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语法精讲系列讲座九非谓语动词讲座九非谓语动词动词不定式和动词的动词不定式和动词的eded形式形式语 法 精 讲一、动词不定式考点一动词不定式的时态和语态(以do为例)语态一般时完成时进行时主动to doto have doneto be doing被动to be doneto have been done功能意义动作和谓语动词同时发生或在其后动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生否定形式not动词不定式构成考点二动词不定式的6种句法功能1不定式作主语作主语的不定式表示具体的、一次性的动作。不定式作主语时常用it作形式主语，真正的主语是不定式。常用句型有：(1)It beadj./n. (kind，necessary，important，ones duty.)to do sth.；(2)Ittakes一段时间to do sth.；(3)It seems (appears)adj.to do sth.等。Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.2不定式作宾语(1)不定式可以作某些动词的宾语。常见的有：afford，agree，ask，decide，desire，pretend，plan，intend，refuse，wish，want等。She wishes to be a musician.(2)不定式在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果介词之前为动词do的某种形式，则后面接不带to的不定式，否则带to。此外，cannot choose but和cannot help but，cannot but等后面的不定式也省略to。She could do nothing but wait.(3)不定式作动词的宾语，其后跟补足语时，常用it作形式宾语，而把不定式后置。I make it a rule to read English every morning.(4)tell，show，understand，know，explain，teach，learn，advise，discuss等动词后可跟“疑问词不定式”。Can you tell me what to do next?助记常见的带不定式作宾语的动词口诀想要干 want，wish，hope，expect，seek，attempt，aim，claim，would like/love，desire早打算 plan，prepare，mean，arrange同意否 agree，promise，undertake，offer，choose，refuse，afford问问看 ask(ask to do 要求做)，beg决定了decide，determine，make up ones mind，be determined尽力干 try，manage(反义词fail)，struggle，strive，attempt不在意 care别装蒜 pretend3不定式作表语在表示愿望、目的等的名词或以what引导的名词性从句后多用不定式作表语，对主语起补充说明作用。如ambition，wish，hope，desire，goal，target，aim，dream，plan，purpose，suggestion，duty，idea等。be to do表示意图、打算、命令、职责、义务、预先安排好的计划或约定或注定要发生的事情，是将来时的一种表达方式。seem和appear后可跟不定式作表语。Our plan is to keep the affair secret.4不定式作补足语(宾语补足语和主语补足语)(1)接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：advise，allow，ask，beg，cause，encourage，expect，forbid，force，get，teach，tell，order等。Tell the children not to play in the street.(2)动词不定式作动词 feel，hear，see，watch，notice，observe等感官动词以及have，let，make等使役动词后面的宾语补足语时，不定式符号to 要省略。但如果这些句子变成被动结构时，必须带to。I saw a little boy run across the street.The little boy was seen to run across the street.(3)下列结构中用不定式作主语补足语，它们是：sb./sth.be said/believed/known/reported/considered/found/thought to do/to have done/to be done/to have been done。Mo Yan is considered to be one of the greatest writers.5不定式作定语(1)不定式和所修饰的词之间存在动宾关系，如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，后面就要有相应的介词。但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time，place或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上可省去。Is this the best way to help him?(2)不定式与被修饰的词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。He is the first student to come.(3)说明所修饰的名词的内容，与该词存在同位关系。常用于chance，opportunity，time，money，decision，refusal，wish，right等词后。I must keep the promise to pay back the money within a month.6不定式作状语(1)不定式作目的状语，在句尾时跟句子的其他成分之间不用逗号。目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示，但so as to不能置于句首：Every morning he gets up very early to read English.She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English.(2)不定式作结果状语。不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果，常与only连用，而现在分词则表示合乎情理的结果。He came late，only to find the door locked.(3)不定式在形容词后作状语。在有些形容词，尤其是表示感情色彩的形容词后可接不定式作状语，表原因。如：astonished，glad，happy，laugh，pleased，sad，sorry，afraid，surprised等。You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.考点三不定式的两种特殊用法Its very hard for him to study two languages.Its very nice of you to help me.Im too tired to stay up longer.Im only too pleased to be able to help you.Its adj.for sb.to do sth.和Itsadj.of sb. to do sth.(1)for sb.句型中的形容词一般表示事物的特征、特点或客观形式，如easy，hard，difficult，interesting，impossible等。(2)of sb.句型中的形容词一般表示性格、品德、心智能力、主观感悟或态度，如good，kind，nice，clever，foolish，righttoo.to.(1)too.to太以至于不能(2)当too前面有only，all，but时，意思为“非常”相当于very二、动词的过去分词形式考点一动词过去分词的句法功能句法功能要点归纳典例表语表示状态The door was broken.宾语补足语及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语，与宾语有逻辑上的被动关系，且表示完成Id like to see the plan carried out.定语表示被动或完成，单个分词作定语前置，分词短语则后置，常可改写为定语从句He is an unexpected visitor.They were the guests invited by my parents.句法功能要点归纳典例状语与句中主语为逻辑上的动宾关系，表完成，没有一定的时间性Locked up，he had no way to escape.分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。为了强调，还可用“连词分词”结构Given more time，we could do it much better.(条件)The teacher came into the lab，followed by some students.(伴随)When taken，the medicine must be shaken.(时间)考点二动词过去分词的几个注意事项注意事项典句例示1.不及物动词的ed形式一般只表示“完成”，没有被动意义developed areasareas that have developed2.只表示“被动”，不表示“完成”。这是某些及物动词的一种用法Seen from the top of the building，the park is more beautiful.从楼顶上看去，这公园更加美丽。3.动词的ed形式表示“被动、完成”，表示一个被动的动作已经完成。这是及物动词最常见的用法Bitten by a dog，she is afraid to go out at night.被狗咬了以后，她很害怕在夜间外出。注意事项典句例示4.注意下列句式(1)have sth.doneget sth.done 使/让某事由别人去做；使遭受(2)have sb.do sth.get sb.to do sth.使/让/叫某人去做某事(3)have sb./sth.doing 使/让某人/物持续地做某事get sb./sth.doing 使某人/物开始行动起来(4)leave sb.doing sth.让某人一直做某事(5)leave sth.undone留下某事未做(6)leave sb.to do sth.留下某人做某事(7)leave sth.to be done留下某事要做Ill have my bike repaired tomorrow.Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.The captain got the soldiers moving towards the front after a short rest.Dont leave her waiting outside in the rain.The guests left most of the dishes untouched，because they didnt taste delicious.He left，leaving me to do all the work.We hurriedly ended our meeting，leaving many problems to be settled.三、独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构。构成意义典例名词/代词形容词/副词表示名词或代词的特征及所处的状态The meeting over, they went home.介词短语表位置He lay on his back，his hands under his head.构成意义典例现在分词表主动，进行Weather permitting, well go out for a walk.过去分词表被动，完成The test finished, we began our holiday.不定式表将来，通常作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow(As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.with名词/代词形容词/副词表状态He went to sleep with lights on.介词短语表位置He came out of the library，with a large book under his arm.现在分词表主动或进行They pretended to be working all night with their lights burning.过去分词表被动或完成With water heated，we can see the steam.不定式表将来I cant go out to play with so much homework to do.
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