2013年高考英语 易错点点睛与高考突破 专题14 阅读理解

2013年高考英语 易错点点睛与高考突破 专题14 阅读理解【2013高考预测】 阅读理解是我们学习英语的主要目的之一，是我们获取外来信息的重要途径。阅读理解是综合读者各方面知识的过程，通过阅读能看出作者的主要意图和文章的基调；从有关资料中汲取有用的东西；对不重要情节或信息一带而过；根据阅读目的和材料的难易程度调整阅读速度和方法；根据作者的描述得出自己的结论；掌握并利用语境猜测词的多种含义的；根据阅读材料快速读懂图表；根据短文的内容填空等等。一、命题趋向1.阅读材料更趋向于真实性、实用性和教育性 关注实际生活的选材特点在近年的NMET阅读理解试题中已经呈现出明显的增强趋势。这种趋势与当前基础教育的改革要求是一致的。中学生语言学习的根本目的应当与基础教育的根本目标一致，即:学会求知、学会做事、学会合作、学会做人。真实性和适用性选材是适应基础教育英语课程改革的目标而出现的；选材的教育性是基于阅读的第二层面而设立的，即考生不仅要懂得文章的意思，还要进行思考。2.问题的创设将会更加灵活多样，尤以整体理解和推理为主阅读理解创设的问题大多不能按字面意思随手拈来，需要归纳、概括中心，推测作者意图、挖掘深层含义。有些题目还要加以逻辑推理才能选择出正确答案。3.由猜测词义到对整个句子意义的理解将是一个新的命题热点 词义猜测题在近几年的阅读命题中屡见不鲜。一般是利用上下文，通过对应结构或平行结构中同义词或反义词来进行判断。近年来考试突破了这个圈圈，命题者要求考生在对文章的整体理解上来理解某个熟悉的词汇或短语在真实语境中新的含义。4.所选材料的结构复杂化，生疏但能读懂的短语和表达方式将达到一定的数量英语新课程标准中，阅读理解的要求更高。在典型例题卷的阅读理解中就出现了许多考生感到陌生的短语。如B篇中有to look the otherway；E篇中的in the great majority of等。这些短语的出现在一定的程度上加大了难度，但符合考试说明的要求，也体现了语言学习的适用性和灵活性。5.填空题填空题则重在要求考生从文中获取信息，然后转述文章的内容，这不是抄袭照搬，它对运用语言提出了较高的要求。可以说，填空题的能力要求在阅读题之上。填空题是考查学生的阅读和书面表达的能力，复习的关键还是要加强基本功。二、提高阅读理解能力的途径1.平时多阅读。如英文报纸、杂志、读物，这样可以培养良好的阅读习惯，克服对生词的恐惧心理，从而达到提高阅读速度和阅读能力的目的。根据不同情况调整阅读速度，要知道在什么时候快读，什么时候慢读。一般说来，对我们有用或重要的信息我们就要放慢速度，对我们不重要的信息可以一带而过，这样才可以在整体上提高阅读速度。2.扩大知识面。要对社会、科学、文学、史地、艺术等多个领域特别是有关英美等国家的情况都要有所了解。3.积累适合自己的阅读技巧和做题方法，在做题时做到有的放矢。4.扩大词汇量。有限的词汇量必然影响你的阅读能力的提高。生词的含义只有在上下文中才能完全展现出来，并易于被记住、理解、掌握；同时还可以利用构词法记忆单词，这对于阅读是特别有用。【难点突破】难点一 人际关系例1、Most men have somewhat tumultuous relationships with their fathers.We love them，admire them，hate them，rebel against them，and ideally end up with a great friend where a parent used to be.Making that transition can be challenging，though.Here are some tips to help you approach your father on a mantoman level.First of all，you dont have to get too emotional.If youre uncomfortable with the idea of baring your emotions，chances are pretty good that your dad feels the same way.You simply need to take the right approach，one that allows you to talk with your father and learn about him，but without making everything feel like a TV drama.Hobbies are a good place to start.If your dad taught you any of the pastimes that you currently enjoy，dive right back into them and show him what youve learned.Your hobby will serve as a good start point to help you develop a healthy friendship.Dont immediately jump into time intensive activities such as camping or fishing trips.Try to set up a regular time to just hang out.Lets say you dont have any hobbies in common with your father.Many_guys_are_in_this_position.This is where beer comes in.Just meet your dad at a bar to put one or two back，or if you dont drink，get a casual dinner somewhere.Dont act like a kid.Remember that if you want your dad to treat you like the adult you are，youve got to show him that youve grown up.Be willing to talk about things such as money，sex and other taboo subjects that you regularly discuss with your friends.Your dad can take it.Hes been doing this whole “life” thing longer than you have.Just be frank and honest.To build a relationship with your father as an adult，you need to show him respect and invest some time.Its not the easiest thing in the world，but its important.There are thousands of guys out there whod love to be able to talk to their fathers; make them jealous.Take the first step.Note：长短句分析：You simply need to take the right approach，one that allows you to talk with your father and learn about him，but without making everything feel like a TV drama.句法点睛：one指代approach，关系词that引导定语从句，在从句中作主语。句意：你只需要选择正确的方法，一种让你跟父亲谈话并向他学习的方法，但是不要做得像电视剧一样(假)。本文是一篇说明文，主要教成年男子如何处理好和父亲之间的关系，列举了三点。1What should you do，if both you and your farther are not good at baring emotions?ATalk about your common hobbies.BMake everything felt like a TV drama.CWatch TV together with your father.DPut up a TV drama for your father.答案A细节理解题。由第二段及第三段第一句可知，如果你和你的父亲都不善言辞，俩人的共同爱好是一个很好的起点。2What does the author mean by saying the underlined sentence?AMany guys are sitting in the wrong position.BMany guys dont share any common hobbies with their fathers.CMany guys have the right thoughtDMany guys have no hobby.3What does this passage mainly talk about?AThe problems between father and son.BHow to approach your father freely as an adult man.CHow to act as an adult before your father.DTips for men about how to cheer their father up.4For whom is this passage written?AFathers. BAdult sons.CMothers. DPhysiologists.难点二 健康饮食例2、 (2012广东卷)I have been consistently opposed to feeding a baby regularly.As a doctor，mother and scientist in child development I believe there is nothing to recommend it，from the babys point of view.Mothers，doctors and nurses alike have no idea of where a babys blood sugar level lies.All we know is that a low level is harmful to brain development and makes a baby easily annoyed.In this state，the baby is difficult to calm down and sleep is impossible.The baby asks for attention by crying and searching for food with its mouth.It is not just unkind but also dangerous to say a fourhourly feeding schedule will make a baby satisfied.The first of the experts to advocate a strict clockwatching schedule was Dr Frederic Truby King who was against feeding in the night.Ive never heard anything so ridiculous.Baby feeding shouldnt follow a timetable set by the mum.What is important is feeding a baby in the best way，though it may cause some inconvenience in the first few weeks.Well，at last we have copperbottomed research that supports demand feeding and points out the weaknesses of strictly timed feeding.The research finds out that babies who are fed on demand do better at school at age 5,7,11 and 14，than babies fed according to the clock.By the age of 8，their IQ (智商) scores are four to five percent higher than babies fed by a rigid timetable.This research comes from Oxford and Essex University using a sample (样本) of 10,419 children born in the early 1990s，taking account of parental education，family income，a childs sex and age，the mothers health and feeding style.These results dont surprise me.Feeding according to schedule runs the risk of harming the rapidly growing brain by taking no account of sinking blood sugar levels.I hope this research will put an end to advocating strictly timed baby feeding practices.【语篇解读】 本文关于婴儿喂养的时间提出了不同的看法，作者认为严格按照时间表喂婴儿是错的。1What does the author think about Dr King?AHe is strict.BHe is unkind.CHe has the wrong idea.DHe sets a timetable for mothers.3What does the research tell us about feeding a baby on demand?AThe baby will sleep well.BThe baby will have its brain harmed.CThe baby will have a low blood sugar level.DThe baby will grow to be wiser by the age of 8.4The author supports feeding the baby _.Ain the nightBevery four hoursCwhenever it wants foodDaccording to its blood sugar level例3、Do you love the holidays，but hate the pounds that follow? You are not alone.Holidays are times for feasting and celebrating.Many people are worried about their weight.With proper planning，though，it is possible to keep normal weight during the holidays.Whether it is celebrating at the office party or sitting down for the traditional family dinner，regard eating as a time for tasting a variety of the foods.The idea is to enjoy the holidays but not to eat too much.You dont have to turn away from the foods that you enjoy.Here are some tips for preventing weight gain and maintaining physical fitness：Dont skip meals.Before you leave home，have a small，lowfat meal or snack.This may help to avoid getting too excited before delicious foods.Control portions.Use a small plate (about 10 inches) and put aside the large ones that may encourage you to “load up.” You should be most comfortable eating an amount of food about the size of your fist.Once you have your “tasting” serving，move away from the buffet.Doing so will make it less tempting to be eating constantly as your appetite is inspired by the sight of food.Begin with soup and fruit or vegetables.Fill up beforehand on waterbased soup and raw fruit or vegetables.Or drink a large glass of water before you eat to help you feel full.Stick to physical activity.Dont let exercise take a break during the holidays.A 20minute walk after a meal can help burn off excess calories.Avoid highfat foods.Dishes that look oily or creamy may have a large amount of fat.Choose lean meats.Fill your plate with salad and green vegetables.Use lemon juice instead of dressing or butter.Notes：buffet n自助餐tempting adj.诱惑的【语篇解读】 本文是实用文体阅读。全文介绍了在假期合理安排饮食以保持标准体重的办法。1Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?AYou had better turn your attention away from delicious foods.BDrinking some water of soup before eating helps you eat less.CHolidays are happy days with pleasure but they may bring weight problems.DPhysical exercise can reduce the chance of putting on weight.2Which of the following CANNOT help lose weight according to the passage?ALean meats.BDressing or butter.CRaw fruit or vegetables.DPhysical exercise.文中有明确表述。3Many people cant control their weight after the holidays mainly because they _.Acant help being tempted to eat constantlyBtake part in too many partiesCenjoy delicious foodsDcant help turning away from the foods三 创造发明例4、Early in the autumn of 1674，Henry Oldenburg，secretary of the Royal Society in London，received an extraordinary letter.Sent by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek，a draper from Delft in the Netherlands，it contained an unlikelysounding claim.Using a microscope of his own invention，van Leeuwenhoek had seen tiny creatures，invisible to the naked eye，living in lake water.Some of these “animalcules (微生物) ” were so small，he later estimated that 30 million of them would still be smaller than a grain of sand.Royal Society fellows couldnt believe it.Even with his most powerful instruments，the celebrated English microscopist Robert Hooke had never observed anything like the little creatures.In fact，the Dutchman had developed far superior lenses to Hookes，and had discovered bacteria and protozoans (原生动物)By producing even smaller and more curved lensesusing a technique that he kept secretvan Leeuwenhoek was able to magnify objects up to 500 times.As well as discovering microorganisms，he was the first to see red blood cells.In 1677，van Leeuwenhoek sent the Society further animalcule observations.Hooke eventually improved his own microscopes to the point where he，too，could see the tiny creatures.Three years later van Leeuwenhoek was made a fellow.It was not until 1890，more than 160 years after van Leeuwenhoeks death，that bacteria were linked with diseases.“Reading van Leeuwenhoeks letters，you very much get the impression of somebody dazzled by what he was finding，”says Lesley Robertson，leader of the archives at Delft Universitys school of microbiology.“He thought hed found a whole new worldbut he certainly never picked up on the connection with illness.”Notes：draper n布料商curved adj.弯曲的archive n档案室长短句分析：It was not until 1890，more than 160 years after van Leeuwenhoeks death，that bacteria were linked with diseases.句法点睛：这是it was.that强调结构。在强调结构中，more than 160 years after van Leeuwenhoeks death是1890的同位语。句意：直到1890年，凡列文虎克死后的160余年，细菌才被和疾病联系到一起。【语篇解读】 本文是记叙文。全文讲述了布料商出身的Antoni van Leeuwenhoek发明了自己的显微镜。他的发明使得发现更小、更清晰的事物成为可能，这为把细菌与疾病联系起来奠定了基础。1What did Antoni van Leeuwenhoek see with his own microscope?AA letter. BBacteria and protozoans.CSmall animals in the water. DThe element of water.2From the passage we can see _.Avan Leeuwenhoek knew the tiny creatures in the water had something to do with natureBvan Leeuwenhoek was the first to discover bacteriaCvan Leeuwenhoek was the first to use the microscopeDvan Leeuwenhoek was the first one to know how to observe bacteria and protozoans4From the last paragraph we can see，when Antoni van Leeuwenhoek saw the tiny creatures，invisible to the naked eye，living in lake water，_.Ahe was overexcitedBhe knew he followed someone elses discoveryChe was a bit disappointedDhis discovery was to lead a connection between bacteria and illnesses例5、Robots at the World Expo 2010 Shanghai play football，practise tai chi，play the violin，prepare Chinese dishes and care for the elderly.Robots created by a Chinese farmer can pour tea and paint pictures.Global designers of robots are making them more capable，powerful and affordable，so they will play more roles in more sectors，from manufacturing to health care，and they can help around the house.Now Toyota，the worlds biggest car maker，and Canon，the biggest camera maker，have joined research and development to make robots a practical reality，like a PC.The Expo Shanghai is a place where China can learn about advanced robotics，and a stage for madeinChina robots.Developers are taking robots from Star Wars and top laboratories and putting them into the industrial sector，even in consumer markets.They are used in health care，computer programming，manufacturing and culture.The goals are to add more practical functions and to cut price，and lower cost comes with higher volume.“The World Expo is a unique opportunity to demonstrate French technology，” says Bruno Maisonnier，chief executive of Aldebaran Robotics，which shows Nao robots in the France Pavilion.More than 700 Nao robots，which cost 1,000 to 12,000 euros (US $14,640 ) each，are sold mainly to research organizations，including 60 to 70 in China.The Frenchbased company aims to promote robots in the general public market starting from late 2011，with entertainment or learning functions at a “reasonable price，” according to Maisonnier.Visitors to the Japan Pavilion are struck by Toyotas dextrous Partner Robot playing the Chinese folk song “Jasmine Flower” on the violin.Other robots play other instruments，but the violin is the most complicated.Many people were so enchanted by the robotic musician that they overlooked other Partner Robots，designed to be personal assistants especially for Japans aging population.One can even carry passengers.Note：enchanted adj.着迷的；着魔的【语篇解读】 本篇是时文阅读。2010上海世博会展出了世界各地的机器人，这些机器人可以踢球、打太极、弹钢琴、做中国菜和照料老人。本次展出的机器人更加实用，价格上也逐渐靠近人们能承受的水平。1Robots at the World Expo 2010 Shanghai are designed _.Aenjoyable and interestingBpractical and affordableCgoodlooking and considerateDfunny and relaxing2Toyota and Canon have joined research and development to make robots，which shows _.Arobots are not too difficult to designBthey want to abandon their present careerCthey are more fit to make robotsDrobot manufacture will become a big market3From the designs of the robots，we can see robots _.Awill be more fashionable and advancedBhave been made with less expensive materialsCare made to meet the need of top laboratoriesDare made without the consideration of prices4From the passage we can see，Nao robots are designed _.Ato show robots can be made cheaplyBto meet the need of research into the robotic areaCto fit into our daily suppliesDto show robots can be intelligent难点四 前沿科学 例6、It is 7 oclock in the morning.You check yourself in the mirror，adjust your collar，and consider the busy day ahead.But at least you know that the stress wont damage your health，for this is no ordinary set of clothes you are wearing.Set within the fabric are numerous sensors，constantly monitoring your vital signs.If danger signs are detected，the garment is programmed to contact your doctorand send a text message telling you to take it easy.measure a wearers body temperature or trace his or her heart activity are just entering the market，but the European project BIOTEX weaves new functions into smart textiles.Miniaturized biosensors in a textile patch can now analyze body fluids，even a tiny drop of sweat，and provide a much better assessment of someones health.Jean Luprano is a researcher at the Swiss Centre for Electronics and Microtechnology ( CSEM )“One of the most obvious applications for smart fabrics is in the medical field，” he says.“There has been a good deal of progress with physiological measurements，body temperature or electrocardiograms.But no one has yet developed biochemical sensing techniques that can take measurements from fluids like sweat and blood.We are developing a suite of sensors that can be integrated into a textile patch.The patch is a sensing and processing unit，adaptable to target different body fluids and biochemical species.At the very least，some basic biochemical analyses could complement the physiological measurements that can already be monitored.In some circumstances，fluidic analysis may be the only way to get information on a patients health status.”Notes： vital adj.生命的textile n纺织品fluid n体液 electrocardiogram心电图integrate vt.综合biochemical adj.生物化学的complement vt.补助长短句分析：Garments that can measure a wearers body temperature or trace his or her heart activity are just entering the market，but the European project BIOTEX weaves new functions into smart textiles.句法点睛：本句中，that引导定语从句。句意：能测量穿戴者的体温或者追踪其心脏活动的服装正进入市场，而欧洲设计BIOTEX把新的功能织进智能纺织品中。【语篇解读】 本文是科技阅读。高科技智能服装可通过一滴汗水检测出人们的身体的健康状况，这种服装刚刚进入市场。1What is the text mainly about?ASmart clothes that can track your health.BHow to make your daily stress free.CNew advancement in the medical field.DBiochemical sensing techniques.答案A主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了能够检测健康状况的智能服装。B项是对文章第一段的片面理解；C项意思范围过大，超出了本文的内容；D项没有涉及服装这一概念。2The first paragraph is written to _.Adescribe a common scene in peoples lifeBintroduce the topic of the passageCtell us to have a smooth start of our dayDpredict the new garments to appear3The garments are special because they can _.Amake physiological measurements of a patientBtake ones body temperatureCtake electrocardiograms of a patientDtake measurements from fluids例7、Ever since the world was introduced to Dolly，the cloned sheep，in 1997，various fears have been expressed that researchers would be tempted to apply to humans the techniques that were used to produce her.Some objections have been practical; many scientists have warned that these techniques remain too dangerous.Others have focused on the unpredictable psychosocial consequences of producing humans that are genetically identical to other individuals.But the strongest opposition has been based on a moral certainty that，whatever the practical risks involved，producing carbon copies of human beings is ethically unacceptable.The United Nations faces an opportunity to turn this moral certainty into international law when a committee takes up discussion of a possible treaty that would make what is known as “reproductive cloning” a criminal offence.Building on a long line of international treaties targeting unethical practices，from human slavery to the use of biological weapons，the United Nations is likely to be asked to approve a new agreement that would place human cloning in the same category.In this case，however，the United Nations is in danger of shooting itself in the foot.For the debate over the outlawing of reproductive cloning has been hijacked by those whose principal goal is different.To achieve this，they are seeking to have the proposed ban extended to cover not only the reproductive cloning of human beings，but socalled “therapeutic cloning” as well.This involves growing ertilized embryos for several days，and then extracting from them cells that might later be used as replacement tissue or organs for other individuals.Notes：A ethically adv.伦理上unethical adj.不道德的therapeutic adj.治疗的hijack vt.劫持长短句分析：Ever since the world was introduced to Dolly，the cloned sheep，in 1997，various fears have been 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