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独立主格与非谓语动词独立主格，是带有主语的状语。英语中状语的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，所以状语通 常不会自带主语。但有时出于表达的需要，状语就要带有自己的主语，这种有自己的主语的 状语就是独立主格结构。独归主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何 连接词。独立主格结构不是主谓完整的简单句，而是带有主语的状语，表示时间、原因、条件、 伴随、目的等。独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓 语动词或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中 做状语，多用于书面语。其公式为：名词/名词短语/代词+不定式/ing分词/%分词/形容 词/副词/介词短语。名词前也可以加witho而非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词， 主要包括不定式、动名词和分词任赃词和过去颁，即动词的非谓语形式非谓语动词除了不 能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其它成分。例如：The work finished, I went to bed.独立主格结构主语是the work,主句主语是I,不一 样,the work和finish之间是被动所以用过去分伺，又如：Finishing the work, I went to bed.分句里finish的主语和主句主语I是-样的，又是 主动关系所以用现在分词。第一类：名词/代词+非谓语动词（过去分词/现在分词/动词不定式）此类结构中，非谓语动词部分中的动词与逻辑主语（名词/代词）之间存在一定逻辑关系， 一种是主动关系，一种是被动关系。1、“名词/代词+to do”结构由不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的动作或状态且强调的是一次具体性的动作。在 句中常作原因状语，偶尔作条件状语。动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关 系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，贝州被动形式（名词/代词+tobe done）o例如：His friends to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.他朋友今晚要来，所以正忙着准备晚餐呢。Lots of homework to do, the little boy had to stay home all day.由于有很多家庭作业要做，小男孩只好一整天待在家里。Manv trees, flowers, and grass to be Dlanted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。2、“名词/代词+doing”结构由现在分词构成的独立主格结构往往表示正在发生的动作。其中的“名词或代词”用主格形 式，起逻辑主语的作用，其后的分词起逻辑谓语的作用。注意：独立主格结构与主句之间不 能使用任何连接词。例如：The children Dlavina in the room, I couldnt get down studying.孩子们在屋里玩，我没法学习。The girl staring at him, he didnt know what to say.姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。3、“名词/代词+done”结构由过去分词构成的独立主格结构中，过去分词往往表示被动意义。其中的“名词或代词” 用主格形式，起逻辑主语的作用，其后的分词起逻辑谓语的作用。注意：独立主格结构与主 句之间不能使用任何连接词。例如：The iob finished, we went home.工作结束后我们就回家了。All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs.积蓄全部用完了，我们开始找工作了。小试牛刀：1、The soldier rushed into the cave, his right handa gun and his facewithsweat.A. held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; coveredD. held;covering解析：独立主格结构，his right hand与hold有主谓关系，故用holding,而his face与cover 是动宾关系，故用covered.因此选C.2、The children went home from (he grammar school, their lessonsfor the day.A. finishingB. finishedC. had finishedD. were finished解析：因lessons与动词finish之间为被动关系,故要用过去分词。其实，their lessons finished for the day为独立主格结构。3、An important lecturegiven tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into thenight.A. to beB. beingC. beenD. to have been解析：D选项，是作宾语的结构，不正确。逻辑主语为lecture,与非谓语动词是被动关系， 且是将要发生故选择A.第二类：名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语/名词1、“名词/代词+介词短语”结构“名词/代词+介词短语”的独立主格结构是无动词的独立主格结构。这种结构往往看作是“名词/ 代词+be+表语”结构中省略了 be动词。例如：A girl came in, book in hand. 个少女进来了，手里拿着书。解释说明：book是介词短语in hand的逻辑主语，该独立主格可还原为“(a) book was in hand”， 由于本句中已经有了一个含有主谓结构、结构完整的句子“A girl came in,所以“(a) book is in hand将系动词was去掉,变成“名词（book）” + “介词短语（in hand）” 的形式，作状语。由此可见，独立主格“名词/代词+介词短语”形式中，逻辑主语（名 词/代词）和介词短语之间省略了系动词be.注意：介词是in时，其前后的两个名词通常不加任何修饰语（如物主代词或冠词）,也 不用复数。如果是in以外的介词，限定词不可省。例如：He entered the room, a box on his head.他进入房间，头上顶若个箱子。此句中的限定 词（his）不能省略。2、“名词/代词+形容词”结构此类结构中，形容词与逻辑主语（名词/代词）之间存在一定逻辑关系，在形容词与逻辑主语（名词/ 代词）之间省略了系动词be动词。例如：Computers very small, we can use them widelv.电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。解释说明:44Computers very small”是这句话的独立主格结构，computers是形容词small的逻 辑主语，该独立主格结构可还原为“computers are very small”，由于本句中己经有了一个含有主谓 结构、结构完整的句子 “we can use them widely”，所以 “computers are very small” 将系动词 are 去掉，变成“名词（computers） + 形容词（small）”的形式，作状语。由此可见，独立主格“名词 /代词+形容词”形式中，逻辑主语（名词/代词）和形容词之间省略了系动词be。3、“名词/代词+副词”结构此类结构中，副词也多是说明前面名词或代词的状态。副词与逻辑主语（名词/代词）之间存在一 定逻辑关系，在副词与逻辑主语（名词/代词）之间省略了系动词be动词。例如：The meeting over, we all went home.会议结束了，我们都回家了。解释说明：“The meeting over”是这句话的独立主格结构，meeting是副词over的逻辑主语， 该独立主格结构可还原为“The meeting was over”，由于本句中己经有了 个含有主谓结构、结构 完整的句子they all went home”，所以“The meeting was over”将系动词was去掉，变成“名 词（the meeting） + 副词（over）”的形式，作状语。由此可见，独立主格“名词/代词+副词”形 式中，逻辑主语（名词/代词）和副词之间省略了系动词be。第三类：There/It being +名词（代词）1、“It being +名词（代词）”结构此结构中，独立主格的逻辑主语是代词（It）,可以把It being +名词=Because / If it be +名 词，独立主格结构中的being （或having been用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前）不能省略。例如：It being Sunday ,the students are all at home.今天是星期日，学生们都在家里。这是现在分词的独立主格结构作原因状语相当于一个原因状语从句=because it is Sunday ,the students are all at home.因为句子的主语与现在分词的逻辑主语不-致所以现在分词要带上自己的 逻辑主语it构成独立主格结构。It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。=Because it was Christmas, the government offices were closed.It being a holiday, all the shops were shut,由于今天是假日,所有商店都关门了。=Because it was a holiday, all the shops were shut.2、“There being +名词（代词）”结构此独立主格中There being +名词（代词）这是There be句式的非谓语形式，There be句型的 独立主格结构做原因状语，用being是因为现在分词形式可以表示原因。可以把它看作There being + 名同=Because / If there be +名同，注意：此独B主格结构中的being （或having been用完成时， 表示该动作发生在谓语之前）不能省略。例如：There being no bus, we had to walk back.因为没有公交车，我们只好步行回去。There being no other business, the meeting ended at 10:00 a.m.因为没有其他需要商议的事项，会议在早上10点结束。There being nothing else to do, we went home.如果没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。第四类：with/without+名词/代词+非谓语动词（过去分词/现在分词）/ 形容词/名词/介词短语此类结构由三部分构成，分别是介词with/without+逻辑主语（名词/代词）+非谓语动词/形容词/ 名词/介词短语构成。很明显，此类结构只是在第一类和第二类结构基础上，增加了介词with/without。 with/without引导的独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。其实这 是英语中一种常见的复合结构，就那with来说把它可以有以下3中结构with加上sth再加上 doing/done/to do:（Ddoing表示动词和sth之间是-种主动关系，且动作正在进行或在当时看来己是-种在持续的 状态。done表示动词和sth之I可是一种被动关系。todo表示动作尚未发生或在当时看来尚未发生。1. With a lot of homework to do, I cant go out.因为还有很多作业未做，所以我不能出去。2. With a lot of work finished, I am tired.因为完成了大量的工作,我现在很累。3. With the baby crying, I couldnt fall asleep.因为孩子一直在哭，所以我无法入睡。 小试牛刀：1. Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.Sorry. With so much workmy mind, I almost break down.A. filled B. filling C. to fill D. being filled解析：从with结构上理解，由于工作充满了整个大脑，我几乎快崩溃了。Work与fill之间是主动关 系，且是持续的一种状态，故选B.2、John received an invitation to dinner; and with his work, he gladly accepted it.A. finished B. finishingC. having finished D. was finished解析：从with结构上理解，work与finish之间是被动关系，故选A.3、I wont be able to go on holiday with my mother.A. to be ill B. being ill C. been illD. to being ill解析：从 with 结构上理解，because my mother was ill=with my mother being ill.故选 B.4、I couldnt do my homework with all that noise.A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on解析：从with结构上理解，noise与go on之间是主动关系，且在当时看来已是一种在持续的状态。 故选A.第五类：当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用 独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不 再保留连词。独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它有 自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语一 致。1. 转换为条件状语从句Time permitting, wed better have a holiday at weekends.转换为：If time permits, wed better have a holiday at weekends.如果时间允许，我们最好周末去度假。Listening to English every day, youll learn it well step by step.转换为：If you listen to English every day, youll learn it well step by step.如果你每天都听英语，你会慢慢地学得很好的。2, 转换为时间状语从句Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.转换为：When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个城市更美了。Hearing their teachers voice, the pupils stopped talking at once.转换为：When they heard their teachers voice, the pupils stopped talking at once.一听到教师的声音，学生们立即停止讲话。3. 转换成原因状语从句The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.转换为：Because the bay led us the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。Not knowing her address, I cant write to her.转换为：Because I dont know her address, I cant write to her.由于不知道她的地址，所以我不能给她写信。还必须注意，分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致，也可以是主句的其他成分。Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time.注意：独立主格结构取代状语从句、分词做状语以及状语从句中的省 略三者之间的区别1、状语从句中的省略：句子结构为“连词+现在分词/过去分词/介词/名词”在含有状语从句的复合句中，若从句的主语是it或从句的主语.与主句的主语相同，且 从句的谓语动词中含有be动词时，常省略从句的主语和be动词，只用动词的ing形式，如 果是被动语态则用done,例如：When he is asking the teacher; he is polite.=When asking the teacher; he is polite.When he was asked by the teacher; he answered politely. = When asked by the teacher; he answered politely.While he was on a visit to New York, he came across John.=While on a visit to New York, he came across John.When he was yet a child, he could writ poems. = When yet a child, he could writ poems.I hurt my leg, when I was seen by my mother. = I hurt my leg, when done by my mother 注意特殊情况： 如果状语从句和主句都含有there be的某种形式或只有状语从句含有there be的某种形 式，那么从句中的there be也常常省略。例如： Correct the mistakes, if (there are) any (mistakes) in these sentences. .当从句的主语与主句的主语一致，且谓语动词是非be动词，从句可以省略主语，从句 的谓语动词采用其V-ing结构。例如：Although he worked very hard, he failed in the final exam.=Although working very hard, he failed in the final exam.After she took the medicine , she felt much better.=After taking the medicine, she felt much better.例 While watching television,.A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings思路：观察句子属于状语从句中的省略，那么主句和从句的主语一致，只有人看电视，从而 排除A和B,又因为hear后跟动词原形，故选C.2、分词或分词短语做状语分词和分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间，原因，条件，让步，方式和伴随情况。在 表示时间，原因，条件，让步时，通常可以转换为相应的状语从句；表示方式和伴随情况时， 可以转换为一个并列的谓语成分。Seeing the teacher entering the room, the students stood up.（现在分词作时间状语） =When the students saw the teacher entering the room, they stood up.Heated, ice will be changed into water.（过去分词作条件、时间状语）=When ice is heated, ice will be changed into water.Working very hard, he didnt feel a bit tired.（现在分词作让步状语）=Though he worked very hard, he didnt feel a bit tired.I stood there, listening to the broadcast.（现在分词作伴随状语）=1 stood there and listened to the broadcast.分词作状语时前面可用连词若分词的逻辑主语与主句主语相同时，且所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发 生，那么分词结构前面可放上适当的连词引导。While walking along the street early in the morning, he saw her.Unless （being） rich, I am not going abroad.除非有钱，否则我是不会出国的。例：When he is asking the teacher; he is polite.=When asking the teachei; he is polite.=asking the teacher; he is polite.注意：现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致，即句子的主语就是动 词一ing的动作执行者，即句子主语与动词ing的动作构成主动关系。注：如果现在分词所 表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前，分词要用完成式。Travelling by car; we visited many places.我们乘车游览了许多地方。Having finished his homework, he went to bed.过去分词作状语时，要特别注意其逻辑主语也必须与句子的主语保持一致。但过去分 词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作他们之间的关系是被动关系。Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.区别分词作状语与独立主格主要是看状语部分是否有自己独立的主语，如果有独立的主 语就是独立主格，否则就是分词作状语。练习：1、The flowers his friend gave him will die unlessevery day.A. watered B. watering C. waterD. to water2、Thoughto see usz the professor gave us a warm welcome.A. surprising B. was surprised C. surprisedD. beingsurprised3、Althoughunder the sea for several hundred years, the ship loaded with agreat deal of china is still in good condition.A. buried B. having been buried C. to have been buried D. being buried4、All the office rules, whetheror not, are important, especially for young jobseekers.A. written B. writing C. being writtenD. having beenwritten5、It is known to all that every minute,full use ofthe lessons, will benefitstudents a great deal.A. which makes; studyingB. when made; to studyC. that made; to studyD. when is made; studying6、as the most excellent student in her university, as most classmates hadexpected, made her parents very happy.A. Mary was chosen B. Mary chosen C. Mary being chosen D. Marys being chosen7、in an atmosphere of simple life was what her parents wished for.A. The girl was educatedB. The girl educatedC. The girls being educatedD. The girl to be educated8、She stood there,from her cheeks.A. tears rolling downB. tears are rolling downC. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down9、John received an invitation to dinner; and with his work, he gladly accepted it.A. finished B. finishing C. having finished D. was finished10、The children went home from the grammar school, their lessonsfor the day.A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished11、The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog them.A. to follow B. following C. followed D. follows12、The girl is still fast asleep, with her headdeep in her arms.A. buryB. to bury C. buried D. burying13、Have you heard of it? Firefighters rushed into a burning house, three of themunfortunatelyin andtheir lives.A. caught; losing B. catching; lost C. caught; lost D. catching; losing14、, the chairman felt upset.A. Many peoples being absentB. Many people being absentC. For many people being absent D. Being absent15、that he was in great danger Eric walked deeper into the forest.A. Not realized B. Not to realize C. Not realizing D. Not to have realized16、The lawyer listened with full attention,to miss any point.A. not trying B. trying not C. to try not D. not to try17、If there is a lot of work, Im happy to just keep on until it is finished.A. to doB. to be doingC. doneD. doing18、It took a long time for the connection between body temperature andillness.A. to make B. to be made C. making D. being made19、Be careful! Dont forget you are on a ladder. But you are holding it for me, nothing.A. worry about B. to worry about C. is worried about D. worrying about20、Dinosaurs have completely died out on the earth, neveragain.A. to be seen B. being seen C. seen D. having been seen 答案：1-5 ACAAB6-10 DCDAB11-15 BCABC16-20 BABBA
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