精密水准仪与水准尺 - 控制测量学

53 精密水准仪与水准尺 - 控制测量学Collected by oneselfMistakes are unavoidableFor reference onlyIn case of errorPlease correct me! Thank youSection 5.3 precision level and level rulerConstruction features of 5.3.1 precise levelFor the precision of precise levelingIn addition to some external factorsThe accuracy and reliability of the instrument in the structure is of great importanceto this endThe following requirements are provided for some conditions required by the precision level1. high quality telescope optical systemsTo obtain a clear image of a scale on a telescopeThe telescope must have sufficient magnification and large aperture of the objectiveGeneral precision level magnification should be greater than 40 timesThe aperture of the objective lens shall be greater than 50mm2. strong and stable instrument structureThe structure of the instrument must make the connection between the collimation axis and the horizontal axis relatively stableFree from changes in external conditions and change their relationshipThe main components of the general precision level are made of special alloy steelA protective cover is arranged on the instrument to protect the heat insulation3. high-precision micrometer deviceThe precise level must have an optical micrometerThe precise determination of less than standard gauge mantissa to the minimum value of the line layoutThereby improving the reading accuracy on the leveling rodThe optical micrometer of a general precision level reads the 0.lmmRead to 0.Olmm4. highly sensitive pipe levelThe grid level of a general precision level is 10 /2mmBecause the sensitivity of the level is higherWhen observing, it is more difficult to make the bubbles of the level rapidlyto this endOn a precision level, there must be a tilting screw (also called a slightly tilted screw)So that the collimation axis and the horizontal axis can be produced at the same time a slight changeSo that the standard bubble is easy to install in order to achieve accurate alignment of the collimation axisTable 5-1 level series and basic technical parameters of our countryTechnical parameter itemLevel model seriesS05S1S3S10Average deviation of average elevation between kilometersTelescope magnificationEffective aperture of telescopeLattice value of tubular levelMeasuring range of micrometerMinimum cell value of micrometerLess than 0.5mmMore than 40 timesMore than 60mm10 /2mm5mm0.1mmLess than 1mmMore than 40 timesMore than 50mm10 /2mm5mm0.1mmLess than 3mmMore than 30 timesMore than 42mm20 /mmLess than 10mmMore than 25 timesMore than 35mm20 /2mmAutomatic Anping levelCompensation performanceCompensation rangeAnping precisionAnping is not longer than time+ 8 + 0.1 2s+ 8 + 0.2 2s+ 8 + 0.5 2s+ 10 2. 2s5. high performance compensator deviceThe reliability of the compensator can be affected by the quality of the compensator and the precision of the compensatorIf the compensator does not give the correct amount of compensationOr lack of compensationOr over compensationCan affect the precision of precise leveling observationOur level series are classified according to accuracy, such as S05, S1, S3 and so onS is the first letter of the Chinese phonetic alphabet of water,The numbers behind S represent the average number of millimeters in the mean deviation of the mean elevation difference between kilometers per kilometreChinas level series and basic technical parameters are listed in Table 5-1Construction features of 5.3.2 precise leveling rodLevel gauge is the length standard for measuring height differenceIf there is an error in the length of the scaleThe accuracy of leveling observation results in the systematic nature of the errorto this endThe following requirements are proposed for the precision leveling rod:(1) when the temperature and humidity of the air changesThe length of a leveling rod must be kept stableOr only minor changesGeneral precision scale division is in the paint with invar alloyInvar alloy belt were the certain tension tension in the groove of the ruler body in woodThis length will not affect the invar alloy with wooden ruler body deformationThe standard gauge partition number is note belt along both sides of the invar alloy wooden ruler bodyAs shown in Figure 5-7 (a) and (b)(2) the grading of the leveling rod must be very accurate and accurateThe accidental error and systematic error of the division should be very smallThe random error and systematic error of leveling rod division are mainly determined by the level of graduation and scale processAt present, the average error of the precise leveling rod division is generally between 8 and LLMDue to the systematic error of the precise leveling rod division, the length of the leveling rod can be corrected by the average length of the meterTherefore, the accidental error of division represents the comprehensive accuracy of leveling scale division(3) the gauge shall be constructed to ensure a straight lengthAnd the length of the body is not easy to occur, such as bending and bending deformationThe wooden body of a general precision leveling rod shall be made of high quality timber which is specially treatedIn order to avoid the wearing of the foot body at the bottom of the ruler, the length of the ruler body is changedThe bottom of the scale must be nailed to a strong and wearable metal baseIn the operation of precise levelingThe scale shall stand on a special weight pad or foot pileThe shape of the foot pad and the foot pile is shown in Figure 5-8(4) the circular leveling device shall be attached to the ruler of the precision leveling rodDuring operation, the ruler keeps the leveling rod in a vertical positionGenerally, there should be a support ring on the rulerSo that the ruler keeps the leveling rod in a vertical position(5) in order to improve the level of staff Division of a precisionThe form and color of the scale are coordinated with the color of the leveling staffThe general precision leveling rod is divided into black linesAs shown in Figure 5-7Fit with a pale yellow rulerIs conducive to the observation on the standard gauge partition, precise sightThe graticule values of the line scale are l0mm and 5mm twoThe precise levelling rod with a grid value of lOmm is shown in Figure 5-7 (a)It has two rowsThe right side of the ruler is marked with a row of notes ranging from 0 to 300cmBasic partitionA row of notes on the left is called auxiliary division from 300 to 600cmThere is a constant difference between the basic and auxiliary division readings at the same heightKiev differenceUsually called ruler constantLeveling operations can be used to check the accuracy of readingsA precise level gauge with a grid value of 5mm is shown in Figure 5-7 (b)It also has two rowsBut the two row blocks stagger each other 5mm, so in fact, the left row is singularThe right is divided.It is the singular partition and partition for each row.Without auxiliary DivisionThe number on the right side of the wooden ruler is the number of metersThe note is the number.The whole notes range from 0.1 to 5.9mThe actual cell value is 5mmThe notation is twice as large as the actual valueTherefore, the height difference measured by this level gauge must be divided by 2, which is the actual height difference valuePrecision levelling rod with 5mm of grid valueThere is also a secondary divisionA bar code ruler used in conjunction with a digital coding level is shown in Figure 5-9A bar code on a level bar is identified by a detector of a digital coded levelAfter digital image processingGive readings on the level barVisual readings instead of the level bar5.3.3, Wild, N3 precision levelThe shape of the WildN3 precision level is shown in figure 5-10The effective aperture of the telescope objective is 50mmMagnification is 40 timesThe tubular level has a grid value of 10 /2mmN3 precision level and the lattice value for the use of l0mm precision leveling staff supportingThe ruler of Kiev is 301.55cmOn the left hand side of the telescope eyepiece, there are two small eyepiece (not shown in figure 5-10)They are in accordance with the bubble observation eyepiece and micrometer readings eyepieceThe images seen in the 3 different eyepiece are shown in Figure 5-11Rotating tilt screwMake the ends of the bubbles consistent with the bubbles observe the eyepieceThe line of sight is accurateAt this time, the micrometer screw can be rotated so that the wedge wire that is seen in the eyepiece of the telescope can be marked with a 148 mark on the quasi scaleThat is, make the 148 point line equal to the wedge angleThen read the micrometer in the micrometer eyepiece, reading 653 (i.e. 6.53mm)Therefore, the total reading of the horizontal line of sight on the scale is 148.653cmTilting screw device for 1.N3 precision levelFigure 5-12 shows the N3 type precision level tilt helical device and its action diagramIt is a lever structureTurn the tilt spiralThe supporting arm can drive the supporting arm to rotate around the fulcrum through the focusing pointCause it to rise or fall slightly to the point of action of the telescopeSo that the telescope is tilted slightly around the axisBecause the telescope is closely linked with the levelThus, the rotation of the inclined spiral can cause both the horizontal axis and the collimation axis to change at the same timeTo rapidly and accurately flatten the collimation axisA graduated disk is usually attached to an inclined screwReadings can be carried out by means of fixed indicatorsThe number of squares rotated by an oblique helix can determine the small change in the inclination of the line of sightIts rotation range is about 7 weeksWith the aid of such a deviceThe angle value of the micro tilt of the collimation axis can be measuredIt plays an important role in precise leveling of obstaclesFigure 5-11, figure 5-12Must point outAs shown in Figure 5-12, the instrument shaft is not at the center of the telescopeIt is located near one end of the objective lensWhen leveling the instrument from a round levelThe vertical axis is not exactly in the vertical positionMay deviate from a larger vertical positionAt this point, use the oblique helix to accurately level the sight axisWill cause changes in collimation axis heightThe greater the amount of oblique rotationThe greater the height of the collimation axis, the greater the changeIf the front and rear view is accurate, the collimation axis is accurateThe amount of rotation of an oblique helix variesThis error will be brought about in the height differencethereforeIn practice, it is stipulated that only when the amount of separation between the ends of the bubbles at the end of the bubble is less than LCM (when the vertical axis of the instrument is in the vertical position)The tilting screw is only allowed to perform accurate leveling of the collimation axisBut some instruments have rotating shaftsLocated on the vertical geometric axis of the telescope CenterMicrometer device of 2.N3 precise level instrumentFig. 5-13 is a schematic diagram of the micrometer working principle of the optical micrometer of the N3 precise levelVisible from the diagramThe optical micrometer is made up of parallel glass plate, micrometer, graduation ruler, transmission rod and micrometer screwThe parallel glass plate driving rod is connected with the measuring differential scaleThe differential scale has 100 compartmentsIt corresponds to 10mmThat is, each grid is 0.lmmRead to 0.OlmmEach of the 10 squares has a long dividing line and is marked with numbersThe grid value between two long dashes is LMMWhen the parallel glass plate is orthogonal to the horizontal line of viewThe initial reading of the differential scale is 5mmRotating micrometer screwThe drive rod is driven by parallel glass plate relative to the objective lens for stitchesAt the same time, the micrometer scale is driven to move accordinglyParallel glass plate relative to the objective lens for stitchesThe horizontal line of sight will move up or down in parallelReverse micrometer screwMove the parallel glass panel down to the micrometer scale and move to the 10mmThe horizontal line of sight is shifted downward, 5mmConverselyThe clockwise spiral micrometer to parallel glass plate back to the micrometer scale to OmmThe horizontal line of sight is upward translation, 5mmFigure 5-13In Figure 5-13When the parallel glass plate is orthogonal to the horizontal line of viewThe readings on the levelling rod shall be between two adjacent divisions 148 and 149At this point the differential reading is 5mmNot 0Micrometer screwParallel glass panels for front bendingMove the horizontal line downward and coincide with the nearest 148 strokesAt this time, the differential reading scale reads 6.50MM, while the horizontal line of sight should be translated from 6.50 to 5mmThe final reading is=148cm+6.50mm-5mmThat is, =148.650cm-5mmFrom the above knowableThe constant (initial reading) 5mm should be subtracted from each reading, but this constant can be automatically counteracted because of the elevation difference calculated in levelingSo when leveling workThis constant can be ignored in reading, recording, and calculationBut in unidirectional reading, the initial reading must be subtractedThe parallel glass plate of the micrometer is positioned in the telescope cylinder in front of the objective lensAs shown in Figure 5-14At the front end of the parallel glass plateEquipped with a protective glass with wedge anglesIn essence, its a wedgeOn the one hand, it can prevent dust from invading the telescope tubeOn the other hand, the rotation of the wedge can make minor changes in the inclination angle of the collimation axisIn order to precisely correct the parallelism between the quasi axis and the leveling axisThe recent production of the new N3 precision level, as shown in Figure 5-15The effective aperture of the telescope objective is 52mmAnd a telescope with a magnification of 40Vertical imagingThe leveling rod at the 0.3m of the objective lens can be clearly observedFigure 5-14, figure 5-15The optical parallel plate micrometer can be read directly to the 0.lmmRead to 0.OlmmAn accurate micro tilt device can be used to measure small vertical angles and variations in inclinationThe optional accessories include automatic collimation eyepiece, laser eyepiece, eyepiece lamp and folding eyepieceThe use of these attachments further expands the range of applications of the instrumentIt can be used in precise height control survey, deformation measurement, subsidence monitoring and industrial application5.3.4 Zeiss Ni 004 precision levelThe shape of the Zeiss Ni 004 precision level is shown in Figure 5-16Figure 5-16The main feature of this instrument is its less inductive effect on heatThat is, when the outside temperature changesThe horizontal axis and visual angle changes between the axis is very smallThis is because of telescope, tube level and parallel glass plate tilt equipment and other componentsThey are all mounted in a metal sleeve with an insulating layerThis ensures that the temperature of these components on the level is quickly balancedThe effective aperture of the instrument objective is 56mmThe magnification of the telescope is 44 timesThere are about two sets of wedge wires in the field of view of the telescope eyepieceAs shown in Figure 5-17A group of small angle wedge wire on the rightUse when sight distance is far awayThe left group of wedge wire angle largerUse when sight distance is nearThe tubular level has a lattice value of 10 /2mmTurn the micrometer screw to move the horizontal line of sight in the range of 10mmThe micrometer drum is directly connected to the micrometer screw (see Figure 5-17)Read on the micrometer drum by means of a magnifying glassThere are 100 compartments on the micrometer drumTherefore, the minimum cell value of micrometer drum is 0.1mmThe image seen in the field of view of the telescope eyepiece is shown in Figure 5-17The lower part of the field of view is the level. It conforms to the bubble imageNi 004 precision level and the lattice value of 5mm precision invar rod supporting the use ofIn Figure 5-17The micrometer is used to make the wedge clamp 197 points on the level scaleThe reading on the differential drum is 340That is, 3.40mmAll readings on the scale are 197.340cmFigure 5-17, figure 5-185.3.5 made in China S1 precision levelModel Sl precision level is produced by Beijing surveying and Mapping Instrument FactoryIts shape is shown in Figure 5-18The effective aperture of the instrument objective is 50mmThe magnification of the telescope is 40 timesThe tubular level has a grid value of 10 /2mmRotating the micrometer screw allows horizontal sight to move in the range of 10mmThe micrometer scale has 100 compartmentsTherefore, micrometer micrometer, minimum grid value is 0.1mmThe image seen in the field of view of the telescope eyepiece is shown in Figure 5-19To the left of the field of view is the level of the bubble imageThe micrometer reading microscope is at the bottom right of the telescope eyepieceThe S1 precision level made in China is matched with the precise leveling rod with a grid value of 5mmIn Figure 5-19Use a micrometer screw to make the wedge clamp exactly 198The readings in the micrometer reading microscope are 150That is, 1.5OmmAll readings on the scale are 198.150cm?One