资源描述
Injection and Ignition- 12 -Automobile Engine Injection and IgnitionUsing the Motorola MPC555 MicrocontrollerRick WagonerInformation Education and Technology 645, Section 001Professor Dr. Yudi GondokaryonoMay 2, 2006Automobile Engine Injection and IgnitionIntroductionAutomobile engines and powertrains have become a major growth area for microcontroller use. This growth is also expected to continue. As many new regulations concerning the exhaust emissions and fuel efficiency must be met then more and more microcontrollers on automobiles will be required. One area that currently makes use of a microcontroller is that of fuel injection and engine ignition.These two areas can both be controlled in a manner that can greatly increase fuel efficiency, lower exhaust emissions, and also improve engine power performance. Lets begin by looking at fuel injection. Injecting the proper amount of fuel into the engine at the proper time allows the engine to operate a peak performance levels. This process can be accomplished without the use of a microcontroller. However, due to the many factors affecting what constitutes the proper amount and proper time makes the use of a microcontroller much more appealing. The microcontroller can gather the readings from sensors connected to many components on the engine to perform calculations determining the proper amount and proper time for the injection process to occur. The higher the temperature on the engine the better the fuel burns. As the fuel burns more efficiently less fuel is required to generate the same amount of energy. Having a temperature sensor on the motor providing input to the microcontroller allows for adjustment of the amount of fuel being injected into the motor to provide the same amount of engine output energy. These calculations are quite complex and thus would take some time for a person to perform. The microcontroller can gather the data, perform the calculations, and make the necessary adjustments in a fraction of a second. The gathering and adjustment process can thus be performed many times per second allow for continuous levels of higher engine performance.Likewise, the ignition process can also be controlled in a similar process. Ignition needs to occur at a time that will allow the engine to provide the most energy for use. If the ignition is fired exactly when the piston is at its highest point then energy will be lost. The amount of time that it takes for the ignition to fire and then travel to the piston allows the piston to move downward. Then when the fuel is ignited and the reaction takes place energy is not used to its full potential because the piston can not gain a full stroke from the reaction but rather is moved what distance is available thus operating at less than peak efficiency. However, if the ignition process is started slightly before the piston reaches its uppermost position the engine energy is thus used to its full potential. Again in this scenario a measurement must be taken and a calculation must be performed and then an adjustment made. The quicker this can be down the more efficient the engine will operate.For both injection and ignition there are many factors that will affect the outcome of the calculations required to adjust the engine into peak efficiency. As was discussed with the injection process, engine temperature plays a key role and engine speed greatly affects the ignition process. These factors are the key reason that a microcontroller is used instead of monitoring these elements manually. A person is simply incapable of keeping track of all of these factors and then also considering them in determining the proper adjustments to be made. This is why I will only assume a minor set of these factors for discussion in designing a basic microcontroller system to control both fuel injection and engine ignition.Our fuel injection system will take into account the temperature of the motor, the position of the accelerator pedal and the position of the crankshaft in determining when to open the injector and how long to leave it open. The engine ignition system will also consider the speed of the engine and the position of the crankshaft in determining when to trigger the spark control. By monitoring our four inputs: motor temperature, accelerator pedal, crankshaft position, and engine speed; we can properly adjust and synchronize our two output components: injectors and spark control.To meet the requirements of such a system I recommend using the Motorola MPC555 microcontroller. Following is a block diagram of the MPC555 followed by a list of features available on the microcontroller.MPC555 Features:PowerPC RISC processorPowerPC core with floating-point unit26 Kbytes fast RAM and 6 Kbytes TPU microcode RAM448 Kbytes flash EEPROM with 5-V programming5 V I/O systemSerial system queued serial multi-channel module (QSMCM), dual CAN 2.0B controller modules (TouCAN )50-channel timer system dual time processor units (TPU3), modular I/O system (MIOS1)32 analog inputs dual queued analog-to-digital converters (QADC64)Submicron HCMOS (CDR1) technology272-pint plastic ball grid array (PBGA) packaging40-MHz operation with dual supply (3.3V, 5V)The MPC555 microcontroller is designed for the automotive industry and thus has been built with consideration for the extreme operating conditions that will be encountered by an automobile. The other key features that make this good choice for this application is the multiple analog-to-digital converters as well as the dual time processor units. Multiple converters allow multiple devices (engine speed sensor, accelerator pedal position, and motor position sensor) to be input simultaneously and have each analog signal converted to digital signals for further processing. Once our inputs have been recorded and converted then calculations can be performed to adjust our outputs. Another feature that enables the MPC555 to meet system requirements is the dual power supply voltages. The internal core runs at 3.3 V while the output ports operate at 5 V. This works well because the lower internal power consumption while providing necessary voltages for input and output devices. Most of the sensors and devices controlled by this type of microcontroller were designed to be compatible with older microcontrollers which only had a single power voltage supply which operated at 5 V. Since this is the case the 5 V I/O ports can operate with almost any available I/O device.Dual time processor units allow us to synchronize both output devices with a single microcontroller. A single time processor unit can be assigned to each output device; one for the spark control and one for the injection control. By adjusting the algorithm that takes in the input devices values and calculates the necessary output device levels we can adjust and control the timing of the spark and injection control. The time processor units both operate simultaneously with the CPU and thus have a single point of timing event triggers. The design of the time processor units allows processing of real-time hardware events without CPU intervention. This allows both output devices to be timed in unison to allow adjustment to the highest level of engine efficiency.The MPC555 was originally designed for automotive purposes and thus has been developed into an actual engine control unit. Mclaren Electronic Systems as built a device called the TAG-300 which provides the type of control described in this paper. The details of the TAG-300 can be found at Mclaren designed the TAG-300 for use in high-performance Formula 1 racing systems. Use in such a system indicates that the MPC555 meets the needs of high-performance automobiles and thus can also be used in todays personal automobiles. The Motorola MPC555 has been used for engine control and has many other possible applications in the automotive industry.ReferencesFIRE (2001). FI2RE A Development Control Unit for Flexible Injection and Ignition. IVEZ Worldwide. Retrieved from on April 4, 2006.Microcontroller (2006). MPC555: an automotive PowerPC part. Retrieved from http:/www.neon.co.uk/campus/articles/motorola/motorola6%20extra.htm on April 4, 2006.MPC555 (2000). MPC555/MPC556 Users Manual. Freescale Semiconductor Inc. Retrieved from on April 4, 2006.TAG-300 (2006). Engine Control Unit TAG-300. Mclaren Electronics Systems. Retrieved from on April 4, 2006.Transport (2004). Microcontrollers for the Automobile. Ross Bannatyne, Transportation Systems Group, Motorola, Inc. Retrieved from on April 4, 2006Automobile Engine Injection and Ignition 汽车发动机喷射和点火 Using the Motorola MPC555 Microcontroller 使用摩托罗拉MPC555的微控制器 Rick Wagoner 里克瓦戈纳 Information Education and Technology 645, Section 001 教育和科技信息645，第001 Professor Dr. Yudi Gondokaryono 教授博士堤Gondokaryono May 2, 2006 2006年5月2日 Automobile Engine Injection and Ignition 汽车发动机喷射和点火 Introduction 导言 Automobile engines and powertrains have become a major growth area for microcontroller use. This growth is also expected to continue. As many new regulations concerning the exhaust emissions and fuel efficiency must be met then more and more microcontrollers on automobiles will be required.One area that currently makes use of a microcontroller is that of fuel injection and engine ignition. 汽车发动机和动力系统已成为微控制器的主要增长领域。这种增长还将继续。由于许多新规定有关废气排放和燃料效率必须达到的汽车 ， 然后越来越多的微控制器将需要。一个领域目前已经制造出一种微控制器的是 ， 燃油喷射和发动机点火。 These two areas can both be controlled in a manner that can greatly increase fuel efficiency, lower exhaust emissions, and also improve engine power performance. Lets begin by looking at fuel injection.Injecting the proper amount of fuel into the engine at the proper time allows the engine to operate a peak performance levels. This process can be accomplished without the use of a microcontroller. However, due to the many factors affecting what constitutes the proper amount and proper time makes the use of a microcontroller much more appealing.The microcontroller can gather the readings from sensors connected to many components on the engine to perform calculations determining the proper amount and proper time for the injection process to occur.The higher the temperature on the engine the better the fuel burns.As the fuel burns more efficiently less fuel is required to generate the same amount of energy. Having a temperature sensor on the motor providing input to the microcontroller allows for adjustment of the amount of fuel being injected into the motor to provide the same amount of engine output energy. These calculations are quite complex and thus would take some time for a person to perform. The microcontroller can gather the data, perform the calculations, and make the necessary adjustments in a fraction of a second. The gathering and adjustment process can thus be performed many times per second allow for continuous levels of higher engine performance. 这两个领域都可以控制的方式 ， 可以大大提高燃油效率，降低废气排放，并提高发动机的动力性能。让我们开始寻找在燃油喷射。注入发动机在适当的时候适当的燃料量允许发动机经营的最高性能水平。这个过程可以无需使用微控制器完成的。然而，由于影响什么是正确的数量和适当的时候许多因素使得微控制器的使用更具吸引力。微控制器可收集有关的许多组成部分发动机传感器的读数进行计算确定的注射过程中 ， 适量和适当的时间进行。越高的引擎温度更好的燃料燃烧。由于燃料燃烧更有效地减少燃油需要产生的能量。经就提供投入微控制器电机温度传感器允许的燃料数量调整到汽车被注入提供了发动机的输出能量。这些计算相当复杂从而将一个人来执行一段时间。微控制器可收集数据，进行计算，并在不到一秒钟必要的调整。收集和调整的过程 ， 因此可以执行许多次每秒允许发动机性能的不断提高水平。 Likewise, the ignition process can also be controlled in a similar process.Ignition needs to occur at a time that will allow the engine to provide the most energy for use. If the ignition is fired exactly when the piston is at its highest point then energy will be lost.The amount of time that it takes for the ignition to fire and then travel to the piston allows the piston to move downward. Then when the fuel is ignited and the reaction takes place energy is not used to its full potential because the piston can not gain a full stroke from the reaction but rather is moved what distance is available thus operating at less than peak efficiency. However, if the ignition process is started slightly before the piston reaches its uppermost position the engine energy is thus used to its full potential. Again in this scenario a measurement must be taken and a calculation must be performed and then an adjustment made. The quicker this can be down the more efficient the engine will operate. 同样，点火的过程也可能控制在一个类似的过程。点火需要发生一次 ， 使该引擎提供了最常用的能源。如果点火是发射什么时候活塞的最高点是然后能量将会丢失。的时间量它采取的是火点火 ， 然后前往活塞使活塞向下移动。然后当点火和燃料发生反应的能量是不被用来充分发挥其潜力因为活塞不能获得充分的反应中风，而是移动的距离是什么 ， 因此可工作在不到最高效率。然而，如果点火程序启动之前 ， 活塞达到其最上面的位置 ， 发动机的能量略从而充分利用这一潜力同样是在这种情况下。测量必须考虑和计算 ， 必须完成 ， 再作出调整。越快 ， 可以更有效地降低发动机的运作情况。 For both injection and ignition there are many factors that will affect the outcome of the calculations required to adjust the engine into peak efficiency. As was discussed with the injection process, engine temperature plays a key role and engine speed greatly affects the ignition process. These factors are the key reason that a microcontroller is used instead of monitoring these elements manually. A person is simply incapable of keeping track of all of these factors and then also considering them in determining the proper adjustments to be made.This is why I will only assume a minor set of these factors for discussion in designing a basic microcontroller system to control both fuel injection and engine ignition. 为喷射和点火有很多因素会影响需要调整到最高效率的发动机的计算结果。正如与注射过程中讨论，发动机的温度起到了关键作用和发动机转速大大影响了点火的过程。这些因素是关键原因是微控制器 ， 而不是手工监测这些元素使用。一个人根本无法维持所有这些因素的轨道 ， 然后还考虑在决定适当调整他们作出。这就是为什么我只承担了在微控制器设计的基本制度 ， 同时控制燃油喷射发动机点火和讨论这些因素小集。 Our fuel injection system will take into account the temperature of the motor, the position of the accelerator pedal and the position of the crankshaft in determining when to open the injector and how long to leave it open. The engine ignition system will also consider the speed of the engine and the position of the crankshaft in determining when to trigger the spark control. By monitoring our four inputs: motor temperature, accelerator pedal, crankshaft position, and engine speed; we can properly adjust and synchronize our two output components: injectors and spark control. 我们的燃油喷射系统将考虑到电机的温度，加速器踏板位置以及在决定何时开放的注射器和多久的问题交由曲轴位置。发动机点火系统也将考虑速度在发动机和在决定何时触发火花控制曲轴位置。通过监测我们的四个输入：电机温度，油门踏板，曲轴位置和发动机转速，我们可以适当调整 ， 并同步输出的两个组成部分：喷油器和火花控制。 To meet the requirements of such a system I recommend using the Motorola MPC555 microcontroller. 为了满足这样一个系统 ， 我建议使用摩托罗拉MPC555的微控制器的要求。 Following is a block diagram of the MPC555 followed by a list of features available on the microcontroller. 以下是由功能微控制器的列表遵循的MPC555的框图。 MPC555 Features: MPC555的特点： PowerPC RISC processor 的PowerPC RISC处理器 PowerPC core with floating-point unit PowerPC内核的浮点单元 26 Kbytes fast RAM and 6 Kbytes TPU microcode RAM 26字节RAM和快速聚氨酯微6字节内存 448 Kbytes flash EEPROM with 5-V programming 448千字节闪存EEPROM的5 - V编程 5 VI/O system 5六/ O系统 Serial system queued serial multi-channel module (QSMCM), dual CAN 2.0B controller modules (TouCAN ) 串行系统-排队串行多通道模块（QSMCM），双CAN 2.0B控制器模块（大嘴鸟） 50-channel timer system dual time processor units (TPU3), modular I/O system (MIOS1) 50通道定时器系统-双时间处理单元（TPU3），模块化I / O系统（MIOS1） 32 analog inputs dual queued analog-to-digital converters (QADC64) 32模拟输入-双排队模（QADC64数字转换器） Submicron HCMOS (CDR1) technology 亚微米HCMOS（CDR1）技术 272-pint plastic ball grid array (PBGA) packaging 272品脱塑料球栅阵列（PBGA）封装 40-MHz operation with dual supply (3.3V, 5V) 40 - MHz的双电源供电（3.3V，5V的操作） The MPC555 microcontroller is designed for the automotive industry and thus has been built with consideration for the extreme operating conditions that will be encountered by an automobile. The other key features that make this good choice for this application is the multiple analog-to-digital converters as well as the dual time processor units. Multiple converters allow multiple devices (engine speed sensor, accelerator pedal position, and motor position sensor) to be input simultaneously and have each analog signal converted to digital signals for further processing. Once our inputs have been recorded and converted then calculations can be performed to adjust our outputs. Another feature that enables the MPC555 to meet system requirements is the dual power supply voltages.The internal core runs at 3.3 V while the output ports operate at 5 V. This works well because the lower internal power consumption while providing necessary voltages for input and output devices.Most of the sensors and devices controlled by this type of microcontroller were designed to be compatible with older microcontrollers which only had a single power voltage supply which operated at 5 V. Since this is the case the 5 VI/O ports can operate with almost any available I/O device. 在MPC555的微控制器是专为汽车行业 ， 因此一直与考虑建的极端操作将由汽车遇到的状况。其他重要功能 ， 该应用程序很好的选择是多种模拟数字转换器以及双处理器的时间单位。多个转换器允许多台设备（发动机转速传感器，油门踏板的位置，位置传感器和马达）将输入的同时 ， 让每个模拟信号转换为数字信号进一步处理。一旦我们的投入已经记录和计算 ， 然后转换可以进行调整我们的产出。另一个功能 ， 使MPC555的 ， 以满足系统的要求是双电源电压。内部核心运行在3.3 V输出端口 ， 而在5五 ， 经营运作良好 ， 因为这内部低功耗 ， 同时提供输入和输出设备所需的电压。传感器和微控制器这个被设计为年纪较大的微控制器的只有单一电源电压的供应 ， 在5 V兼容类型开始运作控制设备最多在这种情况下的5六/ O端口可以操作几乎任何可用的I / O设备。 Dual time processor units allow us to synchronize both output devices with a single microcontroller. A single time processor unit can be assigned to each output device; one for the spark control and one for the injection control. By adjusting the algorithm that takes in the input devices values and calculates the necessary output device levels we can adjust and control the timing of the spark and injection control. The time processor units both operate simultaneously with the CPU and thus have a single point of timing event triggers.The design of the time processor units allows processing of real-time hardware events without CPU intervention. This allows both output devices to be timed in unison to allow adjustment to the highest level of engine efficiency. 双处理器单元的时间让我们用一个同步控制器 ， 两个输出设备。一个单一的时间处理单元 ， 可以分配到每个输出设备;为火花控制和喷射控制之一。通过调整算法 ， 在输入需要设备价值和计算所需的输出设备的水平 ， 我们可以调整和控制的火花和喷射控制的时机。处理器单元的时间都同时运作 ， 与CPU，从而有一个单点定时触发事件。的时间设计处理器单位可以处理实时无需CPU干预硬件事件。这使得输出设备都将在时间上一致允许调整发动机的效率的最高水平。 The MPC555 was originally designed for automotive purposes and thus has been developed into an actual engine control unit. Mclaren Electronic Systems as built a device called the TAG-300 which provides the type of control described in this paper. The details of the TAG-300 can be found at Mclaren designed the TAG-300 for use in high-performance Formula 1 racing systems. Use in such a system indicates that the MPC555 meets the needs of high-performance automobiles and thus can also be used in todays personal automobiles. The Motorola MPC555 has been used for engine control and has many other possible applications in the automotive industry. 在MPC555的最初设计用于汽车的目的 ， 因此已成为一个实际发动机控制单元。迈凯轮电子系统公司开发的设备建立了所谓的豪- 300它提供了本文所描述的控件类型。对标记的细节- 300可在 ， 因此也可用于在今天的个人汽车。摩托罗拉MPC555的发动机已控制使用 ， 有许多其他在汽车行业可能的应用。 References 参考文献 FIRE (2001). FI 2 RE A Development Control Unit for Flexible Injection and Ignition. IVEZ Worldwide. Retrieved from on April 4, 2006. 消防（2001）。FI 2移植稀土-一个发展的柔性控制单元喷射和点火。IVEZ全球。从http:/w
展开阅读全文