初二语法复习之一 直接引语和间接引语

初二语法复习之一 直接引语和间接引语概念：直接引语和间接引语都是宾语。一字不改地引述别人的话，叫做直接引语；用说话人自己的话转述别人的话，叫做间接引语。两种引语皆须由动词引述，这种动词叫做引述动词，如say,tell,ask,declare,remark,reply,think,write等。直接引语一般皆置于引号之内，第一个词的首字母须大写；间接引语通常在句中以宾语从句的形式出现。变法：1.直接引语变为间接引语时，人称、时态、指示代词、时间和地点状语及某些动词要用相应变化。其变法如下：(1)、人称变化与汉语相同。如：She said, “I went to see Mr. Liu yesterday.” 她说：“我昨天去看过刘老师了。”She said that she had gone to see Mr. Liu the day before. 她说那天她去看过刘老师了。(2)、时态的变化列表如下：直接引语间接引语一般现在时：“I am very glad to visit your workshop,” she said.“我很高兴参观你们的车间。”她说。一般过去时：She said that she was very glad to visit our workshop.她说她很高兴参观我们的车间。正在进行时：“I am checking your homework now,”his mother said.“我现在正在检查你的作业，”他母亲说。过去进行时：His mother said that she was checking his homework then. 他母亲说她当时正在检查他的作业。现在完成时：“Have you handed in the money for the tickets?”the monitor asked. “你交票款了吗？”班长问。过去完成时：The monitor asked me if I had handed in the money for the tickets. 班长问我是否交票款了。一般过去时：She said, “My mother took me to an exhibition yesterday.” 她说，“我母亲昨天带我去看了展览。”过去完成时：She said that her mother had taken her to an exhibition the day before. 她说她母亲前一天带她去看了展览。但是，要注意下面的情况：直接引语说的是科学真理、格言时，无论主句用何时态，间接引语仍用一般时。如：The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.”老师说：“太阳在东方升起，在西边落下。”The teacher said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.(3) 指示代词、时间和地点状语及某些动词的变化列表如下：直接引语间接引语指示代词thisthatthesethose时间状语nowthentodaythat daythis morning(afternoon)that morning(afternoon)tonightthat nightyesterdaythe day beforelast nightthe night beforethe day before yesterdaytwo days beforethe day after tomorrowin two daysagobeforetomorrowthe next (following) daynext week(year)the next week (year)地点状语herethere方向性动词comegobringtake2.直接引语可以变为间接引语，直接引语主要四种类型变化。直接引语是陈述句时间接引语用that来引导。主句一般位于句首，其谓语动词通常是say, tell, think,repeat,answer,reply,explain, declare, whisper等。实际是主句中含宾语从句，一律必须跟一个宾格代词或表示人的名词，再跟that从句。1“Im leaving for Beijing the day after tomorrow,” he said to his son.他对他儿子说：“我后天要去北京了。”He told his son that he was leaving for Beijing in two days.2The interpreter said, “Ladies and gentlemen, the foreign guests arrived here yesterday.”译员说：“女士们，先生们，外国客人昨天到了。”The interpreter told the ladies and gentlemen that the foreigners had arrived there the day before.直接引语是疑问句时要先将主句的said或told改为asked，引语将疑问句语序改为陈述句语序，句末用逗号。一般疑问句时要将问句改为由if或whether引导的宾语从句1“Are they all in favour of open policy?” the president said to me.校长问我：“他们都赞成开放政策吗？”(直接引语)The president asked me whether(if) they were all in favour of the open policy. (间接引语)特殊疑问句时就用原来的疑问词作连词来引导宾语从句2.“Who will help me finish the job?” she asked.“谁愿意帮我完成这项工作？”她问道。（直接引语为特殊疑问句）She asked who would help her finish the job.( 间接引语疑问代词who引导)选择疑问句时须用whether(不用if)or引导宾语从句。凡是疑问句的直接引语均不可用that来引导。3“Will you stay at school or go home this summer vacation, Tom?”said the Mary.玛丽问：“汤姆，今年暑假你留校还是回家？”(直接引语)Mary asked Tom whether he would stay at school or went home that summer vacation. (间接引语)直接引语是祈使句时1.多用“名词（代词）不定式”结构即主语+asked(advised)+sb.+(not) to do sth.”2.谓语动词用asked, told, advised, ordered, begged, commanded, warned.1“Copy down this sentence and keep it in mind, please.”said the old teacher. “把这个句子抄下来，并把它记住，”那位老师说。(直接引语)The old teacher told us to copy down that sentence and keep it in mind. (间接引语)2“Dont do that again, boys.” Said the old man.“别再做那种事，男孩子们，”那位长辈说。(直接引语)The old man advised the boys not to do that again. (间接引语)有些表示“提议，建议，要求，劝告”的祈使句，尤其是Let引导的祈使句，改为间接引语时可用suggest, insist, offer等动词或“should+动词原形”加以转述。如：3“Lets have a cup of milk.” said the young man. “我们饮杯牛奶吧!”这位年轻人说。(直接引语)The young man suggested having a cup of milk. (间接引语)=The young man suggested that we should have a cup of milk. (间接引语)直接引语是感叹句可用what或how引导，也可用that引导。“What a lovely day it is today!”said the visitor.“今天天气多好啊!”游客说。(直接引语)The visitor said what a lovely day it was that day. (间接引语)The visitor said that it was a lovely day that day. (间接引语)直接引语变间接引语练习题1. He asked _ for the computer. A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid2. “Have you seen the film?” he asked me. He asked me _.A. had I seen the film B. have I seen the filmC. if I have seen the film D. whether I had seen the film3. “Please close the window,” he said to me. He _ me _ the window. A. said to; to close B. told to; closing C. asked ; to close D. said to; please close4. “I am a teacher,” Jack said. He said _. A. that I am a teacher B. I was a teacher C. that he is a teacher D. he was a teacher5. He said, “Mother, the boy is very naughty.” He _- very naughty. A. said his mother that the boy was B. said to his mother that the boy is C. told his mother that the boy was D. spoke to his mother that the boy was6. “Youve already got well, havent you?” she asked. She asked _. A. if I have already got well, hadnt you B. whether I had already got well C. have I already got well D. had I already got well.7. He asked , “ Are you a Party member or a League member?” He asked me _. A. am I a Party member or a League member B. was I a Party member or a League member C. if I was a Party member or a League member D. whether was I a Party member or a League member. 8. He asked, “How are you getting along?” He asked _.A. how am I getting along B. how are you getting alongC. how I was getting along D. how was I getting along 9. He asked me _ with me. A. what the matter is B. what the mater was C. whats the matter D. what was the matter 10. He said, “Dont do that again.” He _ me _ that again.A. said to me; not to do B. said to me; dont doC. told me; dont do D. told me; not to do答案与简析： 1. D 宾语从句要用陈述句语序。 2. D 一般疑问句要变成whether或if引导的宾语从句. 3. C 直接引语为祈使句,变间接引语时, 主句中的谓语动词往往根据直接引语的口气换用ask (请求), tell (告诉), order (命令), invite (邀请), warn (警告), advise (建议)等,而直接引语中的谓语动词要变成动词不等式。即ask/tell/order/invite/warn/advise sb. (not) to do sth. 4. D直接引语为陈述句, 变间接引语时用that引导(口语中常省略)。 5. C 6. B反意疑问句要变成whether或if引导的宾语从句。7. C 选择疑问句要变成whether或if引导的宾语从句。8. C直接引语为特殊疑问句, 变间接引语时, 用特殊疑问词引导, 并将疑问句语序变为陈述句语序。9. D注意时态的一致。What作主语，the matter（=wrong）作表语。10. D 参看3。