheyre good at telling stories.CTheyre inconsiderate of others.DTheyre careful with their words.3Which tended to be the most emailed according to Dr.Bergers research?ASports news. BScience articles.CPersonal accounts. DFinancial reviews.4.What can be a suitable title for the text?ASad Stories Travel Far Wide.BOnline News Attracts More People.CReading Habits Change with the Times.DGood News Beats Bad on Social Networks.Passage 5(2015新课标全国)话题：房间与身材词数：316Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating，for people are often less selfconscious(难为情)when theyre in poorly lit placesand so more likely to eat lots of food.If your home doesnt have enough window light，get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.Mind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.In one study，people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing，while cold colors make us feel less hungry.So when its time to repaint，go blue.Dont forget the clockor the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the time，and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.And while youre at it，actually sit down to eat.If you need some help slowing down，turn on relaxing music.It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.Downsize the dishes.Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat.We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12inch plate instead of a 10inch plate.When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one，total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 percent.And well pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short，wide glass than a tall，skinny glass.1The text is especially helpful for those who care about_.Atheir home comfortsBtheir body shapeChouse buyingDhealthy diets2A home environment in blue can help people_.Adigest food betterBreduce food intakeCburn more caloriesDregain their appetites3What are people advised to do at mealtimes?AEat quickly.BPlay fast music.CUse smaller spoons.DTurn down the lights.4.What can be a suitable title for the text?AIs Your House Making You Fat?BWays of Serving DinnerCEffects of SelfConsciousnessDIs Your Home Environment Relaxing?Passage 6(2015安徽)话题：家庭团结词数：304When her five daughters were young, Helene An always told them that there was strength in unity (团结). To show this, she held up one chopstick, representing one person. Then she easily broke it into two pieces. Next, she tied several chopsticks together, representing a family. She showed the girls it was hard to break the tied chopsticks. This lesson about family unity stayed with the daughters as they grew up.Helene An and her family own a large restaurant business in California. However, when Helene and her husband Danny left their home in Vietnam in 1975, they didnt have much money. They moved their family to San Francisco. There they joined Dannys mother, Diana, who owned a small Italian sandwich shop. Soon afterwards, Helene and Diana changed the sandwich shop into a small Vietnamese restaurant. The five daughters helped in the restaurant when they were young. However, Helene did not want her daughters to always work in the family business because she thought it was too hard.Eventually the girls all graduated from college and went away to work for themselves, but one by one, the daughters returned to work in the family business. They opened new restaurants in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Even though family members sometimes disagreed with each other, they worked together to make the business successful. Daughter Elisabeth explains, “Our mother taught us that to succeed we must have unity, and to have unity we must have peace. Without the strength of the family, there is no business.”Their expanding business became a large corporation in 1996, with three generations of Ans working together. Now the Ans corporation makes more than $20 million each year. Although they began with a small restaurant, they had big dreams, and they worked together. Now they are a big success.1Helene tied several chopsticks together to show_.Athe strength of family unityBthe difficulty of growing upCthe advantage of chopsticksDthe best way of giving a lesson2We can learn from Paragraph 2 that the An family_.Astarted a business in 1975Bleft Vietnam without much moneyCbought a restaurant in San FranciscoDopened a sandwich shop in Los Angeles3What can we infer about the An daughters?AThey did not finish their college education.BThey could not bear to work in the family business.CThey were influenced by what Helene taught them.DThey were troubled by disagreement among family members.4.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?AHow to Run a CorporationBStrength Comes from PeaceCHow to Achieve a Big DreamDFamily Unity Builds SuccessPassage 7(2015安徽)话题：互联网与记忆词数：288As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information, are people remembering less? If you know your computer will save information, why store it in your own personal memory, your brain? Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.In a recent study, Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted some experiments. She and her research team wanted to know how the Internet is changing memory. In the first experiment, they gave people 40 unimportant facts to type into a computer. The first group of people understood that the computer would save the information. The second group understood that the computer would not save it. Later, the second group remembered the information better. People in the first group knew they could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it.In another experiment, the researchers gave people facts to remember, and told them where to find the information on the computer. The information was in a specific computer folder (文件夹). Surprisingly, people later remembered the folder location (位置) better than the facts. When people use the Internet, they do not remember the information. Rather, they remember how to find it. This is called “transactive memory (交互记忆)”According to Sparrow, we are not becoming people with poor memories as a result of the Internet. Instead, computer users are developing stronger transactive memories; that is, people are learning how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date. This doesnt mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing.1.The passage begins with two questions to_.Aintroduce the main topicBshow the authors altitudeCdescribe how to use the Internet. Dexplain how to store information2What can we learn about the first experiment?AThe Sparrows team typed the information into a computer. BThe two groups remembered the information equally well.CThe first group did not try to remember the information. DThe second group did not understand the information.3In transactive memory, people_.Akeep the information in mindBchange the quantity of information Corganize information like a computerDremember how to find the information4What is the effect of the Internet according to Sparrows research? AWe are using memory differently.BWe are becoming more intelligent.CWe have poorer memories than before.DWe need a better way to access information.Passage 8(2015四川)话题：金字塔词数：436No one is sure how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cairo.But a new study suggests they used a little rocknroll.Longago builders could have attached wooden poles to the stones and rolled then across the sand, the scientists say.“Technically, I think what theyre proposing is possible，” physicist Daniel Bonn said.People have long puzzled over how the Egyptians moved such huge rocks.And theres no obvious answer.On average, each of the two million big stones weighed about as much as a large pickup truck.The Egyptians somehow moved the stone blocks to the pyramid site from about one kilometer away.The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths.Many scientists suspect workers first would have put the blocks on sleds(滑板)Then they would have dragged them along paths.To make the work easier, workers may have lubricated_the_paths either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle.Bonn has now tested this idea by building small sleds and dragging heavy objects over sand.Evidence from the sand supports this idea.Researchers found small amounts of fat, as well as a large amount of stone and the remains of paths.However, physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way, who led the new study .West said, “I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction.I thought, Why dont they just try rolling the things？ ” A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides, he realized.That, he notes, should make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”So he tried it.He and his students tied some poles to each of four sides of a 30kilogram stone block.That action turned the block into somewhat a wheel.Then they placed the block on the ground.They wrapped one end of a rope around the block and pulled.The researchers found they could easily roll the block along different kinds of paths.They calculated that rolling the block required about as much force as moving it along a slippery(滑的)path.West hasnt tested his idea on larger blocks，but he thinks rolling has clear advantages over sliding.At least，workers wouldnt have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths.1Its widely believed that the stone blocks were moved to the pyramid site by _.Arolling them on roadsBpushing them over the sandCsliding them on smooth pathsDdragging them on some poles2The underlined part “lubricated the paths” in Paragraph 4 means_.Amade the paths wetBmade the paths hardCmade
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