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Module3Unit 2 Language（2）动词的时态动词的时态(2)一、一般过去时通常表示过去一段时间的习惯性动作或状态或过去某一具体时间发生的动作或所处的状态。但过去时有时并不实际表示过去的动作或状态。受主句过去时态影响，从句用过去时态；表示虚拟语气时用过去时态。与一般过去时连用的时间状语(举例时)有 yesterday, (two days) ago, last (year)，the other day(前几天)，once upon a time(很久以前)，just now(刚才)，in the old days(在过去的日子里)，before liberation(解放前)，When I was 8 years old(当我8岁时)，at (7 oclock)等。The train arrived ten minutes ago.火车10分钟前就到了。Mother said father didnt like smoked food.母亲说父亲不喜欢熏制食品。If I were you, I would choose to work at home.假如我是你，我会选择在国内工作。二、过去进行时的动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时动词与always, continually, frequently 等词连用时，表示明显的感情色彩。进行时与when连用表达“正在做某事，突然”的意思。短暂性动作用于进行时时，表达“慢慢地”的意思。常见时间状语有this time yesterday/last month/last year等，表达“过去这个时候”的意思。This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson.昨天这个时候，我们正在上英语课。She was setting the table when it began to shake terribly. 她摆桌子时突然感到桌子剧烈地震动起来。In Qing Dynasty, China was always saying Yes to western powers. 清朝时，中国总是屈服于西方列强。三、过去完成时的基本含义表示在过去某一参照时间或动作之前动作已经发生或到过去某一参照时间或动作为止动作或状态已经持续一段时间。用过去完成时，必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照，说明在此之前某动作已发生或某状态已经存在。体会 “过去的过去”或“从过去到过去”是理解过去完成时的关键。具体时间状语有：by过去时间或before过去时间。She had visited China twice before she came last year.她去年来这里前两次访问过中国。By the middle of last month, I had lived in Beijing for five years. 到上月中旬，我已在北京住了5年了。If I had attended the meeting last night, I would have seen Mr. Li, chairman of the meeting.要是昨晚我参加了会议(事实上没去)，我就会见到会议主席李先生了。He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught redhanded. 他刚偷到钱包就被当场抓获。I had hoped that nothing would get worse. 我原本希望情况不会更糟(事实上更糟)。四、过去将来时表示相对过去某时间而言将要发生的事情，多用在宾语从句中。表达形式多样：主语would/should动词；主语was/were going to 动词；主语was/were to动词；主语was/were about动词。They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon.他们问我是否很快要去广州。I told her I was going to see her that afternoon.我告诉她我那天下午要去看她。She and I were to meet at an agreed place.她和我将在一个约定的地方见面。Mrs. Brown was about to begin, but Jennie spoke first.布朗夫人刚要开始，但是珍妮先说话了。五、过去完成进行时表示一直持续到过去某个时间的行为动作，此行为动作或刚结束、或还没结束。这一时态经常与一般过去时一起使用，该过去时动作起参照作用。When we arrived, the roads were dangerous, for it had been raining for a week. 我们赶到时，道路很危险。当时雨一直下了一个星期。They were tired because they had been working since dawn. 当时他们累了，因为从天亮开始他们就一直在工作。六、过去将来完成时表示到相对过去某一特定时间而言的未来时间为止状态或动作已经持续一段时间或动作已经完成。该时态多用于宾语从句，常用时间状语为by点时间。The traveler said he would have been away from home for 30 years by the next year.旅行者当时说到下一年为止他离开家里30 年了。七、过去将来进行时指相对过去时间而言的未来时间正在发生的动作。 My son was born in 1998 and I would be working in another city far away from home the next year and I had to employ a babysitter to take care of my son and my wife as well.我儿子1998年出生，而我第二年将在离家很远的一个城市工作，于是我雇了个保姆照顾儿子和妻子。八、过去将来完成进行时表示到过去的将来时间为止，动作一直持续一段时间，可能继续下去或宣告终止。注意其中动词必须为延续性动作。该时态更多用于间接引语。常用时间状语为by点时间。The model worker said he would have been working in the factory for 40 years by the time he retired.那个模范工人说到他退休时他在这个工厂工作满40年了。高考湖南卷的单选题中对过去时的考查是重中之重。1一般过去时(1)有具体的过去的时间只能用一般过去时。这个考点只要是考到一般过去时，基本上会考到。只不过是出题人往往会通过对话的方式来隐含这个过去的时间。(2)used to do表示过去经常但现在已经不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。be/become/get used to doing sth.表示“习惯于做某事”。(3)在时间和条件状语从句中，代替将来时。He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise.如果他提了工资，就答应给我买一台电脑。2过去进行时(1)在复合句中，如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的，那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper.他边等车边看报。 (两个动作都是延续的)He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. 他擦车时我在做饭。(两个动作同时进行)(2)通常不能用于过去进行时的动词主要有：agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have(拥有), hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish等。误：I was knowing the answer.正：I knew the answer.我知道答案。误：I wasnt understanding him.正：I didnt understand him.我不明白他的意思。(3)过去进行时与一般过去时的区别 进行时表某一行为的“片断”，一般时表示行为的“整体”和存在的状态。 I was reading the book at that time. (未读完，“读”的片段) I read the book yesterday. (已读完，表整个“读”) 一般持续时间状语多与进行时连用 It was raining all night.(优先用was raining ，rained 为持续动词，故也可使用) He was writing a letter the whole of afternoon. (短暂动词与持续时间连用，表反复，连续发生，不可用一般过去时) while 时间状语从句中用短暂动词时只能用进行时。 He broke a chair while he was jumping up and down. while 所在主从句动作大致持续相等时主从句一般都用进行时，但若是持续动词可都用一般过去时，两个动作一长一短时短的用一般时，长的用进行时。 I was cooking the dinner while he was playing the piano.(平行) 3过去完成时(1)能用这种时态的动作肯定发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用。They finished earlier than we had expected.他们完成得比我们想象的要早。(2)用在hardly/scarcelywhen； no soonerthan的句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.他来看我时我刚刚完成工作。(3)表示“第几次做某事”和“自从多长时间”，主句用一般过去时，从句用过去完成时。That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.那是她第二次看到她的外祖父。(4)动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan用于过去完成时，表示“过去未曾实现的愿望，打算和意图”。I had intended to see you but I was too busy.我本想去看你，但我太忙了。4过去将来时(1)一般用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。 He said he would stay with us. 他说他要与我们待在一起。(2)“was/were going to 动词原形”或“was/were 动词不定式的完成式”可表示未能实现的过去将来时间的动作。 Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained. 上星期天我们本想去游览长城的，但却下雨了。(没有去成)(3)“be about to do” 和 “be on the point of doing”结构一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用，但后面可以接when引导的分句。 I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain. 我正要动身天突然下雨了。(4)come，go，leave，arrive，start等动词可用过去进行时代替过去将来时。He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.他说火车将于第二天早晨6点离开。1. Jeff, you look so excited today. Sure I am, I _ a good job in a big company, you know. A. offered B. will offer C. have been offered D. was offered C句意：杰夫，你今天显得好兴奋。那确实，我在一家大公司谋得了一份好工作。此题中“得到工作在过去，高兴到现在”。2. Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makesC割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性，“玛丽在做衣服时”提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。3. As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A. read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read; fellB句中的as when, while，意为“当之时”。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行时；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意 “在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。”句中的 fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。4. He will come tomorrow. But Id rather he _ the day after tomorrow. A. will come B. is coming C. came D. had comeC此题容易误选A或B，因为上文的 He will come tomorrow 以及下文的时间状语 the day after tomorrow 似乎都表明空白处应填一个一般将来时态。但实际上此题的最佳答案是 C，这与 would rather 的用法有关。按照英语习惯，would rather 后接that 从句时，其谓语的时态规律是：用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成时表示过去。5. Mr. Smith _ a book about China last year but I dont know whether he has finished it. A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing D此题应选D，这是由 but I dont know whether he has finished it 这一句话的语境决定的，全句意“史密斯先生去年在写一本书，但我不知道他现在是否写完了”。有的同学可能由于受 last year的影响而误选B。但若选B，则句子前半部分的意思则为“史密斯先生去年写了一本书”，既然是“写了”，那么这与下文的“但我不知道他现在是否写完了”相矛盾。
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