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专题十四推理判断推理判断要做好推理判断题,首先要从整体上把握语篇意义,透过字里行间体会作者的“弦外之音”,理解作者的意图和态度。推理判断题不能脱离文章凭主观臆断做出无根据的推理,也不能随意猜测。对表面文字信息做合理推断,必须忠实于原文,以材料所提供的相关事实和线索为依据,做出的推理要合乎文意和逻辑。不论哪类推理判断题,考生在弄清题目问题之后,第一步就是用查读法(scanning)在文中找到依据,即依据答题信息点;第二步,理解相对应的相关信息;第三步,结合已有常识,进行恰当的符合情理的推断,从而得出正确的答案。阅读全文后,根据题干和四个选项的内容,在原文中找出相关信息,仔细分析,吃透其字面意义,然后对四个选项逐个分析,反复对比,那些对相关信息进行同义改写或综合表达的选项通常是问题的答案。另外,有时还要结合文章的话题背景知识和考生的经验常识作出合理的判断推理。要特别注意选项中出现了文章的原句,句子意义没有错误,也符合原文内容,但这不是推断出的内容;还有些选项,推断出的内容离原文意义太远,找不到确切的依据,这些都不是正确答案。北京大学李昀臻试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Passage 1(2017全国,A)Pacific Science Center GuideVisit Pacific Science Centers StoreDont forget to stop by Pacific Science Centers Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit.The store is located(位于) upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome.Hungry? Our exhibits will feed your mind,but what about your body?Our caf offers a complete menu of lunch and snack options,in addition to seasonal specials.The caf is located upstairs in Building 1 and is open daily until one hour before Pacific Science Center closes.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Rental InformationLockers are available to store any belongings during your visit.The lockers are located in Building 1 near the Information Desk and in Building 3.Pushchairs and wheelchairs are available to rent at the Information Desk and Denny Way entrance.ID required.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Support Pacific Science CenterSince 1962,Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passion(热情) for discovery and lifelong learning in science,math and technology.Today,Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and brings inquiry-based science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State.Its an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals,corporations,and other social organizations.Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.【语篇解读】本文是太平洋科学中心的旅游指南。介绍了其商店、咖啡馆、租赁信息以及人们如何对其提供支持和捐助。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练1.Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacific Science Center?A.In Building 1.B.In Building 3.C.At the Laser Dome. D.At the Denny Way entrance.【答案】 B【解析】 细节理解题。从文章第一段的“The store is located upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome.”可知,在太平洋科学中心,人们可以到位于三楼的商店去购买纪念品。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练2.What does Pacific Science Center do for schools?A.Train science teachers.B.Distribute science books.C.Inspire scientific research.D.Take science to the classroom.【答案】 D【解析】 细节理解题。从文章最后一段的“.and brings inquiry-based science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State.”可知,D项正确。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练3.What is the purpose of the last part of the text?A.To encourage donations.B.To advertise coming events.C.To introduce special exhibits.D.To tell about the Centers history.【答案】 A【解析】 推理判断题。从文章最后两句可知,本文旨在呼吁个人、公司和其他社会组织对太平洋科学中心进行慷慨捐助,提供支持。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Passage 2(2017全国,D)When a leafy plant is under attack,it doesnt sit quietly.Back in 1983,two scientists,Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin,reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds,VOCs for short.Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked.Its a plants way of crying out.But is anyone listening?Apparently.Because we can watch the neighbors react.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But others do double duty.They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. In study after study,it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors.The damage is usually more serious on the first plant,but the neighbors,relatively speaking,stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Does this mean that plants talk to each other?Scientists dont know.Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches,and so,in effect,was talking to itself.Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry.So information was exchanged,but it wasnt a true,intentional back and forth.Charles Darwin,over 150 years ago,imagined a world far busier,noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear.Our senses are weak.Theres a whole lot going on.【语篇解读】当受到攻击的时候,人们往往都会还击。动植物也一样。研究表明,当植物受到害虫的攻击时,它们会释放出一种化学物质来袭击害虫。甚至还会发出某种香味来吸引这些害虫的天敌,以此来保护自己。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练1.What does a plant do when it is under attack?A.It makes noises.B.It gets help from other plants.C.It stands quietly.D.It sends out certain chemicals.【答案】 D【解析】 细节理解题。根据第一段的“.send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant.”可知,当植物受到袭击时,它们会释放出某种化学物质。因此D项正确。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练2.What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?A.The attackers get attacked.B.The insects gather under the table.C.The plants get ready to fight back.D.The perfumes attract natural enemies.【答案】 A【解析】 词义猜测题。前文说,有些植物释放出一些难闻的化学物质赶走害虫,而另一些植物会释放出一些香味吸引这些害虫的天敌。一旦这些天敌到达,这些害虫就会受到攻击,因此the tables are turned的意思是“攻击者受到攻击”,故A项正确。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练3.Scientists find from their studies that plants can .A.predict natural disastersB.protect themselves against insectsC.talk to one another intentionally D.help their neighbors when necessary【答案】 B【解析】 推理判断题。根据第四段可知,研究表明,植物们能保护自己不受害虫的侵袭。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练4.What can we infer from the last paragraph?A.The world is changing faster than ever.B.People have stronger senses than before.C.The world is more complex than it seems.D.People in Darwins time were more imaginative.【答案】 C【解析】 推理判断题。文章最后一段说,150多年前,达尔文曾经设想一个更加忙碌,噪音更大的世界,它比我们所看到和听到的联系更加亲密。作者说,我们的感觉非常微弱,世界非常复杂。因此C项正确。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Passage 3(2017全国,B)Minutes after the last movie ended yesterday at the Plaza Theater,employees were busy sweeping up popcorns and gathering coke cups.It was a scene that had been repeated many times in the theaters 75-year history.This time,however,the cleanup was a little different.As one group of workers carried out the rubbish,another group began removing seats and other theater equipment in preparation for the buildings end.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练The film classic The Last Picture Show was the last movie shown in the old theater.Though the movie is 30 years old,most of the 250 seats were filled with teary-eyed audience wanting to say good-bye to the old building.Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate.The movie is set in a small town where the only movie theater is preparing to close down.Bradford said that large modern theaters in the city made it impossible for the Plaza to compete.He added that the theaters location(位置) was also a reason.“This used to be the center of town,” he said.“Now the area is mostly office buildings and warehouses.”试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Last week some city officials suggested the city might be interested in turning the old theater into a museum and public meeting place.However,these plans were abandoned because of financial problems.Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm,which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.The theater audience said good-bye as Bradford locked the doors for the last time.After 75 years the Plaza Theater had shown its last movie.The theater will be missed.【语篇解读】本文是记叙文。经营75年之久的老剧院在放映完最后一场电影后关门停业,不久将被拆除,原地建造一座购物中心。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练1.In what way was yesterdays cleanup at the Plaza special?A.It made room for new equipment.B.It signaled the closedown of the theater.C.It was done with the help of the audience.D.It marked the 75th anniversary of the theater.【答案】 B【解析】 细节理解题。从第一段中的“This time,however,the cleanup was a little different.”和“in preparation for the buildings end”可知,昨天广场剧院散场后的清扫工作之所以特殊,是因为The Last Picture Show这部经典影片放映结束后老剧院就要关门了。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练2.Why was The Last Picture Show put on?A.It was an all-time classic.B.It was about the history of the town.C.The audience requested it.D.The theater owner found it suitable.【答案】 D【解析】 细节理解题。从第二段第三、四句“Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate.The movie is set in a small town where the only movie theater is preparing to close down.”可知,剧院主人之所以选择The Last Picture Show这部老电影,是因为他感觉剧院的现状与这部电影的背景相契合。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练3.What will probably happen to the building?A.It will be repaired.B.It will be turned into a museum.C.It will be knocked down.D.It will be sold to the city government.【答案】 C【解析】 推理判断题。从文章倒数第二段最后一句可推知,剧院应该是会被推倒改建制的。故选C项。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练4.What can we infer about the audience?A.They are disappointed with Bradford.B.They are sad to part with the old theater.C.They are supportive of the city officials.D.They are eager to have a shopping center.【答案】 B【解析】 推理判断题。从第二段第二句“Though the movie is 30 years old,most of the 250 seats were filled with teary-eyed audience wanting to say good-bye to the old building.”可推知,观众对老剧院依依不舍。teary-eyed“热泪盈眶的”。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Passage 4(2016全国,D)A new collection of photos brings an unsuccessful Antarctic voyage back to life.Frank Hurleys pictures would be outstanding-undoubtedly first-rate photo-journalism -if they had been made last week.In fact,they were shot from 1914 through 1916,most of them after a disastrous shipwreck(海难),by a cameraman who had no reasonable expectation of survival.Many of the images were stored in an ice chest,under freezing water,in the damaged wooden ship.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练The ship was the Endurance,a small,tight,Norwegian-built three-master that was intended to take Sir Ernest Shackleton and a small crew of seamen and scientists,27 men in all,to the southernmost shore of Antarcticas Weddell Sea.From that point Shackleton wanted to force a passage by dog sled(雪橇) across the continent.The journey was intended to achieve more than what Captain Robert Falcon Scott had done.Captain Scott had reached the South Pole early in 1912 but had died with his four companions on the march back.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练As writer Caroline Alexander makes clear in her forceful and well-researched story The Endurance,adventuring was even then a thoroughly commercial effort.Scotts last journey,completed as he lay in a tent dying of cold and hunger,caught the worlds imagination,and a film made in his honor drew crowds.Shackleton,a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908,started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography.Frank Hurley,a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic,was hired to make the images,most of which have never before been published.【语篇解读】 本文为说明文。一组拍摄于1914年至1916年间的照片生动再现了当年探险家沙克尔顿失败的南极之旅。沙克尔顿立志超越此前已经成功抵达南极的斯科特,但却以失败告终。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练1.What do we know about the photos taken by Hurley?A.They were made last week.B.They showed undersea sceneries.C.They were found by a cameraman.D.They recorded a disastrous adventure.【答案】 D【解析】 细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句“In fact,they were shot from 1914 through 1916,most of them after a disastrous shipwreck(海难).”可知多数照片是他们遇上海难后所拍摄的。故D项正确。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练2.Who reached the South Pole first according to the text?A.Frank Hurley.B.Ernest Shackleton.C.Robert Falcon Scott.D.Caroline Alexander.【答案】 C【解析】 细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句“Captain Scott had reached the South Pole early in 1912.”可知最先到达南极的是Robert Falcon Scott。故选C项。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练3.What does Alexander think was the purpose of the 1914 voyage?A.Artistic creation.B.Scientific research.C.Money making.D.Treasure hunting.【答案】 C【解析】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段第一句中的“.thoroughly commercial effort.”以及倒数第二句“.to make money from movie and still photography.”可知,1914年的南极之行是纯粹的商业行为,在探险之行之前沙克尔顿已经成立了公司并想从电影及摄像中谋利,而澳大利亚籍摄影师则是受雇于他专门进行拍摄。由此可以得知,其目的是为了挣钱,故选择C项。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Passage 5(2016全国,B)Grandparents Answer a CallAs a third-generation native of Brownsville,Texas,Mildred Garza never planned to move away.Even when her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help with their children,she politely refused.Only after a year of friendly discussion did Ms.Garza finally say yes.That was four years ago.Today all three generations regard the move as a success,giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to adult children and grandchildren.Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing.Even President Obamas mother-in-law,Marian Robinson,has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters.According to a study by ,83 percent of the people said Mrs.Robinsons decision will influence grandparents in the American family.Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obamas family.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练“In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldnt get away from home far enough or fast enough to prove we could do it on our own,”says Christine Crosby,publisher of Grand,a magazine for grandparents.“We now realize how important family is and how important it is to be near them,especially when youre raising children.”Moving is not for everyone.Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices,but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead.Having your grandchildren far away is hard,especially knowing your adult child is struggling,but giving up the life you know may be harder.【语篇解读】 本文为说明文。文章介绍了美国的一种社会现象:一些老人搬到子女身边,与成年子女以及孙子孙女们一起生活。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练1.Why was Garzas move a success?A.It strengthened her family ties.B.It improved her living conditions.C.It enabled her to make more friends.D.It helped her know more new places.【答案】 A【解析】 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句中的“.giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.”可知,Garza的搬家行动是成功的,因为家人之间的关系更加亲密,关系得到加强。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练2.What was the reaction of the public to Mrs.Robinsons decision?A.17% expressed their support for it.B.Few people responded sympathetically.C.83% believed it had a bad influence.D.The majority thought it was a trend.【答案】 D【解析】 推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句内容可推断出,大多数人认为老人搬到成年的子女身边和子女共同生活是一种社会发展趋势。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练3.What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s?A.They were unsure of themselves.B.They were eager to raise more children.C.They wanted to live away from their parents.D.They had little respect for their grandparents.【答案】 C【解析】 推理判断题。根据第三段内容可推断出,20世纪60年代的人们不希望与父母生活在一起。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练4.What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph?A.Make decisions in the best interests of their own.B.Ask their children to pay more visits to them.C.Sacrifice for their struggling children.D.Get to know themselves better.【答案】 A【解析】 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可推断出,作者建议祖父母们在做决定的时候应该以他们自己的最大利益为出发点。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Passage 6(2016全国,B)On one of her trips to New York several years ago,Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out to dinner.They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe and within minutes,another customer was approaching their table.“Hey,arent you from Mississippi?” the elegant,white-haired writer remembered being asked by the stranger.“Im from Mississippi too.”Without a second thought,the woman joined the Welty party.When her dinner partner showed up,she also pulled up a chair.“They began telling me all the news of Mississippi,” Welty said.“I didnt know what my New York friends were thinking.”试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine.By the time the group got up to leave,it was pouring outside.Weltys new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab.Heading back downtown toward her hotel,her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(团聚).“My friend said:Now we believe your stories,”Welty added.“And I said:Now you know.These are the people that make me write them.”Sitting on a sofa in her room,Welty,a slim figure in a simple gray dress,looked pleased with this explanation.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练“I dont make them up,” she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years.“I dont have to.”Beauticians,bartenders,piano players and people with purple hats,Weltys people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends,from walks through the streets of her native Jackson,Miss.,from conversations overheard on a bus.It annoys Welty that,at 78,her left ear has now given out.Sometimes,sitting on a bus or a train,she hears only a fragment(片段)of a particularly interesting story.【语篇解读】 本文为夹叙夹议文。 来自密西西比州的作家尤多拉韦尔蒂在纽约邀请几个当地的朋友吃饭,两个同样来自密西西比州的陌生人热情地加入了韦尔蒂朋友们的聚餐。这件事情让她的朋友们相信在过去的50年左右的时间里,韦尔蒂小说中的人物都不是虚构的,而是来自于日常生活中接触的形形色色的人。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练1.What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe?A.Two strangers joined her.B.Her childhood friends came in.C.A heavy rain ruined the dinner.D.Some people held a party there.【答案】 A【解析】 细节理解题。由第一段最后一句中的“another customer was approaching”和第三段中的“When her dinner partner showed up,she also pulled up a chair.”可知,在韦尔蒂与朋友吃饭时,有两个陌生人加入了她们。故选A项。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练2.The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 6 refers to Weltys . A.readersB.partiesC.friends D.stories【答案】 D【解析】 词义猜测题。代词通常指代上文刚提到的人或事。根据画线词them前面提到的“Now we believe your stories”可知,本句的意思为“就是这些人们让我写出它们(我的故事)”。故选D项。3.What can we learn about the characters in Weltys fiction?A.They live in big cities.B.They are mostly women.C.They come from real life. D.They are pleasure seekers.【答案】 C【解析】 推理判断题。由短文倒数第二段中的“I dont make them up(这些故事不是编的)”以及最后一段第一句可知,韦尔蒂小说中的人物均来自现实生活中。故选C项。Passage 7(2016四川,C)In the depths of the French Guianese rainforest,there still remain unusual groups of indigenous(土著的) people.Surprisingly,these people live largely by their own laws and their own social customs.And yet,people in this area are in fact French citizens because it has been a colony(殖民地) of the French Republic since 1946.In theory,they should live by the French law.However,their remote locations mean that the French law is often ignored or unknown,thus making them into an interesting area of “lawlessness” in the world.The lives of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the efforts of a Frenchman from Paris called Gin.Gin spent five months in early 2015 exploring the most remote corners of this area,which sits on the edge of the Amazon rainforest,with half its population of only 250,000 living in its capital,Cayenne.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练“I have a special love for the French Guianese people.I have worked there on and off for almost ten years,” says Gin.“Ive been able to keep firm friendships with them.Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment.I dont see it as a lawless land.But rather I see it as an area of freedom.”“I wanted to show the audience a photographic record touching upon the uncivilized life,” continues Gin.“I prefer to work in black and white,which allows me to show different specific worlds more clearly.”His black-and-white pictures present a world almost lost in time.These pictures show people seemingly pushed into a world that they were unprepared for.These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self-supporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic,which brings with it not only necessary state welfare,but also alcoholism,betrayal and even suicide.试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练【语篇解读】 本文为说明文。在法属圭亚那的雨林深处,仍有不同寻常的土著居民。理论上,他们受法国统治。实际上,他们有着自己的社会法律与生活习俗。一位来自巴黎的法国人Gin用自己的摄影记录向世人展示了这个他深深喜爱的地方。然而现代生活方式的引进,有利也有弊,现在,圭亚那人不得不权衡它们之间的利与弊。试做真题透析真题高手必备萃取高招对点精练1.Why does the author feel surprised about the indigenous people in French Guiana?A.They seldom follow the French law.B.They often ignore the Guianese law.C.They are separated from the mo
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