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is better than . means victory! 在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行it代替主语，代替主语，而把不定式后置：而把不定式后置： Its a great pleasure . It is not an easy thing . 这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子，如：的句子，如： It took us five hours . It made us very angry .不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由中看出，也可以由“ for + 名词词组名词词组” 来表示，如：来表示，如： It is not hard to do a bit of good. It was difficult to do the work.某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前加上加上 “of + 名词词组名词词组” 来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况，来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况，如：如： Its kind to think so much of us. Its very nice to be so considerate. Its unwise to turn down the proposal. It was careless to make such a mistake. 1主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），如：如： To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.削足适履削足适履2主语是以主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组，或以等为中心词的名词词组，或以 what 引导的名词性从引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如：句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如： My idea is . Your mistake was . My suggestion is . What I would suggest is . 1“”。这类动词常见的有：。这类动词常见的有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start, forget, mean, intend, begin, 等，例如：等，例如： Ive arranged . I didnt expect .2“”。（这种不定式结构接。（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句）。这类动词常见的有：近一个名词从句）。这类动词常见的有：tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, know, explain, remember, see, understand, wonder 等。等。 疑问词（也称连接代疑问词（也称连接代/副词）有：副词）有：what, where, who(m), when, how, whether, which（why 除外），如：除外），如： I dont know what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there. I havent decided whether to sell it or not. We must find out what to do next / where to put it.注注 ：如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语，则应使用先行如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语，则应使用先行 it，把不定式后置，例如：把不定式后置，例如： I find it difficult to understand him. We thought it wrong not to help her. They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.注注 ：不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语, 只有在个别场合只有在个别场合, 即在含有即在含有否定意义的带有介词否定意义的带有介词 except 或或 but (=except) 的结构中才能这样用，的结构中才能这样用，例如：例如： He seldom comes except . The child nothing except . She can anything but .她除了唱歌之外她除了唱歌之外, 什么都会做。什么都会做。 He will anything for you except . They could nothing but . 不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示等。等。 They ran over . He bought a bicycle . He went home .为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，特别是在不定式结构前有否为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，特别是在不定式结构前有否定词定词 not 时，通常可以在不定式符号时，通常可以在不定式符号 to 之前加上之前加上 in order 或或 so as，如：，如： He came here to see Charlie. He shouted and waved to be noticed. He went early not to miss the train. I turned the radio down not to disturb him.表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于其他功能的标表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上in order，但却不可以加上但却不可以加上so as ，如：，如： To draw maps properly, you need a special pen. To get the best results, use clean water. What have I said to make you so angry?He came round to find himself in hospital. Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? Im not such a fool as to believe that. The boy is old enough to go to school. His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 下列句子中的不表示结果，也无否定含义：下列句子中的不表示结果，也无否定含义： Im only too glad to go. (= Im very glad to go.) I shall be only too pleased to get home. (= I shall be very pleased to get home.) She wept to hear the news. I pretend to be happy to know him. He laughed to see such fun. She seemed surprised to meet us. Dont force yourself when you have nothing to say.Did you see a young man ? 表示表示“希望希望”“”“愿望愿望”等心理状态的动词，如：等心理状态的动词，如：wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust 等。等。 What do you desire me ? The director preferred her . 含有含有“让让”“”“允许允许”“”“促使促使”“”“致使致使”等祈使意义的动词，如：等祈使意义的动词，如：let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, 等。等。 We mustnt let this . His father put him . 带有带有“请求请求”“”“恳求恳求”等感情色彩的动词，如：等感情色彩的动词，如：ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry 等。等。 He begged me . She was always worrying her father . 含有含有“建议建议”“”“劝告劝告”等意义的动词，如：等意义的动词，如：advise, persuade, call on, urge 等。等。 He urged us . The dentist advised me . 含有含有“命令命令”“”“强迫强迫”“”“禁止禁止”等意义的动词，如：等意义的动词，如：order, command, require, charge, tell, make, force, drive, forbid, warn 等。等。 He required us . The doctor ordered him . I warn you . 其他还有：其他还有：help, teach, show, assist, report, bear, wait for, train, depend on 等。等。 He promised to teach me . We should train them . We are waiting for the train . Did you see anyone ? Dont imagine yourself . We find him . He set the boys . Ill leave him .有些动词用有些动词用与用与用作宾语补足语，所表达的意作宾语补足语，所表达的意义是有差别的。一般说来，用不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成义是有差别的。一般说来，用不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成（即全过程）；而用现在分词则表示动作正在进行，即：谓语动词（即全过程）；而用现在分词则表示动作正在进行，即：谓语动词所表示的动作发生时，现在分词所表示的动作正在进行，如：所表示的动作发生时，现在分词所表示的动作正在进行，如： Did you see anyone enter the house? He saw his father talking with his teacher. I once heard him sing this song. She heard Mr. White singing in the next room. He observed someone open the door. I watched them get into the car. Did you notice him leave the room?如：如： Do you often help your mother (to) do the housework?如：如： The boss made them from morning till night. They were made from morning till night.例如：例如：Who heard him say that? They invited us to go there this summer. 如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，这个如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，这个不定式就要用不定式就要用，如：，如： Im glad to have seen your mother. He is said to have written a new book about workers.(It is said that he has written a new book about workers.) The enemy was reported to have surrendered.(It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.) She seemed to have heard about it already.(It seemed that she had already heard about it.)They are said to be building another bridge across the river. They seem to be getting along quite well. I happened to be going that way too.We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.I am glad to be working with you. Its nice of you to be thinking of us. They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan. She wished to have been training as hard as the others. Its a great pleasure to have been working with you.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.He wanted the letter to be typed at once. She didnt like herself to be praised like that.The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. Are you going to the meeting to be held in the teachers office? She was too young to be assigned such work.It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.（主语）（主语）She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (She preferred to have been given heavier work to do. (宾语宾语) )）He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. He thought it an honour to have been invited to the party. （复合宾语）（复合宾语）The book is said to have been translated into many The book is said to have been translated into many languages. languages. （复合谓语）（复合谓语）She was the first woman to have been elected to such a She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. post. （定语）（定语）
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