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题型二完形填空题型二完形填空-2-【命题特点】 -3-4-【满分突破】1.答题“四法”(1)关注首尾抓主旨解答完形填空的关键在于掌握并理解短文大意。有时根据文章的首尾句就能抓住主题,因为它是一个重要的“ 窗口”。通过它,可以大致了解全文的概貌和作者的立意。它往往提供了全文的中心信息,考生应该充分利用此句的标志作用,并将它作为一个解题的突破口,据此展开思维。(2)瞻前顾后寻逻辑文章都是前后连贯、符合逻辑地按一定的脉络向前发展延伸,因此每道题在文章中都能找到信息依据。在解题过程中必须把握文章的发展趋势,揣摩文章字里行间的意义,选择与作者思路或意图相吻合的选项。-5-(3)左顾右盼找搭配一些固定句型和短语搭配是完形填空的常考点。做题时应注意所填内容与空格前后词语的习惯搭配。尤其审查空白处前后的名词、动词、介词或非谓语动词等与各选项之间的搭配关系。(4)分析语境辨词义词义辨析主要有四种形式:a.同义词或近义词辨析;b.形近词辨析;c.常用词汇辨析;d.转换词语辨析。不管何种形式的辨析都需要考生在具体语言环境中进行把握。尤其注意上下文逻辑关系的理解,如转折关系、让步关系、因果关系、递进关系、对比关系等。-6-2.破题“六招”(1)善用语境推断语境推断是完形填空命题的最主要角度。脱离上下文语境,每个选项放在空格处,在语法上、词性上、意义上可能都是正确的,但是在上下文具体情景下,正确答案又是唯一的。Jenny,from Germany,spent some time traveling in India.While she was there,she stayed with her Indian friend,Leela.However,there was a language barrier(障碍)for her there.It was very 31 for her to communicate in the new environment,which was very different from 32 of her own country.31.A.niceB.dangerousC.difficultD.easy-7-【剖析】命题角度:语境推断。孤立地看本句,四个选项都是讲得通的,但是由上文Jenny,from Germany,spent some time traveling in India.there was a language barrier for her there的语境可推断:在新的环境里,Jenny和他人交流非常困难,故选C。(2)牢记语法知识一般来讲,完形填空中不会直接考查语法,如在同一小题里,选项搭配动词的不同时态、语态和词性等,但有的命题属于语法角度,解题时需要考虑语法因素。-8-Being blind,deaf,unable to walk or use your hands easily is something 33 most people cant imagine.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.where【剖析】命题角度:语法知识。本题是以定语从句的先行词的判定为命题角度,其正确答案的确定也需要以定语从句的语法运用为支撑,所以正确答案是A。-9-(3)领悟逻辑推理完形填空的短文语篇精美,行文流畅,逻辑性强。上下句之间或并列,或递进,或转折,或让步等,使得行文逻辑关系更加密切、紧凑,也因此成为命题的一大角度。(安徽中考)He seemed to be dumb(哑的)51 he was normal in every other way.A.because B.whenC.thoughD.before【剖析】命题角度:逻辑推理。四个选项都可作从属连词,分别表示原因、时间、让步、时间,根据主句(他似乎是哑的)和从句(他在每个其他方面都是正常的)的逻辑关系可知,此处应该用表示让步关系的连词though。-10-(4)关注词汇复现选项中的词汇复现是命题的一个特点。词汇复现包括词汇前复现、词汇后复现、同义词复现、近义词复现、反义词复现等。复现的位置也各不相同,有的紧接着复现,有的相隔几句甚至是几段复现,有的前后复现都有。(河南中考)He often asked 36 which were strange.A.questionsB.help C.promises D.advice【剖析】命题角度:词汇复现。下文的 to answer these questions;Once Akbar asked a very strange question;May I know the question都复现了question一词。 -11-(5)熟记固定搭配有的词汇、短语的搭配是比较固定的、约定俗成的,需要考生熟记。(重庆中考)Each class is given a small garden and our class has decided to grow some tomatoes and beans(豆类)in our 46 time.A.busy B.free C.happy D.sad【剖析】命题角度:固定搭配。in ones free/spare time“在某人的空闲时间”。-12-(6)熟知生活常识生活常识,如天气状况、交通规则、人物的喜怒哀乐、时间、地点等作为命题角度。(杭州中考)but as I came near the light,it turned 33,and I braked to a stop.A.green B.yellow C.red D.dark【剖析】命题角度:生活常识。根据生活常识,见到红灯才停车。故选C项。-13-考点一记叙文一、命题特点1.首句完整,线索清楚一般作者在第一句话就交代了人物的姓名、身份或事件发生的时间、地点,然后再介绍事件的发生、发展,最后得出结果(或采用倒叙的方式,首先讲述事件所带来的后果或影响,然后再讲述经历、事情经过)。2.叙述灵活,侧重语境文章以叙述为主,绝大部分篇章是作者在描述事件,较少加入作者的观点或评论。因此,常会出现态度与观点的跳跃,或语气上的差异,从而增加情景的迷惑性和干扰性,突出对语境的依赖性。-14-3.实词为主,虚词为辅完形填空设题有赖于上下文语境,选项一般集中于动词、名词、形容词或副词等实词的考查上,介词、连词、冠词等虚词考查相对较少。-15-二、破题技巧1.通读全文,理清脉络掌握作者写作思路、文章所叙述事件或情节的发展脉络是答题的关键。只有正确把握作者的写作思路与故事发展的主体脉络,才能原汁原味地还原故事内容,解答好此类完形填空。2.利用语境,揣摩心态记叙类完形填空主要描述事件发生的过程、作者的心理状态、思想变化等。考生需要借助上下文乃至全文语境的提示或限制,仔细揣摩作者的心理变化过程,把作者的想法真实地还原到文章中去。3.理清线索,把握方向记叙文一般按事件发展顺序叙述,有时用倒叙。答题时,要理清人物间的关系,把握人物的所作所为,从而把握细节,找准作者的记叙方向,正确理解文章。-16-三、真题回访(2017广东中考)Jacks love for birds started when he made his first birdfeeder about six years ago.He filled the feeder with seeds(种子),put it in his backyard and then 46 started coming.He got really 47 in birds as more came.Then he joined a local society.As he realized that more and more birds were dying very 48,he wanted to try his best to help them.-17-Besides what he has done,he has his own group called Protecting Our Birds.He does 49 about birds,runs a website to teach people about birds and how to help them,and 50 boxes for birds.Not long ago,he found that the bluebirds were nesting(做窝)in the dead trees which were often cut down,51 he began to make bluebird boxes for the birds in order to save them.Now he wants to use these boxes to 52 the dead trees.He hangs these boxes up in trees and takes 53 down every week to see if the birds are nesting in them.He also writes articles,hoping that more people will 54 protecting natural ecosystems(生态系统).“Researching birds is 55 to protecting birds,”Jack says,“In order to protect birds,we have to learn and really know about the birds.”-18-46.A.bees B.birdsC.peopleD.scientists47.A.nervousB.weak C.bored D.interested48.A.peacefully B.safelyC.quicklyD.sadly49.A.practiceB.businessC.instructionD.research50.A.buildsB.breaksC.liftsD.pushes51.A.so B.butC.thoughD.because52.A.take good care ofB.take the place ofC.catch up withD.come up with-19-53.A.itB.thisC.these D.them54.A.wait forB.send forC.join inD.hand in55.A.simpleB.crazyC.importantD.fresh-20-【答题剖析】本文是一篇记叙文。Jack是位爱鸟人士,喜欢鸟的同时也为保护鸟做出了行动。46.B命题角度:语境理解。考查名词词义辨析。第一句中写出Jack喜欢鸟,故推测这里应该是小鸟飞来。故选B。47.D命题角度:逻辑推理。考查形容词词义辨析。根据前文Jack喜欢鸟并主动让小鸟来到他的院子推测他对于小鸟的到来是感兴趣的。故选D。48.C命题角度:语境理解。考查副词词义辨析。根据后面空后Jack想尽力帮助它们可知,越来越多的鸟正在快速死亡。故选C。49.D命题角度:逻辑推理。考查名词词义辨析。根据前后文,Jack建立自己的保护鸟的组织,并教导其他人如何保护小鸟可推测,Jack应该是做了一些研究。故选D。50.A命题角度:语境理解。考查动词词义辨析。根据空后的boxes可知,应该是建造盒子。故选A。-21-51.A命题角度:语境理解。考查连词词义辨析。根据前后文的意思:不久,他发现蓝鸟在经常被砍伐的死树上做窝,他开始给这些鸟建造蓝鸟盒子来拯救它们。前后为因果关系。故选A。52.B命题角度:语境理解。考查动词短语辨析。take good care of爱护,take the place of代替,catch up with赶上,come up with想出。根据前文“他开始给这些鸟建造蓝鸟盒子来拯救它们”可推知此句表示“Jack想用盒子代替死树”。故选B。53.D命题角度:逻辑推理。考查代词词义辨析。此空指的是前面的these boxes,应用them。故选D。54.C命题角度:语境理解。考查动词短语辨析。wait for等待,send for发送到,join in加入,hand in交上,根据前文Jack为保护鸟所做的事情可推知,此句是Jack希望人们加入进来一起保护生态系统。故选C。-22-55.C命题角度:语境理解。考查形容词词义辨析。simple简单的,crazy疯狂的,important重要的,fresh新鲜的。根据后句“为了保护鸟,我们必须学会并真正了解它们。”可推知此句表示“研究鸟在保护鸟时起到很重要的作用。”故选C。-23-考点二说明文一、命题特点常见的说明文有自我介绍、人物介绍(传记)、地方介绍、习俗介绍、节日介绍、方法(步骤)介绍,产品说明、实验报告、科普小品、读书报告、新闻报道等。这类文章主要有以下几个特点:-24-1.内容的客观性说明文客观地说明、介绍、解释或报道客观的人物、事物或发生的现象,使读者获取一定的信息或知识,语言直白,没有主观的评论或情感的抒发。2.篇章的条理性说明文层次分明,脉络清晰,有条有理。有的按空间顺序进行说明,有的按时间顺序进行说明,有的按因果关系进行说明,有的按先主后次的顺序进行说明,有的先概述后举例,有的先举例后概述,也有的按事情的逻辑关系展开(如:解析为什么,如何做等方面的问题),等等。3.语言的朴实性说明文的目的是让读者获取信息,明白事理,因此,文章的作者会用朴实、易懂和准确的语言或使用数据进行说明,不浮夸,不加描述和议论。 -25-二、解题技巧1.根据上下文的词语暗示来选择找到上下文的相关信息,特别是有暗示性的词语,就容易找到正确的选项了。 2.根据上下文的行文逻辑来选择短文是由有一定逻辑关系的句子组成的,任何一句话都不是孤立存在的,而是要靠上下文作依托,相互之间存在一定的联系。只要我们把握好了空格上下文的行文逻辑,再活用所学语言知识,就能选出正确答案。3.根据文化背景和生活常识来选择有时,先前所积累的文化背景知识和生活常识有利于正确解答完形填空题。 -26-4.紧扣上下文,巧用排除法有时,做题有时很难从正面确定答案,尤其是答案碰巧是一个你不认识的单词,而其他三个选项你都认识的时候,紧扣上下文,巧用排除法往往会给你惊喜。-27-三、真题回访(2017安徽中考)Bike-sharing is a new choice for short journeys in cities.It is good to the 56 development of the big cities.A 57 by a company found that shared bikes started the nations 58 for bikes again.Now more and more Chinese people are 59 bikes instead of cars to make short journeys in cities.An engineer of the company says that since the 60 of shared bikes,people have made fewer trips by car.The love for shared bikes is not only among 61 people,who were born in the 1980s and 1990s,but also among people over sixty.At weekends,the number of the riders in Shenzhen reaches the 62 of all cities.On weekdays,the number of people who use shared bikes to travel to work is 63 in Shanghai.-28-It is said that bike-sharing will help 64 the cities environment.It not only helps solve the traffic problems,but also will help to make more use of 65 in cities.Take Beijing as an example,if more people choose shared bikes,an area of five Birds Nest stadium (体育场)will be saved.56.A.slow B.healthyC.harmfulD.sudden57.A.rule B.planC.reportD.suggestion58.A.searchB.worryC.preparationD.love59.A.choosing B.pushingC.repairingD.locking-29-60.A.end B.start C.control D.fall61.A.strong B.weak C.oldD.young62.A.top B.side C.cornerD.line63.A.coming overB.putting offC.going upD.giving away64.A.discoverB.separateC.experienceD.improve65.A.air B.time C.spaceD.money-30-【答题剖析】本文是一篇说明文。在很多大城市,共享单车不仅受到青少年的青睐,也赢得老年人的欢迎。越来越多的人出行时选择用共享单车。这不仅能够帮助改善城市环境还能帮助我们节约空间。56.B命题角度:语境理解。考查形容词辨析。从下文描述共享单车的好处及本句中good知,这里指的是“使用共享单车对大城市的健康发展有好处”,healthy意为“健康的”,符合语境,故选B。57.C命题角度:语境理解。考查名词辨析。从空后的内容知,共享单车开始受到全国人的青睐,越来越多的中国人用共享单车替代小汽车。由此推知,这是一家公司的报告,report意为“报告”,符合语境,故选C。-31-58.D命题角度:语境理解。考查名词辨析。从下句“越来越多的人使用共享单车替代小汽车进行城市短途旅行”以及第三段中的The love for shared bikes知,共享单车又再次激发国人对自行车的热爱,love意为“爱”,符合语境,故选D。59.A命题角度:逻辑推理。考查动词词义辨析。从空后内容“人们用共享单车替代小汽车进行城市短途旅行”知,这里说的是人们正在选择使用共享单车。故选A。60.B命题角度:语境理解。考查名词辨析。根据选项理解句意:该公司的一位工程师说,自从共享单车开始投入运营以来,人们就很少使用小汽车旅行。start意为“开始”,符合语境。61.D命题角度:语境理解。考查形容词辨析。从下面的定语从句who were born in the 1980s and 1990s知,八零后和九零后肯定年轻,这里指的是“共享单车不仅受到年轻人青睐,也受到老年人欢迎”。young意为“年轻的”,符合语境。-32-62.A命题角度:语境理解。考查名词辨析。根据选项理解句意:在周末,深圳骑自行车的人数达到所有城市之最。top意为“顶,顶部”,符合语境。63.C命题角度:语境理解。考查动词短语辨析。比照上句并根据选项理解句意:在工作日,上海使用共享单车上班的人数也在上升。go up意为“上升”,符合语境。64.D命题角度:逻辑推理。考查动词辨析。从文章第一段It is good to the healthy development of the big cities知,共享单车肯定将帮助改善城市环境。improve意为“改善”,符合语境。-33-65.C命题角度:逻辑推理。考查名词辨析。从下文Take Beijing as an example,if more people choose shared bikes,an area of five Birds Nest stadium will be saved.知,如果在北京有更多的人使用共享单车,那么就会有五个鸟巢体育馆的空间被节省。由此推知,这里说的是,共享单车不仅帮助解决交通问题,也帮助让城市有更多可利用的空间。space意为“空间”,符合语境。-34-(一)In a history class,our teacher,Mrs.Bartlett asked us to make a poster (海报)in groups about the culture that we were studying.She told us to write the names of three friends we wanted in one group and she would think about our 1 .The next day,I was told to be in a group I would 2 wantthe boy who was too weak in English,and the two girls who wore strange clothes.Oh,how I wanted to be with my 3 !With tears in my eyes,I walked up to Mrs.Bartlett.She 4 me and seemed to know what I was there for.I told her I should be in the “good” group.She gently 5 a hand on my shoulder(肩膀).“I know what you want,Karma,” she said,“but your group needs you.I need you to help them.Only you can help them.” I was 6 and moved.Her words encouraged me.-35-“Will you help them?” she asked.“Yes,” I replied.Then I 7 walked over to my group.I sat down and we started.Each of us did a part according to our interests.Halfway through the week,I felt 8 enjoying our group.We did a good job together.Nobody 9 Mrs.Bartlett had believed in our group.Amazingly,our group got an A.But I think we should hand the A back to Mrs.Bartlett.She was the one who should truly 10 it.Mrs.Bartlett brought out the potential (潜能)in four of her students.-36-1.A.classesB.booksC.choices D.clothes2.A.oftenB.neverC.always D.sometimes3.A.boysB.girls C.friendsD.teachers4.A.laughed at B.looked at C.lived withD.agreed with5.A.placedB.pushed C.washed D.pulled6.A.usefulB.surprised C.thirstyD.worried7.A.hardlyB.deeplyC.lazilyD.bravely8.A.myself B.herself C.yourself D.himself9.A.around B.withC.forD.except10.A.receiveB.startC.give D.throw-37-【答题剖析】本文叙述了在一次历史课上,老师让分组做一个关于文化的海报,作者已经选好了自己的组员,可是老师要他去另外一组,他开始不愿去,但是在老师的鼓励和信任下他去了那个组,最后作者所在的组取得了A,作者认为这应该归功于老师敏锐的眼光及发现人的潜能的能力。1.C考查名词辨析。上一句要求学生自己写出小组名单,此处指老师考虑学生选择的名单,choice意为“选择”,符合语境。A项意为“班”;B项意为“书”,D项意为“衣服”。2.B考查副词辨析。由下文“the boy who was too weak in English,and the two girls who wore strange clothes”可推知“我”不愿意在这一小组,never意为“绝不,一点儿也不”,符合语境。3.C考查名词辨析。由上文可知,“我”不愿意和老师指定的三个同学一组,此处指作者想和自己的朋友在一起,friend意为“朋友”,符合语境。-38-4.B考查短语辨析。句意:老师看着我,似乎知道我到那儿的目的。look at意为“看”,符合语境。A项意为“嘲笑”;C项意为“与生活在一起”;D项意为“同意某人的观点”。5.A考查动词辨析。句意:她轻轻地把手放在我的肩膀上。place意为“放置”,符合语境。B项意为“推”;C项为“洗”;D项意为“拉”。6.B考查形容词辨析。句意:我很吃惊,并被她的话感动了。 A项意为“有用的”;B项意为“吃惊的”;C项意为“渴的”;D项意为“着急的”。根据I need you to help them.Only you can help them.可知,作者对于老师说的话很吃惊,故选B。7.D考查副词辨析。句意:然后我勇敢地走向我的组。 A项意为“几乎不”;B项意为“深深地”;C项意为“懒惰地”;D项意为“勇敢地”。根据上文I told her I should be in the “good” group.可知作者不愿来这个组,可是在老师的开导下,他勇敢地接受了这个组,故选D。-39-8.A考查人称代词。句意:经过半周的时候,我就感觉我自己喜欢这个组了。根据句子的主语是I,所以用与句子的主语相对应的反身代词myself,故选A。9.D考查介词辨析。句意:我组的组员没有人看好他们,因为除了Mrs.Bartlett之外,没有人给他们足够的关心。根据no one cared enough about them 可知,这里应该用介词except,意为“除了”符合语境。A项意为“周围”;B项意为“和”;C项意为“为了”。10.A考查动词辨析。句意:她是真正应该收到它的人。根据Mrs.Bartlett brought out the potential (潜能)in four of her students.可知,是老师找到了作者这一组成员的潜能,所以A真正的获得者应该是老师,receive意为“收到”,符合语境。 B项意为“开始”;C项意为“给”;D项意为“扔”。-40-(二)Long ago,people did not need money.They 1 wild animals,fruits and other plants.As time passed,people learned to raise (饲养)animals and crops.Sometimes,families produced more than they 2,so they started to trade with other families.Later,people began to use money to 3.However,it was not the kind of money we use today.They used shells,rice,salt,large stones,etc.During the 600s B.C.,people began using coins as 4.They soon found that coins were 5 to carry than goods(货物)and lasted a long time.Later,countries began to make 6 own coins.-41-The Chinese were the first to use paper money,probably as 7 as the 11th century.The Italian traveler Marco Polo saw the Chinese using money when he visited China in the 1200s.However,European countries did not start using paper money 8 1600s.Today,we have many ways to pay for things.We do not use coins or paper money as often as before,9 people can pay for things by cards or apps on mobile phones.They are easier and safer than 10 around a lot of “real” money.-42-1.A.lived onB.agreed with C.took in D.looked at2.A.did B.had C.grew D.needed3.A.buyB.sell C.exchange D.change4.A.foodB.money C.paper money D.animals5.A.difficultB.easy C.convenient D.easier6.A.they B.ourC.theirD.his7.A.earlyB.soonC.oldD.late 8.A.whenB.after C.until D.in9.A.butB.becauseC.orD.and10.A.carryingB.spendingC.havingD.doing-43-【答题剖析】本文是一篇说明文,讲述了“钱”的由来。很早以前人们不需要钱,因为没有剩余产品交换。随着社会发展,出现了硬币和纸币,以及银行卡和手机支付等多种支付方式。1.A考查短语辨析。句意:很久以前,人们不需要钱。他们以动物、水果和其他植物为食。live on意为“以为食”,符合语境。B项意为“同意某人的意见”;C项意为“吸入”;D项意为“看”。2.D考查动词辨析。由下一句“所以他们和其他家庭进行交易”可知,人们只要产出多于自己需要的才去交易,need意为“需要”,符合语境。3.C考查动词辨析。由上下文可知,后来人们用钱进行物品的交换,exchange意为“交换”,符合语境。A项意为“买”;B项意为“卖”;D项意为“改变”。4.B考查名词辨析。由上文可知,人们开始用“钱”作为交换物品的媒介,此处人们把硬币作为“钱”,money意为“钱”,符合语境。-44-5.B考查形容词辨析。由常识可知,硬币作为交换的媒介应该比物品如贝壳、石头等更加容易携带,easy意为“容易的”,符合语境。6.C考查物主代词。句意:后来,国家开始制造他们自己的硬币。countries是复数,此处应用物主代词,故选their。7.A考查形容词辨析。句意:中国人是最早使用纸币的,大概早在11世纪。as early as意为“早在”,符合语境。8.C考查连词辨析。句意:然而,欧洲国家直到17世纪才开始使用纸币。not.until.意为“直到时候,才”。9.B考查连词辨析。句意:我们不像以前那样经常使用硬币或纸币,因为人们可以通过银行卡或者手机APP来付款。后一句是前一句的原因,because意为“因为”,符合语境。10.A考查动词辨析。句意:他们比携带很多现金更方便和安全。carry意为“携带”,符合语境。B项意为“花费”;C项意为“有”;D项意为“做”。
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