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专题3 阅读理解：主旨大意题1.2016全国卷 DThe meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间隙) with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a persons needs. Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection. Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority. Nurses and other caregivers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patients silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures. 35. What may be the best title for the text?ASound and silenceBWhat it means to be silentCSilence to Native AmericansDSpeech is silver; silence is gold2.2016全国卷 CReading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website BookC turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group. Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, travelling far and wide with each new reader who finds it. Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, “The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both.”Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it. People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. Emails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual(虚拟). The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirtyfive countries.12. What is the best title for the text?A. Online reading: a virtual tour B. Electronic books: a new trend C. A book group brings tradition back D. A website links people through books【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了网站BookC建立的目的以及它是如何促进人们分享图书的。12D主旨大意题。结合文章的第三段中的“The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both.”可知，这个网站把人生中最重要的两个主体即人与人以及人与书联系在了一起，因此D项符合本文主题。3.2016全国卷 DBad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking peoples emails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories. “The if it bleeds rule works for mass media，” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. “They want your eyeballs and dont care how youre feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You dont want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”Researchers analyzing wordofmouth communicationemails, Web posts and reviews, facetoface conversationsfound that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didnt necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most emailed” list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than nonscience articles. He found that science amazed Times readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr Berger explains in his new book, Contagious: Why Things Catch On.15. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Sad stories travel far and wideBOnline news attracts more peopleC. Reading habits change with the timesD. Good news beats bad on social networks4.2015全国卷 BYour house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of against you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan.Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating, for people are often less selfconscious(难为情)when theyre in poorly lit placesand so more likely to eat lots of food. If your home doesnt have enough window light, get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.Mind the colours. Research suggests warm colours fuel our appetites. In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 per cent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colours like yellow make food appear more appetizing, while cold colours make us feel less hungry. So when its time to repaint, go blue. Dont forget the clockor the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories(卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals. Begin keeping track of the time, and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes. And while youre at it, actually sit down to eat. If you need some help slowing down, turn on relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal. Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat. We eat about 22 per cent more when using a 12inch plate instead of a 10inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one，total intake(摄入) jumps by 14 per cent. And well pour about 30 per cent more liquid into a short, wide glass than a tall, skinny glass.28What can be a suitable title for the text? AIs your house making you fat?BWays of serving dinnerCEffects of selfconsciousnessDIs your home environment relaxing?5.【2014全国卷，A】 ArrivinginSydneyonhisownfromIndia, my husband ,Rashid, stayedina hotel for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children. During the first week of his stay, he went out one day to do some shopping. He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone. He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport. He reported the case to the police and then sat there，lost and lonely in strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one. Late in the evening, the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pronounce my husbands name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can（垃圾桶）that had been left out on the footpath. My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents. Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers. Her parents had carefully sorted them out, although they had found mainly foreign addresses on most of the documents. At last they had seen a half-written letter in the pile in which my husband had given his new telephone number to a friend.That family not only restored the important documents to us that day but also restored our faith and trust in people. We still remember their kindness and often send a warm wish their way.【小题4】.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. From India to Australia.B. Living in a New Country.C. Turning Trash to Treasure.D. In Search of New Friends.【答案】【小题4】C【解析】6.【2013全国卷，A】Some people will do just about anything to save money. And I am one of them. Take my familys last vacation. It was my six-year-old sons winter break form school, and we were heading home from Fort Lauderdale after a weeklong trip. The flight was overbooked, and Delta, the airline, offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and leave the next day. I had meeting in New York，So I had to get back . But that didnt mean my husband and my son couldnt stay. I took my nine-month-old and took off for home.The next day my husband and son were offered more credits to take an even later flight. Yes, I encouraged一okay, ordered-them to wait it out at the airport, to earn more Delta Dollars. Our total take: $1,600. Not bad, huh?Now some people may think Im a bad mother and not such a great wife either. But as a big-time bargain hunter, I know the value of a dollar. And these days, a good deal is something few of us can afford to pass up.Ive made living looking for the best deals and exposing (揭露) the worst tricks . I have been the consumer reporter of NBCs Today show for over a decade. I have written a couple of books including one titled Tricks of the Trade: A Consumer Survival Guide. And I really do what I believe in. I tell you this because there is no shame in getting your moneys worth. Im also tightfisted when it comes to shoes, clothes for my children, and expensive restaurants. But I wouldnt hesitate to spend on a good haircut. It keeps its longer, and its the first thing people notice. And I will also spend on a classic piece of furniture. Quality lasts.59. What does the author want to tell us?A. How to expose bad tricks.B. How to reserve airline seats.C. How to spend money wisely,D. How to make a business deal.【答案】59. C【解析】7.【2013全国卷，A】Doctor are known to be terrible pilots. They dont listen because they already know it all. I was lucky: I became a pilot in 1970, almost ten years before I graduated from medical school. I didnt realize then, but becoming a pilot makes me a better surgeon. I loved flying. As I flew bigger, faster planes, and in worse weather. I learned about crew resource management (机组资源管理), or CRM, a new idea to make flying safer. It means that crew members should listen and speak up for a good result, regardless of positions.I first read about CRM in 1980. Not long after that, an attending doctor and I were flying in bad weather. The controller had us turn too late to get our landing ready. The attending doctor was flying; I was safety pilot He was so busy because of the bad turn, he had forgotten to put the landing gear (起落架) down. He was a better pilot - and my boss - so it felt unusual to speak up. But I had to: Our lives were in danger. I put aside my uneasiness and said, We need to put the landing gear down now! That was my first real lesson in the power of CRM, and Ive used it in the operating room ever since.CRM requires that the pilot/surgeon encourage others to speak up. It further requires that when opinions are from the opposite, the doctor doesnt overreact, which might prevent fellow doctors from voicing opinions again. So when Im in the operating room, I ask for ideas and help from others. Sometimes theyre not willing to speak up. But I hope that if I continue to encourage them, someday someone will keep me from “landing gear up”.39. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A.CRM:A New Way to Make Flying SafeB. Flying Makes Me a Better DoctorC. The Making of a Good PilotD.A Pilot-Tumed Doctor【答案】39. B8.【2012全国卷，A】Honey(蜂蜜)from the African forest is not only a kind of natural sugar, it is also delicious. Most people, and many animals, like eating it. However, the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees nest(巢)and take the honey from it. Often, these nests are high up in trees, and it is difficult to find them. In parts of Africa, though, people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper一a little bird called a honey guide.The honey guide does not actually like honey, but it does like the wax (蜂蜡) in the beehives (蜂房). The little bird cannot reach this wax, which is deep inside the bees nest. So, when it finds a suitable nest, it looks for someone to help it. The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people. Once it has their attention, it flies through the forest, waiting from time to time for the curious animal or people as it leads them to the nest. When they finally arrive at the nest, the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches. Some of the honey, and the wax, always falls to the ground, and this is when the honey guide takes its share.Scientists do not know why the honey guide likes eating the wax, but it is very determined in its efforts to get it. The birds seem to be able to smell wax from a long distance away. They will quickly arrive whenever a beekeeper is taking honey from his beehives, and will even enter churches when beeswax candles are being lit.59. What can be the best title for the text?A. Wild BeesC. Beekeeping in AfricaB. Wax and HoneyD. Honey-Lovers Helper【答案】59. D9.【2012全国卷，A】Cold weather can be hard on pets, just like it can be hard on people. Sometimes owners forget that their cats are just as used to the warm shelter (住所) as they are. Some owners will leave their animals outside for a long period of time, thinking that all animals are used to living outdoors. This can put their pets in danger of serious illness. There are things you can do to keep your animal warm and safe.Keep your pets inside as much as you can when the weather is bad. If you have to take them out, stay outside with them. When youre cold enough to go inside, they probably are too. If you must leave them outside for a long time, make sure they have a warm, solid shelter against the wind, thick bedding, and plenty of non-frozen water.If left alone outside, dogs and cats can be very smart in their search for warm shelter. They can dig into snow banks or hide somewhere. Watch them closely when they are left outdoors, and provide them with shelter of good quality. Keep an eye on your pets water. Sometimes owners dont realize that a water bowl has frozen and their pet cant get anything to drink. Animals that dont have clean and unfrozen water may drink dirty water outside, which may contain something unhealthy for them.44. What is the purpose of this text?A. To solve a problem.B. To give practical advice.C. To tell an interesting story.D. To present a research result.【答案】44. B10.【2011全国卷，B】The word advertising refers to any kind of public announcement that brings products and Services to the attention 0f peopleThroughout history , advertising has been all effective way to promote(促进)the trading and selling of goodsIn the Middle Ages，merchants ants employed “town criers” to read public messages aloud to promote their goodsWhen printing was invented in the fifteenth century , pages of advertisements(ads)could be printed easily and were either hung in public places or put in booksBy the end of the seventeenth century , when newspapers were beginning to be read by more People , printed materials became all important way to promote products and servicesThe London Gazette was the first newspaper to set aside a place just for advertising .This was SO successful that by the end of the century several companies started businesses for the purpose of making newspaper ads for merchantsAdvertising spread quickly throughout the eighteenth centuryAd writers were starting to Pay more attention to the design of the ad textEverything，from clothes to drinks，was promoted with clever methods such as repetition of the firms name or product ,words organized in eye-Catching patterns，the use of pretty pictures and expressions easy to remember Near the end of the nineteenth century ,companies that were devoted to the production of ads Came to be known as“advertising agencies(广告商)”The agencies developed new ways to get people to think of themselves as members of a groupThroughout the twentieth century, advertising agencies promoted consumerism(消费主义)as a way of life，spreading the belief that people could be happy only if they bought the“righ”products.63 Which of the following might be the best title for the text?AThe Story of AdvertisingBThe Value of Advertising DesignsCThe Role of Newspaper AdvertisingDThe Development of Printing for Advertising【答案】63. A
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