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第28讲介词和数词介词介词是一种虚词,它不能独立做句子成分,故不能单独使用。介词后必须加名词、代词或动词ing形式作宾语,构成介宾短语,充当句子成分。不同的单词搭配不同的介词,构成不同的介宾短语,表达不同的意思。中考关于介词的考点有:1表示时间、方位、方式的介词的基本用法;2一些易混介词的辨析及介词短语的运用。高频考向一表时间的介词at,in与on表示时间点用at。如:at six oclock,at noon,at midnight。表示在某个世纪、某年、某月、某个季节以及早晨、上午、下午、晚上时,用in。如:in May,in winter,in the morning,in the afternoon等。表示具体的某一天和某一天的上午、下午、晚上时,用on。如:on Monday,on July 1st,on Sunday morning等。since与after由since和after引导的词组都可表示从过去某一时间点开始的时段,但since词组表示的时段一直延续到说话的时刻,因而往往要与现在完成时连用。而after词组所表示的时段为过去,因而要与一般过去时连用。如:They have lived here since 1978.自从1978年,他们就住在这儿。After five days the boy came back.五天后这个男孩回来了。in与afterin与将来时态连用时,表示“过多长时间以后”的意思,后面跟表示一段时间的词语。对此提问用How soon。after与将来时态连用时,后面只能跟表示时间点的词语;after与过去时态连用时,后面才能跟表示一段时间的词语。如:He will be back in two months.他将在两个月后回来。He returned after a month.他一个月后回来了。for与sincefor可以指过去、现在或将来,着重说明“多久”,后面接时间段。since意为“自从起”,多与完成时连用,后面接时间点或从句。since引导的从句通常为一般过去时。且两者作介词所描述的动作都是持续性动作,since引导从句时,主句的动作是持续性的。如:He has lived here for two weeks.他在这儿住了两个星期了。He has lived here since two weeks ago.他两周前就住这儿了。Its five years since he left school.他毕业五年了。高频考向二表示地点和位置的介词at,in与onat一般指小地方;in一般指大地方或某个范围之内;on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。如:He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.昨天他到达了上海。They arrived at a small village before dark.天黑前,他们到达了一个小村子。The teacher put up a picture on the wall.这个老师在墙上贴了一张画。over,above与onover,on和above都可表示“在上面”,但具体含义不同。over表示位置高于某物,在某物的正上方,其反义词是under;above也表示位置高于某物,但不一定在正上方,其反义词是below;on指两个物体表面有接触,一个在另一个的上面。如:There is a bridge over the river.河上有座桥。We flew above the clouds.我们在云层上飞行。They put some flowers on the teachers desk.他们放了一些花在讲桌上。in,on与to从下图可以看出in表示“在某一范围之内,在中”;on表示两个不同的个体相邻或接壤,即“毗邻;接壤”;to则表示两个个体之间有一段距离。如:Japan lies to the east of China in the east of Asia.It faces the Pacific on the east.日本在亚洲东部(范围内),中国东面(不接壤),东临太平洋(接壤)。in front of与in the front ofin front of表示“在某人或某物的前面”,在某个范围以外;in the front of表示“在的前部”,在某个范围以内。如:There are some tall trees in front of the building.这栋大楼前有一些高树。The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom.老师坐在教室前面。across与throughacross表示从物体表面通过,与on有关;through表示通过一个空间,与in有关。如:The boy ran across the street.这个男孩跑过街道。They walked through the forest.他们穿过了森林。below与underbelow “在下”,不一定在正下方;under “在正下方”。如:There is a dog under the desk.书桌下有一只小狗。Write your name below the line.在横线下方写下你的名字。between与amongbetween指两者之间;among指三者或三者以上的人或事物之间。如:There is a map between the door and the window.门和窗户之间有一张地图。He is sitting among the students.他坐在学生当中。高频考向三表示方式的介词by表示“以方式、方法或手段”;with表示“用工具”;in表示“用方式、语言、语调或颜色”等;on则一般指用网络、电脑、电视、电话等。如:He studies English by reading aloud every day.他通过每天大声朗读学英语。How amazing!The boy can write with his two hands at the same time.真神奇!这个男孩能同时用两只手写字。Can you spell it in English?你会用英语把它拼出来吗?You can look through the news on the Internet.你可以在网上浏览新闻。高频考向四介词的固定搭配介词往往同其他词类形成了固定搭配关系。熟记并掌握这种固定搭配关系,才能正确使用介词。动词介词arrive in/at到达ask for请求do well in在方面做得好prefer.to. 宁愿选择,更喜欢regard.as. 把看做laugh at嘲笑 learn from向学习leave for出发去某地 divide.into把分开separate from分离,隔开 call in召来,叫来show up赶到,露面 stick to坚持,固守worry about为担心 take/ catch hold of抓住take part in参加 break into/ in 闯入take care of照顾,关心,保管catch up with跟上,赶上have nothing to do with. 与无关look forward to盼望,期待get in the way of妨碍,挡的路介词名词in time 及时 on time 准时in front of 在前面 at first 首先in person亲身,亲自in a row连续几次地by the end of在(某时间)以前in line with(与)成一排on ones way to 在某人去的路上at once 立刻,马上 at the same time 同时by hand 用手,手工,亲手 in trouble 处于困境in fact 事实上on the left/right 在左/右边to ones surprise 令某人吃惊的是副词介词instead of代替 away from离开next to紧挨着 far from远离be形容词/过去分词介词be born with. 天生具有be good at. 擅长be made of. 由制成be angry with sb.跟某人生气be angry at sth.为某事生气be pleased with sb.对某人感到满意be surprised at对感到惊奇(诧异)be used to. 习惯于be interested in对感兴趣be proud of. 以自豪(骄傲)be full of. 充满 be filled with充满be sure of. 确信be in control of掌管;管理be harmful to对有害 be known for以闻名be responsible for对有责任,负责任be busy with. 忙于be strict with sb.对某人严格要求一、语法填空。1We usually have the first class _ 8:00 in the morning.2I love this picture _ you beside the music fountain(音乐喷泉) .3Mo Yans books are very popular. You can find they are on sale _ many languages.4For many Western people, they drink cold water even_ winter.5Robert Hunt sometimes advises the students _ common problems.6When will our guests arrive at the airport?_ the evening of this Saturday.7In cold winter, the temperature in Harbin often remains _zero all day.8Li Mei was born _ September 15th, 2000.9_ my surprise, I have made great progress in spoken English.10If you have any questions, you can ask your teacher _ help.atofin inaboutOnbelowonTofor数词数词是表示数目多少或顺序先后的词。数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的词叫基数词;表示顺序的词叫作序数词。中考中关于数词的考点有:1基数词和序数词的构成;2数词的表达方式和用法。高频考向一基数词1基数词的构成112独立成词:one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve。1319的基数词以teen结尾。要注意thirteen,fifteen,eighteen的拼写。表示整“十”的基数词:2090的基数词都以ty结尾。其中特别要注意twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,ninety的正确写法。2199非整“十”的写法是:十位数加个位数,中间用连字符号“”连接。如:26 twentysix;57 fiftyseventhousands of students成千上万的学生101999的构成是:百位数与十位数之间用and连接。如:123one hundred and twentythreehundred,thousand,million,billion等词在表示确定数目的时候,直接在前面加基数词;表示不确定数目时,要在它们后面加s,其后还要加of。如:three hundred students三百名学生thousands of students成千上万的学生2基数词的用法表示数量的多少。表示日期、年代。2009年10月25日写作October 25 (th), 2009 读作 October the twentyfifth, two thousand and nine;19世纪70年代读作in the eighteen seventies 写作in the 1870s表示时刻。7:00读作seven oclock8:30读作half past eight/eight thirty3:05读作five past three/three five5:48读作twelve to six/five fortyeight表示顺序。单数名词基数词,名词的第一个字母通常要大写。如:Class Two;Room 12;No.3 Middle School【注意】“单数名词基数词”可转换成“the序数词单数名词”,此时名词的首字母不大写。如:Lesson Threethe third lesson第三课“数词单数名词”相当于合成形容词作定语(如:a threeyearold girl)。合成形容词中的名词一定是单数。合成形容词不能作表语,后面必须跟所修饰的名词。与表示距离、长度的名词一起构成“数词单位名词形容词”,表示事物的形状、年代及距离等。如:191 meters tall 1.91米高; 3600 meters long 3600米长表示年龄。“in ones整10的复数形式”表示在某人几十岁时。如:in his sixties在他六十多岁的时候ten years old 十岁;at the age of seven 在7岁时与another,more连用时,表示在已有的基础上再增加一定数量。如:another three hours再有3小时;two more cakes再多两块饼高频考向二序数词1序数词的构成序数词多数是由“基数词th”构成。如:sixsixth,sevenseventh以y结尾的整十数词,先将y变i,再加eth。如:fiftyfiftieth,seventyseventieth21以上的非整十的数词,将末位数(即个位数)改为序数词,其他的位数仍用基数词。如:twentyonetwentyfirst,thirtytwothirtysecond,two hundred and ninetyeighttwo hundred and ninetyeighth少数的序数词属于特殊情况,而且这类词也常常是考点,大家要特别注意记忆。如:onefirst,twosecond,threethird,fivefifth,eighteighth,twelvetwelfth【注意】fourteenth(第十四),fortieth(第四十),ninth(第九),nineteenth(第十九),ninetieth(第九十)2序数词的用法表示顺序。序数词表顺序时,其前须用定冠词the,后接单数名词。如:Im the first one to arrive here.我是第一个到达这里的人。【注意】如序数词前出现形容词物主代词,则不加the。定语从句中先行词之前有序数词时,则关系代词只能用that。如:Today is my thirtieth birthday.今天是我的三十岁生日。用于最高级前。如:John is the second tallest boy in our class.约翰是我们班上第二高的男孩儿。分数。分子用基数词,分母用序数词。分子为1,分母用单数;分子大于1,分母用复数。如:one fifth,three fifths。【注意】1/4也可表示为a quarter,3/4也可表示为three quarters,1/2也可表示为a half。带分数的词组作句子的主语时,谓语动词的单复数与分数后的名词保持一致。如:Two fifths of the apple is eaten.这个苹果被吃了五分之二。Two fifths of the apples are red.五分之二的苹果是红的。表示数量上再增加“一”,用“a(an)序数词单数名词”结构。如:She had a second child.她有了第二个孩子。高频考向三数词中的难点hundred,thousand,million,billion的运用。在构成具体的数字时,用单数形式。如:two hundred students(二百名学生)表达不具体的多数时用其复数。如:thousands of students(成千上万的学生)与another,more连用时,表示在已有的基础上再增加一定数量。如:another three hours(再多三个小时)three more hours(另外三个小时)“一两天”可表达为:a day or two或one or two days有关“半”的表达:three years and a half/ three and a half years(三年半);one hour and a half/one and a half hours(一个半小时);half an hour(半小时)1The _ month is December.2Sally and Tom are Mrs. Blacks _ children.3The book Journey to the West is very popular.Yeah, more than three _ students in our school bought it.4Whats the date today?Its June _,Childrens Day.5About two _of the students like keeping diaries in English in our class.twelfthtwohundredfirstfifths二、用括号中所给单词的适当形式填空。(原创题)6Our school is going to hold the _Culture Festival.I see. And we can take part in _activities.(ten)7One _(three) of the warm water has already been used up.8Several _(hundred) years ago, there were much more kinds of animals in the world.9Batman and Spiderman are _(two)roles of American cartoons.10There were _(thousand) of people at the concert.tenthtenthirdhundredtwothousands
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