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课时21完形填空体裁技法(3)说明文【体裁解读】说明文一般采用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、特点、构造、成因、关系或事物的运动变化、发展的过程及其规律。说明文十分讲究条理性，大多采用时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认知顺序来说明事物或事理。做此种类型的完形填空时可利用总分原则。理清段落关系以及运用顺势承接或者逆向对比，巧妙选择答案。体裁演练In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively _1_ work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.In any case, despite so much evidence to the _2_， many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, _3_， that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from _4_ without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.Different cultures have different ways of _5_ people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decisionmakingall members of the department or work group are asked to _6_ to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general _7_. Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional _8_ managers cannot.A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without _9_ managers first. This empowerment(授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: _10_ the number of management layers in companies. After delayering in this way, a company may be _11_ with just a top level of senior managers, frontline managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has _12_ been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to _13_ that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.Another trend is offsite or _14_ management, where teams of people linked by email and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate the _15_ of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.1A.desire Bseek Close Ddislike2A.contrary Bexpectation Cdegree Dextreme3A.vice versa Bfor example Chowever Dotherwise4A.outside Binside Cbelow Dabove5A.replacing Bassessing Cmanaging Dencouraging6A.refer Bcontribute Cobject Dapply7A.agreement Bpractice Celection Dimpression8A.bossy Bexperienced Cwestern Dmale9A.asking Btraining Cwarning Dfiring10A.doubling Bmaintaining Creducing Destimating11A.honored Bleft Ccrowded Dcompared12A.economically Btraditionally Cinadequately Doccasionally13A.deny Badmit Cassume Densure14A.virtual Bineffective Cdaytoday Donthescene15A.opinion Brisk Cperformance Dattractiveness【能力提升演练】AThere are times when people are so tired that they fall asleep almost anywhere.We can see there is a lot of sleeping on the bus or train on the _1_ home from work in the evenings.A man will be _2_ the newspaper, and seconds later it _3_ as if he is trying to _4_ it. Or he will fall asleep on the shoulder of the stranger _5_ next to him._6_ place where unplanned short sleep _7_ is in the lecture hall where a student will start snoring so _8_ that the professor has to ask another student to _9_ the sleeper awake. A more embarrassing situation occurs when a student starts falling into sleep and the _10_ of the head pushes the arm off the _11_， and the movement carries the _12_ of the body along. The student wakes up on the floor with no _13_ of getting there. The worst time to fall asleep is when _14_. Police reports are full of _15_ that occur when people fall into sleep and go _16_ the road. If the drivers are _17_， they are not seriously hurt. One womans car, _18_， went into the river. She woke up in four feet of _19_ and thought it was raining. When people are really _20_， nothing will stop them from falling asleepno matter where they are.1A.way Btrack Cpath Droad2A.buying Bfolding Cdelivering Dreading3A.acts Bshows Cappears Dsounds4A.open Beat Cfind Dfinish5A.lying Bwaiting Ctalking Dsitting6A.Next BEvery CAnother DOne7A.goes on Bends up Clasts Dreturns8A.bravely Bhappily Cloudly Dcarelessly9A.leave Bshake Ckeep Dwatch10A.size Bshape Cweight Dstrength11A.cushion Bdesk Cshoulder Dbook12A.action Bposition Crest Dside13A.memory Breason Cquestion Dpurpose14A.thinking Bworking Cwalking Ddriving15A.changes Bevents Cideas Daccidents16A.up Boff Calong Ddown17A.lucky Bawake Ccalm Dstrong18A.in time Bat first Cas usual Dfor example19A.dust Bwater Cgrass Dbush20A.tired Bdrunk Clonely DlazyBIf you want to learn a new language, the very first thing to think about is why. Do you need it for a _1_ reason, such as your job or your studies? _2_ perhaps youre interested in the _3_， films or music of a different country and you know how much it will help to have a _4_ of the language.Most people learn best using a variety of _5_， but traditional classes are an ideal start for many people. They _6_ an environment where you can practice under the _7_ of someone whos good at the language. We all lead _8_ lives and learning a language takes _9_. You will have more success if you study regularly, so try to develop a _10_. It doesnt matter if you havent got long. Becoming fluent in a language will take years, but learning to get by taking _11_.Many people start learning a language and soon give up. “Im too _12_，” they say. Yes，children do learn languages more _13_ than adults, but research has shown that you can learn a language at any _14_. And learning is good for the health of your brain, too. Ive also heard people _15_ about the mistakes they make when _16_. Well, relax and laugh about your mistakes _17_ youre much less likely to make them again.Learning a new language is never _18_. But with some work and devotion, youll make progress. And youll be _19_ by the positive reaction of some people when you say just a few words in _20_ own language. Good luck!1A.technical Bpolitical Cpractical Dphysical2A.After BSo CThough DOr3A.literature Btransport Cagriculture Dmedicine4A.view Bknowledge Cform Ddatabase5A.paintings Bregulations Cmethods Dcomputers6A.protect Bchange Crespect Dprovide7A.control Bcommand Cguidance Dpressure8A.busy Bhappy Csimple Dnormal9A.courage Btime Cenergy Dplace10A.theory Bbusiness Croutine Dproject11A.some risks Ba lot less Csome notes Da lot more12A.old Bnervous Cweak Dtired13A.closely Bquickly Cprivately Dquietly14A.age Bspeed Cdistance Dschool15A.worry Bhesitate Cthink Dquarrel16A.singing Bworking Cbargaining Dlearning17A.if Band Cbut Dbefore18A.tiresome Bhard Cinteresting Deasy19A.blamed Bamazed Cinterrupted Dinformed20A.their Bhis Cour Dyour课时21完形填空体裁技法(3)说明文【体裁演练】【语篇导读】本文是说明文，作者在第一段中提出道格拉斯麦克雷戈所提出的人性假设理论中的X理论和Y理论，并介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论：授权管理及其作用。1D考查上下文串联。根据后半句“. will do anything to avoid it”可知很多人为了避免工作而愿意做任何事情，说明那些人大多数人生性都是懒惰的，都不愿意工作，他们尽可能地逃避工作。故D项正确。2A考查上下文串联。短语to the contrary相反的；to the degree在某种程度上；to the extreme走向极端。在文章第一段中提到了X理论，大多数人都缺乏进取心和责任心，不愿对人和事负责，没有什么雄心壮志，不喜欢负责任，宁可被领导。而Y理论认为大多数人愿意对工作、对他人负责，人们愿意实行自我管理和自我控制来完成应当完成的目标。这是两种完全相反的理论，尽管对于这两种完全相反的理论有很多的证据，很多管理人仍然同意X理论。故A正确。3B考查上下文串联。本句中for example表示举例说明；这些管理人仍然同意X理论，例如他们认为如果要员工效率高，就需要给与他们不断的监督。这属于X理论的举例说明。故B正确。4D考查上下文串联。根据后句“.makes for authoritarian managers.。”可知这属于专制的管理方法，他们的决定是自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。故D项“above上面的”正确。5C考查上下文串联。根据前段可知本文讨论的管理学的理论，本句使用动词“manage管理”，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。而且和下文中亚洲、西方的管理方法形成呼应。故C正确。6B考查动词短语辨析。短语refer to提到，谈到；contribute to做贡献，导致；object to反对；apply to适用于。亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求管理的过程做出自己的贡献。故B正确。7A考查上下文串联。名词agreement同意；practice练习，做法；election选举；impression印象。亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同的协议基础之上的，西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。故A正确。8D考查上下文串联。根据前半句“. women will become more effective managers than men.”可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效。因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目标。故D正确。9A考查上下文串联。根据前句“. encourage employees to use their own initiative.鼓励员工使用自己的首创精神”，也就是说在做出决定的时候不要请示上级经理，自己做出决定即可。故A项正确。10C考查上下文串联。根据前句“the trend towards downsizing缩小规模的趋势”，也就是要减少管理层的数量，可以直接做出决定而不需要请示上级。故动词“reduce减少”符合上下文串联。11B考查短语辨析。动词be honored with被授予；be left with留下，剩下；be crowded with挤满；be compared with与相比。通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和前线的与公众直接联系的一线管理人。省略了很多中央环节，提高了管理的效益。故B正确。12B考查副词辨析。副词economically经济地；traditionally传统地；inadequately不充分地；occasionally偶尔地。根据后句“Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management.”可知授权管理是一个新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故B正确。13D考查动词辨析。动词deny否认；admit承认；assume假定，设想；ensure保证，确保。授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知D正确。14A考查上下文串联。形容词virtual虚拟的；ineffective低效的；daytoday日常的；onthescene现场的；根据后句“where teams of people linked by email and the Internet work on projects from their own houses”可知在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和网络联系，说明这是一种新型通过虚拟网络进行的管理方法。故A正确。15C考查名词辨析。名词opinion观点；risk冒险；performance表现；attractiveness魅力。根据后半句中“in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them”可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产品而不是工作的时间。故C项正确。【能力提升演练】A【语篇导读】这是一篇说明文，文章讲述了人在感到疲倦时，睡眠便会不分时间、地点与场合地发生，以及在不同场合和环境下人们睡觉的状态及后果。1A根据from work可知选A项。on the way home“在回家途中”。2D此处指在回家的车上，所以应为“读”报纸，故选D项。3C读了几秒钟后，他看起来好像要把报纸吃掉一样。此处是指读着报纸要睡着了。it appears“看起来”，故选C项。4B根据上一题解析可知，这是打瞌睡的状态，看上去似乎要将报纸吃掉一样，而不是“打开”、“发现”或者“读完”，故选B项。5D根据语境可知，睡着了之后头会靠在旁边的人的肩膀上，故选D项，现在分词短语作后置定语。6C此处是在列举另外一个容易睡觉的场所，是众多场所中的又一个，another“另一，又一”，符合语境，故选C项。7A根据上题解析可知选A项。go on“继续；发生”；end up“结束”；last“持续”；return“回来”。8C根据下文可知，教授让别的同学叫醒他，是因为他打鼾的声音太响(loudly)了，故选C项。9B打鼾说明睡得很深沉，因此需要摇醒(shake)他，故选B项。10C更令人尴尬的是，一名学生趴在桌上睡着了，头的重量使得胳膊滑下桌子，weight符合语境。11B根据上题可知，胳膊离开了桌子(desk)，故选B项。12C胳膊离开了桌子带动着身体的其他部分滑到地上。故选C项rest，意为“剩下的部分”。13A跌到了地上所以醒来，但是对自己为什么会这样却没有一点记忆。故选A项memory“记忆”。14D根据下文的“If the drivers are _17_.”可知，此处指最严重的事情是开车时打瞌睡，故选D项。15D警察的报道中很多都是由于司机在开车时打瞌睡而将车开出了车道所导致的事故(accidents)。16B根据上题解析可知B项符合语境。go off“离开，偏离”。17A第17空后的“they are not seriously hurt”是开车睡觉导致事故中较幸运的(lucky)结果，故选A项。联系上下文可知，此处描述的是开车睡觉发生事故以后的推论，其他选项不符合语境。18D下面举了另一个例子来说明开车睡觉的危险性，故D项正确。in time“及时”；at first“首先”；as usual“像往常一样”；for example“例如”。19B由前一句可知，车开进了河里，当然是在水(water)里醒过来，故选B项。dust“灰尘，尘土”；grass“草地”；bush“灌木丛”。20A人在真正感到疲劳时，不论在哪里，没有什么可以阻止他们睡着。此句与文章首句呼应，故选A项。B【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章阐述了学习外语并非易事，最好的方式还是传统的课堂学习模式，在老师的指导下，通过自己的努力，你会不断地进步，并获得学习外语的乐趣。1C根据空后的“.such as your job or your studies？”可知，此处是指学习英语的实际(practical)原因，故选C项。technical“技术的”；political“政治的”；physical“身体的；物理的”。2D联系上文中的a practical reason可知，此处是指你学习外语的另一种原因。3A根据此处所表达的并列关系可知，所填词与后面的films，music一致，故用文学(literature)。transport“交通”；agriculture“农业”。4B根据语境可知，此处是指如果你掌握了一门外语，你就会知道它的用途有多大。have a knowledge of意为“掌握”，是固定短语，符合语境。5C根据空后的“.but traditional classes are an ideal start for many people.”可知，此处表示绝大多数人学习外语会采用不同的方法(methods)。regulation“规范”。6D对许多人来说，既然传统的课堂是理想的开始，那么，它们当然可以提供(provide)一种学习外语的环境。protect“保护”，change“改变”，respect“尊重”，均不符合语境。7C联系之后的“someone whos good at the language”可知，在传统的课堂上，你是在老师的指导(guidance)下来学习外语的。control“控制”，command“命令”，pressure“压力”，均不符合语境。8A根据常识可知，我们的生活都很忙碌(busy)。9B根据下文中的“take years”可知，学习外语需要花费时间(time)。courage“勇气”，energy“精力”和place“地方”均不符合语境。10C根据空前的“if you study regularly”可知，此处强调学习外语要形成一种惯例(routine)。theory“理论”，business“生意”，project“工程，项目”，均不符合语境。11B根据语境可知，要把外语说流利需要花费多年的时间。但如果不要求太高则花费的时间会少很多(a lot less)。12A根据下一句中的“children do learn languages more _13_ than adults”可以推断出，有些人放弃学习外语的借口是：他们认为自己老了(old)。13B根据常识可知，孩子学习外语比成年人要快(quickly)，但是研究表明处在任何年龄(age)，你都可以学习外语。14A由上文提到的children 和adults的对比意义可知答案。15A联系下文中作者的建议可知，很多人担心(worry)自己会犯错误。16D根据语境可知，有些人担心自己在学习(learning)外语的过程中会犯错误。bargain“讨价还价”。17B根据“祈使句and简单句”的句式结构可知，此处是指：对于你所犯的错误要放松并付诸一笑，你很可能会避免再犯同样的错误。18D结合下文中but表示的转折意义可知，此处强调学习外语从来都不是一件容易的(easy)事情。19B根据语境可知，当你用一门外语说了仅仅几句话，而以这门语言为母语的一些人对你做出积极评价时，你会感到很吃惊(amazed)。20A此处指上文提到的some people，也就是以这门语言为母语的人，故用their。9
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