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第二十节 宾语从句一、 宾语从句的定义在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句是初中英语中最重要的一种从句，它内容完整，句型结构较为复杂，主句和从句时态搭配要求严格，在中考试题中频频出现。而且学好宾语从句也可为到高中学习间接引语、主语从句、表语从句及同位语从句打下良好的基础。二、主句和从句中谓语动词的时态1.宾语从句常由 that 引导，在口语中常省略。当主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时，从句中谓语动词不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响，按需要可以使用任何时态。如：She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday.她说她从周一至周五上班。(从句是一般现在时)She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk.她说她要在他桌子上留个便条。(从句是一般将来时)She says (that) she has never been to Mount Emei. 她说她从来没有去过峨眉山。(从句是现在完成时)2.当主句谓语是过去时态，从句中的时态一般用表示过去的某种时态。如：He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon.他说昨天下午没有课。(从句是一般过去时)He said (that) he was going to take care of the baby.他说他会去照看这个婴儿。(从句是过去将来时)He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time.他说他们那时正在开会。(从句是过去进行时)3.当主句谓语是过去时态，而宾语从句叙述某一客观真理(事实)时，宾语从句的时态则用一般现在时。如：The teacher told us (that) nothing is difficult if you put yourheart into it.老师告诉我们世上无难事只怕有心人。She said (that) her father is twenty-eight years older than her.她说她父亲比她大二十八岁。He said that light travels much faster than sound.他说光传播比声音传播快得多。三、由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句1. 连 接 代 词 主 要 有 who, whom, whose, what, whoever,whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever 等。连接代词一般指疑问，但 what, whatever 除了指疑问外，也可以指陈述。如：Do you know who has won Red Alert game ？你知道是谁赢了红色警戒的游戏么？The book will show you what the best CEOs should know. 这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解什么。Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Motorolaor Nokia cell phone？你决定好是买摩托罗拉还是诺基亚的手机了吗？2.连接副词主要有 when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever等。如：He didnt tell me when we could meet again.他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面。Could you please tell me how you use the new panel？你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗？None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 我们没有人知道这些新的零件在哪里能买到。一、宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。 如：Do you know why winter is colder than summer? 你知道为什么冬季比夏季冷吗？二、宾语从句与主句的时态要相互呼应主句是现在或将来时态时，从句可用任何所需要的时态。主句是过去时态时，从句要用表示过去的相应的时态。但如果从句中有明确表示过去的时间状语，则从句应用一般过去时，不用过去完成时；如从句表达的是客观规律或真理时，要用一般现在时。如：He said he had finished his studies when the war broke out.他说战争爆发时，他已经完成了学业。He said he finished his homework at 9：00 last night.他说他昨晚 9 点做完作业。He said he would spend his holiday in Dalian.他说他将在大连度假。She said that the earth moves around the sun.她说地球围绕太阳转。三、如宾语从句有自己的宾语补足语，则用 it 作形式宾语，而把宾语从句后置。其句型为“主语谓语it宾语补足语宾语从句”。 如：We think it important that we should master at least oneforeign language.我们认为掌握至少一门外语是重要的。注意：连词 that 引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在 except, but 和in 等少数几个介词后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如由连词 that 引导，则需用it 先行一步，作形式宾语。如：He is a good student except that he is a little careless. 他是个好学生，只不过有点粗心。See to it that children dont catch cold.当心孩子别感冒了。四、连词 whether 可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，不可省。if 引导宾语从句。(1)宾语从句是肯定句时，whether 和 if 可互换；但 whether常和 or not 连用，if 则不能；宾语从句是否定句时，一般用 if引导。如：I dont know if/whether I should tell you.不知我是否应告诉你。I wonder whether it is true or not.不知这是不是真的。I dont care if it doesnt rain.天下不下雨我不会在乎。(2)作介词宾语时，只能用 whether，不能用 if。如：Everything depends on whether we have enough experience.一切都取决于我们是否有足够的经验。五、that 引导宾语从句时不可省略的几种情况：1.that 引导的宾语从句的状语部分位于从句前部时。 如：I promised that if anyone could set me free, I would make himking over the earth.我曾许诺如果有人把我放了，我就让他成为世界之王。2.当主句的状语部分位于 that 宾语从句前时。如：Abraham Lincoln later said himself that he only went toschool a little now and a little then.亚伯拉罕林肯后来自己说他只不过是时断时续地接受教育。3.主句的谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语时。如：When he got to England, he found, however, that his Englishwas too limited.然而当他到了英国时，他发现他的英语很有限。4.当一个谓语动词带有两个或两个以上的 that 引导的宾语从句时。如：Then he said that French was the most beautiful tongue in theworld, and that we must keep it among us and never forget it.他说，法语是世界上最美的语言，我们必须坚持说法语，永远也不要忘记它。5.宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时。如：I must never tell anyone that I could not see the cloth.我决不能告诉任何人我看不到那布。6.宾语从句的主语是 this/that，或用 this/that 修饰主语时。如：He said that that was a good idea.他说那是个好主意。7.在直接引语中，主句和宾语从句被隔开时。如：“Im sorry to tell you ， ” he said ， “that you didnt watchcarefully enough what I did.” “我很遗憾地告诉大家，”他说，“你们对我所做的事情观察得还不够仔细。 ”8.宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时。如：The old lady then explained that what she was looking for wasa pair of gloves for a girl.那位老太太接着解释说她在找的是一双给一个女孩子的手套。
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