高考英语一轮复习 第3编语法突破 第5讲 动词的时态和语态课件

第五讲第五讲 动词的时态和语态动词的时态和语态动词的时态与语态一直是高考的热点，也是备考的难点。高动词的时态与语态一直是高考的热点，也是备考的难点。高考侧重对考侧重对一般时态一般时态、进行时态、进行时态、完成时态完成时态、完成进行时态、完成进行时态的考查。对语态的考查侧重于：三种常见形式的被动语态、的考查。对语态的考查侧重于：三种常见形式的被动语态、特殊结构、不能使用被动语态的一些动词。特殊结构、不能使用被动语态的一些动词。解决时态和语态问题，要遵循如下解题思路：1这件事情说的是什么时候的事情或情况？(定“时”)2这个动作处于什么状态，是完成了，还是未完成，还是既不表示完成又不表示进行？(定“体”)3这个动词与主语的关系，是主动还是被动？(定“语态”) 动词的时态(以work为例) 动作时间一般进行完成完成进行现在works/work过去workedhad workedhad been working将来过去过去将来将来时态用法典句示例一般现在时1.表示经常性、习惯性的动作和现在的状态、特征。句中常用often，usually，every day等时间状语。He goes to school every day.(经常性动作)他每天去上学。He is very happy.(现在的状态)他很高兴。2.表示按计划、规定要发生的动作，(句中都带有时间状语)但限于少数动词。如begin，come，leave，go，arrive，start，stop，return，open，close等。The train starts at nine in the morning。火车早上九点钟开。时态用法典句示例一般现在时3.表示状态和感觉的动词，如be，like，hate，think，remember，find，sound等常用一般现在时。I like English very much.我很喜欢英语。4.表示永恒的状态或真理。The moon moves around the earth.月亮绕着地球转时态用法典句示例一般现在时5.时间表、时刻表、日程表、节目单、课程表等按规定将要发生的动作，用一般现在时代替一般将来时。The train leaves at 8 oclock.火车将于8点发车。6.在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用现在时代替将来时。If you come this afternoon，well have a meeting.如果下午你来，我们就开会时态用法典句示例现在进行时1.表示说话人现在对主语的行为表赞叹或厌恶等(常与always，constantly，continually等副词连用)He is always thinking of others.(赞许)He is constantly leaving his things about.(不满)The children are always making trouble.(厌恶)2.表示最近计划或安排要进行的动作，常限于go，come，leave，start，arrive，return，work，sleep，stay，have，wear等动词He is starting the work in a few minutes.A foreign guest is giving a lecture in English this afternoon.He is staying with us for a few weeks next year.一般过去时1.一般过去时主要表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态，常和a moment ago；half an hour ago；just now；yesterday；last week；in 2005；in those days；at that time等表示过去的时间状语连用。He saw Mr.Wang yesterday.昨天他看见王先生了。He worked in a factory in 1986.1986年他在一家工厂做工。2.表示过去时间内经常的或习惯性的动作或状态。During the vacation I often swam/would swim in the sea.假期期间我常在大海里游泳。After lunch，we usually played on the school field.午饭后，我们通常在操场上玩耍。Sometimes I just relaxed under a tree or sat on the grass.有时，我只是在树下或坐在草地上休息。3.在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作He promised that he would buy some copies for us when he went there.He said he would let us know if he got any news.时态用法典句示例过去进行时1.表示说话人过去对主语的行为赞叹、厌恶等，常与always，constantly，continually等副词连用He was always thinking of his work at that time.(赞叹)2.表示过去将要发生的动作，一般仅限于go，come，leave，start，arrive，stay等动词。He said that he was coming to see you the next month.时态用法典句示例一般将来时will动词原形动词原形1.(按自然规律)必然会2.表示事先未考虑的意图3.表示说话人认为、相信、希望、假定(在遥远的)将来要发生的事4.(科技中)表示事物的倾向性或规律性5.用在正式的天气预报中He will be thirty years old next year.I believe China will become one of the richest countries in the world.Oil and water will not mix.There will be rain tomorrow.Fog will persist in this area.be going to do.1.(事先考虑)打算，决定做2.某种客观迹象预示即将会3.(用于条件句表将来)打算Look at the clouds.There is going to be a storm.If you are going to attend the meeting，youd better leave now.时态用法典句示例一般将来时be to do.1.(按计划、安排)打算；将要做2.(按命令、指示、约定、要求、职责、义务等)必须、必要、应该做，相当于should，ought to，must，have to3.表示注定会发生4.(用于条件句)想；想要做A new bridge is to be built over the river soon.You are to do your homework before you watch TV.If you are to pass the exams，youll have to study harder from now on.be about to do即将，正要做(不与时间状语连用，意同be on the point of doing)Look！The race is about to start.时态用法典句示例过去将来时表示从过去的某时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。由“should或would动词原形”构成。第一人称用should，其他人称用would。They were sure that they would succeed.他们确信他们会成功。现在完成时1.表示过去发生或完成的某个动作对现在产生的影响或造成的结果，强调的是这个结果或影响。常用的时间状语有already，just(刚刚)，yet，never，before等。He has turned off the light.(The light is off now.)他关掉灯了。The concert has started.(The concert is on now.)音乐会开始了。2.表示开始于过去，持续到现在的动作或状态(也许还将持续下去)。常用的时间状语有：lately，recently，in the last/past few days/years(在过去的这几天/年里)，since then，up to now，so far(至今)等。He has studied English for 5 years.他学习英语已经五年了。He has studied English since 1985.自从1985年以来他就学习英语。3.还可用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作，强调此动作先于主句动作发生。Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework.我做完了作业就去你家。Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.公交车停稳才能下车。时态用法典句示例过去完成时1.表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。句中常用by，before，until，when等词引导的时间状语。By the time he was twelve，Edison had begun to make a living by himself.到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。I had learnt 5,000 words before I entered the university.我上大学之前就已经学了5000个英语单词了。2.表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作，常用的时间状语有：by then，by that time，until，by the end of，before 2000，by the time句子等By then he had learned English for 3 years.Until then he had known nothing about it yet.时态用法典句示例过去完成时3.表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划，常用动词有hope，want，expect，think，mean，suppose，plan，intend等I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.(但未能如愿)I had meant to help you，but I was too busy at the moment.4.This was/It was the first/second.timethat从句，that从句用过去完成时It was一段时间since从句，since从句中用过去完成时It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake.It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.5.hardly/scarcely/barely.when.和no sooner.than.结构中，hardly，no sooner所在句子用过去完成时，when和than从句中用过去时，表示“一就”Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.时态用法典句示例易混时态用法比较一般过去时与现在完成时一般过去时所表示的过去时间是具体确定的，与其他时间没有牵连。而现在完成时表示事情已发生，它所表示的事情与现在的情况有关系，是过去的事情对现在产生的影响或结果I have taught in the school since 1989.自从1989年起，我一直在这所学校教学。I taught in the school in 1989.1989年，我在这所学校教学。现在完成时与现在完成进行时1.现在完成时强调的是动作已完成，着重结果；现在完成进行时是持续了一段时间的动作，这个动作仍在继续，强调动作的持续性2.现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，现在完成时一般不表示重复性I have painted my new house.(强调已完成)I have been painting my new house.(强调动作还在继续)Have you been meeting him recently？(强调动作的反复)Have you met him recently？(强调的是结果)时态用法典句示例过去进行时与一般过去时1.过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作，而一般过去时表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态2.过去进行时同forever，constantly，always等连用，略带感情色彩，而一般过去时则表示客观陈述She was reading at 8 yesterday.She went out just now.特别提醒：瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词、终止性动词。瞬间动词可以用于完成时态，但不可以接表示一段时间的状语，若要接表示一段时间的状语，需要做一些相应的变换。瞬间动词的否定式可以接表示一段时间的状语。如：()He has come to Beijing since last year.()He has lived in Beijing since last year.()He has joined the army for 3 years.()He has served in the army for 3 years.()He joined the army 3 years ago.()He has been a soldier for 3 years.()It is 3 years since he joined the army.()He has joined the army.常见的瞬间动词有：come，go，get to/reach/arrive at/in，leave，buy，sell，open，close，get up，join/take part in，begin/start，return/give，borrow/lend，become/turn，bring/take，die，finish/end，receive/hear from，marry，break，lose，jump等。动词的语态一、被动语态的构成一般时态进行时态完成时态现在am/is/are givenam/is/are being givenhas/have been given过去was/were givenwas/were being givenhad been given将来shall/will be givenshall/will have been given过去将来would be givenwould have been given二、主动表被动的情况种类主要用法典句示例连系动词(其主语主要指物)用主动形式表被动含义。例如：feel，smell，taste，sound，prove，remain，stay，appear等The cloth feels soft.The music sounds inspiring.种类主要用法典句示例不及物动词(其主语多指物)表示主语内在的品质或性能的不及物动词。例如：sell，read，draw，wash，write，open，wear，run，burn，act，cut，shut，eat，drink，lock等The kind of book sells well.The shirt washes well.不及物动词或某些短语。例如：last，cost，spread，happen(to)，take place，belong to，break out，go out，run out，shut off，turn off，work out等表示“开始、结束、运动”的动词，如begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，shut，run，move等The accident happened outside my house.It was almost midnight when a fire broke out in the neighborhood.Work began at 7 oclock this morning.The shop closes at 6 pm.every day.种类主要用法典句示例不定式的主动形式表示被动含义不定式用在easy，difficult，fit，hard，comfortable，pleasant，light，heavy，good，safe，dangerous，unfit等形容词之后，且不定式与句子的主语有逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式常用主动表被动，且不定式的宾语必须省略The girl is easy to get along with.The problem is difficult to work out.若作定语用的不定式与其所修饰的名词之间存在动宾关系，并与句子主语之间存在主谓关系，用主动形式表示被动含义I have a lot of work to do.She has something to say.种类主要用法典句示例不定式的主动形式表示被动含义某些作表语用的不定式，强调出租、责备等。此时常见的动词有：let(出租)，rent，hire，blame等Am I to blame？The house is to let.with复合结构With a lot of problems to settle，she looks a little anxious.种类主要用法典句示例动名词的主动形式表示被动含义在need，want，require，deserve等词后，用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，也可用不定式的被动形式The flowers need wateringThe flowers need to be watered.在形容词worth后，用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，此时相当于be worthy to be done或be worthy of being doneThe film is worth seeing.The film is worthy to be seen/of being seen.特别提醒：“get过去分词”可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。如：She got married last week.她上周结婚了。The patient got treated once a week.那位病人一周得到一次治疗。He fell off the car and got killed.他从汽车上摔下来，摔死了。