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解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地一、被动语态的构成 英语中的语态分为主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者,而被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。被动语态的基本构成是”be过去分词”。 MODULE 1 EUROPE PERIOD FOUR GRAMMAR:PASSIVE VOICE:PRESENT AND PAST FORMS & SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT 课件(外研版必修课件(外研版必修3,课标通用),课标通用).一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地二、使用被动语态的情况1动作的承受者是谈话的中心,强调或突出动作的承受者 时。 Li Ming was elected chairman of the meeting. 李明被选为会议的主席。2只知道动作的承受者或没有必要说出动作的执行者时。 Paper was first made in China.纸最早是在中国制造的。 解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地一般现在时的被动语态的基本结构是:动作的承受者is/ am/are过去分词(by动作的执行者)。I am often told to be careful by my mother.妈妈经常告诉我要小心。一般过去时的被动语态的基本结构是:动作的承受者 was/were过去分词(by动作的执行者)。The boy was hit by a car yesterday.这个男孩昨天被车撞了。The chairs were repaired yesterday morning.这些椅子昨天上午修过了。1 2 三、一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态三、一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地不用被动语态的情况某些实义动词(sell,wash,write,wear等)的主动形式后跟副词(well,badly,easily等)表示被动意义,这种“动词副词”结构常表示事物内部特有的属性。The book sells well.这本书销路好。The pen my father gave me as a birthday gift writes smoothly.作为生日礼物,父亲给我的钢笔写起来很流畅。1 四、四、 解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地对系动词而言,如feel,taste,sound,become,seem等,一般用其主动形式表示被动意义。这种食品尝起来美味可口。正The food tastes delicious.误The food is tasted delicious.表示状态的动词,如;lack,fit,mean,hold,have,contain,resemble等,不用于被动语态。简长得像莉莲。正Jane resembles Lilian.误Lilian is resembled by Jane.2 3 解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地不及物动词或不及物动词短语,如die,disappear,end(vi.结束), fail, happen, lie, sit, break out, come true, fall asleep,keep silence,take place等没有被动语态。The war broke out in 1986.那场战争爆发于1986年。 4 解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地What do you think of store shopping in future?Personally, I think it will exist along with home shopping but_.Awill never replace Bwould never replaceCwill never be replaced Dwould never be replaced解析考查时态和语态。答话人认为商店购物将与家庭购物并存,但是永远不会被取代。it与replace之间是被动关系,再结合本句的时态will exist可知,此处应用一般将来时的被动语态。答案C【单项填空【单项填空】1. 解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地In the near future, more advances in the robot technology_by scientists.Aare making Bare madeCwill make Dwill be made解析考查时态和语态。根据时间状语in the near future可知,此处应用将来时态。make和more advances之间存在动宾关系,故用被动语态。句意:在不久的将来,在机器人技术方面科学家会取得更大的进展。答案D2 解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地.主谓一致 主谓一致指的是句子的谓语动词与其主语在数上保持一致。英语中的主谓一致主要遵循三个原则:意义一致原则,语法一致原则和就近原则。这三个原则常常发生矛盾,但当发生冲突时,意义一致原则优先考虑。 意义一致:指谓语动词的变化根据主语所表达的单、复数概念而定。 解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地 语法一致:指从语法形式取得一致,即主语是单数,谓语动词也采用单数形式;主语是复数,谓语动词也用复数形式。 就近原则:指谓语动词的变化是以靠近谓语动词的主语部分而定。解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地意义一致有些集合名词如family,team,class,committee,government等作主语时,若视为整体,谓语动词用单数形式;若视为个体,谓语动词则用复数形式。My family lives in Shandong.我的家在山东。My family are watching TV.我们一家人在看电视。单个从句、不定式、动名词(短语)等作主语时,谓语用单数,多个则用复数。When and where to hold the meeting has not been decided yet.什么时间什么地方举行这次会议还没有决定下来。一、一、 1 2 解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地学科类名词、抽象名词、物质名词、专有名词、游戏、运动类的名词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数。Physics is considered difficult by most of students. 许多学生认为物理很难。Water is important to us so the United States has launched campaigns to save water.水对我们是很重要的,所以美国发起了节约用水的运动。3 解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地表示“总量”或“总和”的时间、距离、金钱、重量、容量等复数名词作主语时,谓语动词常用单数。Three months has passed since I came to the school.自从我来到这所学校,三个月已经过去了。当一个冠词后面跟两个名词,这两个名词指同一人/物,或强调一套/副时,谓语用单数。 The professor and writer is invited to many universities to give speeches.这位教授兼作家被邀请到很多大学作报告。A knife and fork has been laid on the table.一副刀叉已摆在桌子上。4 5 解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地people(人们),police(警察),cattle(牛),crew(全体船员),staff(全体职员)等集合名词作主语时,表示复数概念,谓语动词用复数。 The police are searching for the lost child.警察正在找丢失的孩子。“the形容词/过去分词”表示一类人。作主语时,谓语动词用复数。 The old are well taken care of in our city.老年人在我们城市被照顾得很好。 The injured have been taken to the nearest hospital.受伤的人们已被送到了最近的医院。6 7 解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地语法一致当each,either,neither作主语时,谓语用单数。Each has his advantages.每个人都有优点。Either is good for me.任何一个对我都有用。注意:当each/every修饰名词作主语或each/every n. and each/everyn.作主语时,谓语动词用单数。二、二、 1 解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地主语后接with,together with,as well as, but等短语时,谓语形式与主语一致。The child together with his parents is having lunch.孩子与父母正在吃午饭。trousers,shoes,glasses等作主语时,谓语动词用复数,但这些词前面若有a pair of,谓语动词用单数。The shoes are out of date.这些鞋子过时了。This pair of shoes is out of date. 这双鞋子过时了。2 3 解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地三、就近原则 there be,neither.nor.,either.or.;not only.but also.,not.but.,whether.or.或or连接并列主语时,谓语动词要用就近原则。Neither you nor he was allowed to go out at night.不允许你和他晚上出去。Is either she or you going to Beijing?或者她或者你要去北京吗? 【注意【注意】 “many a单数名词单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词也要用作主语时,谓语动词也要用单数形式,虽然单数形式,虽然“many a单数名词单数名词”表示表示“许多许多”。解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地Onethird of the country_covered with trees and the majority of the citizens_black people.Ais;are Bis;isCare;are Dare;is解析考查主谓一致。在第一空中,Onethird of the country指“一个国家的三分之一”,后面的谓语动词应用单数形式。在第二空中,the majority后面的citizens为复数意义,故谓语动词用复数形式。句意:这个国家的三分之一被树覆盖,而且大多数公民是黑人。答案A3 【单项填空【单项填空】解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地The fact that so many people still smoke in public place_that we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking.Asuggest BsuggestsCsuggested Dsuggesting解析考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意:目前许多人仍然在公共场所吸烟的这一事实表明我们需要开展一场全国范围的运动来提高人们对吸烟的危险性的认识。根据句意可知应使用一般现在时;本句的主语是the fact,故谓语动词应用第三人称单数,选B项。答案B 4 解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地一批准备在中国投资的外宾正在参观我市,假如你是接待员,请口头简要介绍一下我市的情况。介绍一个地方介绍一个地方城市性质城市性质省会城市省会城市,历史悠久,发展迅速历史悠久,发展迅速环境环境、气候气候环境优美环境优美,气候宜人气候宜人交通交通非常便利非常便利,四通八达四通八达资源资源资源丰富资源丰富,能源充足,人才济济能源充足,人才济济社会条件社会条件良好良好,政府全方位支持外国投资者政府全方位支持外国投资者【写作任务【写作任务】解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地【写作要求】词数:120左右。参考词汇:投资invest【写作分析】第一步:认真审题1介绍某一地方就是对该地区的大致状况进行描述,向人们展示该地区的地貌特征、风土人情、历史文化等。写此类文章应注意以下几点:(1) 一般应包括该地区的位置、面积、人口、历史、气候、特产等。但是一定要抓住该地区的主要特色,这样才能给读者留下深刻的印象。解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地(2) 要遵循一定的写作顺序。描述该地区的位置时,首先找好中心点,再由近及远,也可以先总体后局部,或按照一定时间或空间来写。2此类文章常用一般现在时。3口头介绍类的文章一般都口语化比较明显,而且要有称呼和开头语、结束语。写作时要把题目要求和表格内容相结合,不要遗漏要点。连句成文需注意过渡衔接词的运用以使行文连贯。解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地第一步:认真审题介绍某一地方就是对该地区的大致状况进行描述,向人们展示该地区的地貌特征、风土人情、历史文化等。写此类文章应注意以下几点:(1) 一般应包括该地区的位置、面积、人口、历史、气候、特产等。但是一定要抓住该地区的主要特色,这样才能给读者留下深刻的印象。(2) 要遵循一定的写作顺序。描述该地区的位置时,首先找好中心点,再由近及远,也可以先总体后局部,或按照一定时间或空间来写。1 【写作分析【写作分析】解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地第二步:提炼要点1. welcome to our city2. introduce.to sb3. have a long history4. develop rapidly5. an agreeable climate6. be convenient in traffic7. have abundant supply of natural resources8. support and favor foreign investors.9expect you to invest 解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地Welcome to our city! I am greatly honored to be here with you.Now let me introduce our city to you. Our city is the capital of our province, which has a long history.It has been developing very rapidly, especially in the last two decades.Our city is very beautiful and we enjoy an agreeable climate.1 2 3 4 第三步:扩点成句第三步:扩点成句 解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地From here you can travel to anywhere in our country, and even all over the world by land, by river or by air.We have abundant supply of natural resources, and plenty of energy.Our city support and favour foreign investors in many aspects.We expect you to invest and pursue your careers in our city.5 6 7 8 解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地Ladies and gentlemen, Welcome to our city! I am greatly honored to be here with you. Now let me introduce our city to you. Our city is the capital of our province, which has a long history. It has been developing very rapidly, especially in the last two decades. Our city is very beautiful and we enjoy an agreeable climate. From here you can travel to anywhere in our country, and even all over the world by land, by river or by air.We have abundant supply of natural resources, and plenty of energy. 【参考范文【参考范文】 解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地The public order is very satisfactory. Besides, both the central government of our country and our city support and favour foreign investors in many aspects. Whats more, we boast a galaxy of outstanding talent. We expect you to invest and pursue your careers in our city. Thank you very much!解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地全文结构合理,条理清楚,上下文连贯,介绍的地点清楚明了,符合口头语言特点。文章运用了较复杂的结构(如which引导的非限制性定语从句等),这些丰富了文章的表达,显示出作者较强的语言组织和运用能力。衔接过渡词besides;whats more等的运用使文章过渡自然、连贯。 【亮点展示【亮点展示】1 2 3 解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地常用短语和句式:表示“位置”的句型:某地is/lies地点状语 “某地位于”The big city lies on the coast.这个大城市位于海滨。表示 “人口状况”的句型:某地has a large/small population “某地人口众多/稀少”某地has a population of数词 “某地有人口”The population of地名is数词 “某地有人口”1 2 【写作模板【写作模板】 解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地表示“历史背景”的句型:某地has a long history of.years “某地有年的历史”某地 is a.place/country with.history “某地是具有年历史的地方/国家”表示“风景名胜”的句型:There are many places of interest,such as.这儿有许多名胜,比如某地has many places of interest,among which is.某地有许多名胜,其中就有某地is famous/wellknown as.某地作为而闻名 3 4 解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地在做确定标题类的题目时,要注意以下三点:要在阅读原文的基础上,仔细考虑作为标题的这句话或短语与文章是否有密切的联系。再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何,注意其范围过大还是过小。要避免下列三种错误:(1)概括性不够(多表现为部分指代整体,从而导致概括的范围太小);(2)过度概括(多表现为人为地扩大概括范围);(3)以具体事实、细节指代抽象的文章大意。12 3 解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地 在阅读理解题中,有一类题目是让学生选择文章标题的。标题是用来高度概括文章内容、点明文章主题的。它是文章中心思想的最精炼的表达方式。此类题目的提问形式常为:what is probably/possibly the best title for the passage?文章的标题可以是短语,也可以是句子。如何做好阅读理解之确定标题如何做好阅读理解之确定标题解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地 标题的特点是:短小精悍,多为一个短语;概括性强,一般要求能覆盖全文的内容,其确定的范围要恰当,既不能太大,也不能太小,好比帽子,太大的话虽能遮挡阳光却遮住了眼腈太小则发挥不了作用,且风一吹必掉;除了能概括文章的中心主旨外,标题还担负着吸引读者、引发阅读兴趣的任务。解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地要在阅读原文的基础上,仔细考虑作为标题的这句话或短语与文章是否有密切的联系。再看它对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何,注意其范围过大还是过小。要避免下列三种错误:(1)概括性不够(多表现为部分指代整体,从而导致概括的范围太小);(2)过度概括(多表现为人为地扩大概括范围);(3)以具体事实、细节指代抽象的文章大意。1 2 3 在做确定标题类的题目时,要注意以下三点:在做确定标题类的题目时,要注意以下三点:解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地 Most people want to know how things are made. They honestly admit, however, that they hardly know a thing when it comes to understanding how a piece of music is made. Where a composer(作曲家)begins, how he manages to keep goingin fact, how and where he learns his tradeall are covered in complete darkness. The composer,in short,is a man of mystery(神秘)【典例展示【典例展示】解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地 One of the first things the common man wants to know about is the part inspiration(灵感)plays in a composers work. He finds it difficult to believe that composers are not much interested in that question. Writing music is as natural for the composer as eating or sleeping for all. Music is something that the composer happens to have been born for.解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地 The composer, therefore, does not say to himself:“Do I feel inspired?”He says to himself:“Do I feel like working today?”And if he feels like working, he does. It is more or less like saying to himself:“Do I feel sleepy?”If you feel sleepy, you go to sleep. If you dont feel sleepy, you stay up. If the composer doesnt feel like working, he doesnt work. Its as simple as that.解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地What would be the best title for the text?AComposer:a man of mysteryBPractice makes good musicCRelation between sleeping and musicDMusic: product of nature解析本文介绍了作曲家创作乐曲的神秘之处,为了把这种神秘的工作形象化,作者运用了比喻的手法,把作曲家是否想作曲比作普通人是否想睡觉。答案A解码书面表达解码书面表达勤思巧学园地勤思巧学园地 该题是一道给文章加标题的题目。B项的内容在原文中没有提及;C项中的sleeping是作者为了把作曲家作曲这种神秘的工作解释清楚所打的比方,不能成为文章的标题;D项谈的是音乐,与本文谈的音乐家是两回事。从本文第一段的最后一句话就可以看出作者要谈的主题:The composer, in short, is a man of mystery.从第二段的第一句话及第三段的第一句话都可以看出作者是在解释作曲家的神秘工作。故A才是本文的最佳标题。
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