如何猜测英语阅读中生词的含义新课标人教版

如何猜测英语阅读中生词的含义提高学生阅读理解能力是高中阶段英语教学的主要目标之一，在完成阅读理解题时，因为对一些生词理解不准确影响了对文章的理解，使答题正确率降低。所以中学生通过掌握猜测生词的技巧来提高阅读理解能力是非常必要的。猜测词义主要是根据上下文进行逻辑推理，在具体的语言环境中用我们所熟悉的词语来推测我们不熟悉的生词的词义。利用上下文猜测词义常用下列几种猜词法。1. 下定义或解释概念法(Definition/ Explanation): 往往通过下文的同位语、 定语从句、或由 or ; that is; that is to say; namely; in other words; that means等表达形式导出词义。 如：1) .Perhaps the most startling (surprising) theory to come out of kinesics, thestudy of body movement, was suggested by Professor Ray. (人体运动学 )2) .An extinct animal is one that once lived but does not exist now.(绝种的 )3) .Sometimes the earth moves between the sun and the moon. Then the earthsshadow falls on the moon; no light from the sun can then reach the moon. Themoongets dark because it cannot reflect the suns light. Wecall this an eclipse of the moon. ( 月蚀 )4) .They surrendered, that is, threw out their weapons and walked out with their hands above their heads.2. 举例 (Giving examples):for example, such as, a case in point is.过渡词引出具体例子来说明或阐述 .1) .John works in a hospital where people are treated for phobia, someof phobias are the fear of flying, the fear of high places, and the fear of animals.据下文的举例即可推出 phobia 是患恐惧症的病人2) .Many United Nations employees are polyglots. Mrs. White, for example, speaks five languages. 根据后面的例证不难推出 polyglots 是能说多种语言的人3. 运用同义词关系 (Synonym or Restatement Clues)有的情况下，在一段话中，通过同义关系重现了某一生词的词义。用 and; notonly - but also ；besides; similarly; likewise; in the same way或用分号弓 I出相同或类似的词。1) .There was clearly nothing left to do but drop herself onto the shabby littlecouch and weep.When Della had finished crying.(crying重现了 weep的词义)2) .If you are fond of stories, you will; if youre like me, read them quickly;youll swallow them. (swallow 含有 read quickly 的意思 )3) .Our uncle was a roamer, an wanderer who never could stay one place. (到处漂流的人)4. 根据对比关系猜词 (Comparison-and-contrast Clues or antonym)在特定的上下文中 , 往往通过某种对照、 转折、 比较或递进等关系， 可以明确一词的意思。 这种类型 的线索往往通过 and, another, but, however, instead, like,though/although, still, while, on the other hand等词或词组引导出一个单词，形成意义上的照应关系，从而帮助理解词义。此外分号引出类似或对立的观点。如：沙哑的 )1) .Her voice was usually soft and sweet, but now it was hoarse, (2) .Though Toms face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.( 肮脏的 ).在含有 though , but 等含有转折词的句子中 , 主从句某些词构成对比关系 . 即可看 出 soft and sweet 和 hoarse 及 clean 和 grubby 意义相对 .3) .If you agree, write yes; if you dissent, write no.根据对比关系的 yes和 no, 不难看出 agree 和 dissent 是反义词 .4) .He has been in office for only a few months. He has, however, achieved more than any of his predecessors. ( 前任者 ) 用 however 来提示下文要表达意想不到 的结果 .5. 根据同等关系猜词( Words in Series Clues)在特定的情况下，作者通过一连串同一类型或同一范畴和词语来表达其思想。如果有一生词在这一系列的同一范畴的词语中，可以通过这些词语的一段特征和语义范围推断出生词的词义范围。如：1) .But the captains courage, perseverance, and powerful will mastered every man on board, and we went to work again. ( 意志 ) 这一段文字中，反映的是船长 的积极进取的精神面貌，是船长的勇气、毅力和意志征服大家，才使他们又重新投入排水战斗。2) .In the ancient city of Rome, we visited every mansion, church, battle site, theatre and public halls. ( 建筑物 ) 从这一连串词不难看出 mansion 的词义 .6. 经验型线索 (Experience Clues)在上下文中 , 根据个人的经历、 体验， 和有关常识， 结合句子和段落中的相关词句， 以理解一个词的意义。1） .I dont have any family, said the boy, I am an orphan.（孤儿 ）2） .Soon the wind had piled snow into drifts （ 雪堆 ）7. 推断型线索（Inference Clues） 或根据因果（cause and effect） 关系猜词推断型线索的语境往往含有其它类型的语境因素，可以说是一种综合语境。在其它语境因素的作用下， 通过一定的语言逻辑关系， 加以推理判断， 从而理解生词词义。 如：1） My friend, II. But something chocked him; he could notfinish the sentence. 由于感情的激动，一句话要说又说不出来。好像有什么东西在喉咙里哽住了。2） .The stream is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even whenit is shallow. （浑浊）3） .He is such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade. （精明的）8. 构词法 （word-building）: root（ 词根 ）; prefix （前缀） ; suffix （后缀）1） .He renamed the restaurant paradise2） .As they went along they saw the fog thickening and the thickness of the fog made them unable to see anything.一些常见的前缀、后缀1 . adj.+ly=adv.cheap-cheaply cruel cruellyfirm-firmly strange-strangely2 . en+adj.=v.sure-ensure able-enable3 . n.+en=v.fright-frighten height-heighten strength-strengthen4 .adj+ize=v.familiar-familiarize使通俗 modern-modernize 现代化real-realizespecial-specialize以 . 为专业5 .n.+y=adj.mud-muddy rain-rainy shadow-shadowy阴暗的storm-stormy wind-windy6 .adj+en=v. 使具有；使成为black-blacken bright brightensharp-sharpen weak-weaken7 . n.+some=adj.quarrel-quarrelsome trouble-troublesometire-tiresome worry-worrisome8 .n.+y=adj.Air-airy anger-angry hill-hilly luck-lucky9 .n.+ly=adj.Love-lovely hour-hourlyquarter-quarterly year-yearly10 .n.+ous=adj. 充满 . 的danger-dangerous courage-courageous fame-famous11 .n.+al=adj.center-central education-educational industry-industrial12 .v.+al=n.arrive-arrival refuse-refusaldismiss-dismissal remove-removal9. 一词多义We machine a machine part on a machine tool. 我们在机床上加工机器零件.总之，语境是理解词义的源泉。由于语境是属于语境性的、逻辑性的，因此，通过语境途径培养理解能力，要求学生具备一定的英语基本功后才能进行（高中阶段的学生是完全可以的） ， 而且也是一个长期的过程， 不是能立竿见影的； 也并非在任何场合都可以利用上下文线索去理解词义；当需要一个确切的词义时，或者该词是一个非常关键的词，或者前后有多个生词时，就需要借助词典；只是在有明显的上下文线索，或者只需要了解一个朦朦胧胧的词义时，是可以通过语境途径来理解词义的。当然，不论是哪种类型的上下文线索，通常伴有其它相关因素。这里，不妨借用语言学家海默斯归纳的语言要素SPEAKING一词中的“ SPEAK来表示这些因素；S代表Setting and Scene （背景）,P 代表 Participants（参加者），E 代表 Ends （目的及结果），A代表Act Sequence （相关信息的逻辑顺序），K代表Key （传递信息的方式）。Exercises:“Are you at leisure now? I d like to have a word with you ”No, I have not a moments leisure now. I have a lot of work to do. Come to me this evening. ”A. free time B. busy timeC. time for sleep D. time for workThe bell was hung from a tree. It swings backwards and forwards whenever the bellman strikes it.A. to swim B. to winC. to move D. to hangI m delighted to receive a letter from my father. In the letter he told methat he would buy a new bike for me. I m so happy, because from now on I won t have to walk a long way to school.A. very sorry B. very sadC. very tired D. very pleasedThe Young Pioneers walked in procession through the street to the science museum. Manypeople looked out of their windows to watch the long line of people passing by.A. a line of people B. a science museumC. a Young Pioneer D. a lot of carsJoe will be put to death because he killed an old man with a lot of money. Itis said that the execution will take place in public.A. beating B. killing C. hunting D. runningXiao Li opposed the study plan. The reason why he did not agree to this plan was that his advice had not been taken yet.A. to be for B. to be againstC. to agree D. to refuseMr. Brown is very old. He is now over 80 years old. Two years ago his whitehair began to fall out soon more and more hair fell out and now he is completely baldA. white B. hairless C. old D. goldIt snowed heavily last night. This morning the sun cameout and shone brightly.It got warmer and warm. Soon the snow began to melt. The snow turned into water because of the sun s heat.A. become liquid B. become solidC. become large D. become smallRobert lived in a small town. He was a peddler. Every morning he carried a basketof cakes. He walked along the street and tried to sell his cakes from houseto house. In this way he could support his family.A. a seller B. a farmer C. a worker D. a driverThere is a legend that, long age on a Qing-ming Holiday a young man named XuXian was coming back home when suddenly it started to rain heavily. He ran atonce to an old tree so as to keep out of the rain. When he reached the tree,he saw a beautiful lady and her servant standing there. The young man and the beautiful lady fell in love with each other at first sight.A. a letter from England B. a story from old timesC. a book by Lu Xun D. a novel by Charles Dickens.Mrs. White lost her husband not long ago. It is now very difficult for the widow to feed a family of four because she has no job and is given only a little money by the government.A. a window whose glass is brokenB. a woman whose husband is deadC. a man whose wife is deadD. a child whose parents are deadMany foreigners came to our school for a visit yesterday. We waited for themat the school gate. When they arrived , we all clapped out hand and shouted.Welcome! The foreigners also clapped their hands with a smile.to make a sound by striking the hands together.To make a fire by striking the stones togetherTo make a living by selling green vegetables.To make a noise by striking the table.( Key: 1.A 2.C 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.B 8.A 9.A 10.B 11.B 12. A)