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高中语法综合高中语法综合复习全解复习全解词类、句子成分学习目标：词类、句子成分学习目标：1. 掌握英语中词的分类；掌握英语中词的分类；2. 划分句子成分；划分句子成分；3. 明白词类和句子成分之间的关系。明白词类和句子成分之间的关系。词类词类十大词类十大词类英语中的单词可以分为十大词类：英语中的单词可以分为十大词类： 1 名词名词 n. 表示人或事物的名称。表示人或事物的名称。 e.g. teacher, book 2 冠词冠词 art. 表示名词的泛指和特指。表示名词的泛指和特指。 e.g. a, an, the 3 数词数词 num. 表示数量和顺序。表示数量和顺序。 e.g. two, fifth 4 代词代词 pron. 代替名词、数词等。代替名词、数词等。 e.g. we, me, he 5 动词动词 v. 表示动作或状态。表示动作或状态。 e.g. work, study, live 点击点击链接链接点击点击链接链接点击点击链接链接点击点击链接链接点击点击链接链接6 形容词形容词 adj. 表示人或事物的性质和特征。表示人或事物的性质和特征。 e.g. good, big, beautiful 7 副词副词 adv. 表示动作或性状的特征。表示动作或性状的特征。 e.g. fast, quickly 8 介词介词 prep. 表示与其他词之间的关系。表示与其他词之间的关系。 e.g. in, on, by, with 9 连词连词 conj. 用来连接词、短语、从句或用来连接词、短语、从句或 句子。句子。e.g. and, but 10 感叹词感叹词 interj. 表示说话时的感情或表示说话时的感情或 口气。口气。e.g. Oh, ah 点击点击链接链接点击点击链接链接点击点击链接链接1. He _ carried the boy to _, a _ place. (safe)2. He _ said that he took _ in his _ child. (proud)3. I was _ to share in the _ of the _ trip. (please)4. He _ in passing the exams and his _ exams led to his _. (successfully) Fill in the missing word in the blanks with the suitable words.safelysafetysafeproudlyprideproudpleasedpleasurepleasantsucceededsuccessfulsuccess5. Little Tom is fond of _, and especially likes to listen to the _ performances played by the _. (music)6. Comrade Liu Hulan has been _ for sixty years. She _ a glorious _. (die)7. The _ building, above which a kite is flying _, is nine stories in _. (high) musicmusicalmusiciandeaddieddeathhighhighheightDifferent sentence elements orDifferent parts of a sentence1. 组成句子的成分叫组成句子的成分叫句子成分句子成分。2. 在句子中，词与词之间有一定的在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合组合关系关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的分为不同的组成成分组成成分。3. 句子成分句子成分由词或词组充当。由词或词组充当。 Different sentence elements4. 英语英语句子成分句子成分有：有： 主语主语（subject）、）、谓语谓语（predicate）、）、 表语表语（predicative）、）、宾语宾语（object）、）、 宾语补足语宾语补足语（object complement） 定语定语（attributive）和）和 状语状语（adverbial）。）。 _ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.A. The president will attend B. The president to attendC. The president attended D. The presidents attending【解析解析】本题考查动名词复合结构作主本题考查动名词复合结构作主语。动名词复合结构作主语，须用名词语。动名词复合结构作主语，须用名词的所有格，然后加动名词，其余选择均的所有格，然后加动名词，其余选择均构不成合理句子结构。构不成合理句子结构。SUBJECT Subject 主语主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词或从句等表示。例如：词化的形容词或从句等表示。例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形（名词化的形容词）容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）式） Underline the subject in these sentences. In groups, check your answers. Then discuss whether you agree with the ideas in the sentences or not.1 Everything that we do is a step in one direction or another. Even the failure to do something is in itself a deed. It sets us forward or backward. (Henry Van Dyke)2. Some conceptions of a gentleman are these: a gentleman is always considerate for the feelings of others; he has tact he knows how to say and to do the right thing at the right time. (Unknown)3 To regret ones errors to the point of not repeating them is true repentance. (Ernest Hemingway)4 The best companion is one who is wiser and better than ourselves, for we are inspired by his wisdom and virtue to nobler deeds. (William Makepeace Thayer)5 Being happy is better than being king. (West African saying)Individual activity注注: : 另附另附 word word 文档。文档。点击此处链接点击此处链接1. We wrote a letter of thanks to _ had helped us. A. who B. those C. whom D. whoever 2. Toms mother kept telling him that he mustnt smoke, but _ didnt help. A. he B. which C. it D. theyI. Multiple choice 3. _ you dont like him is none of my business. A. What B. If C. That D. Whether4. Just after finishing writing the composition, _. A. the doorbell rang loud B. Nancy heard the doorbell rang C. someone knocked at the door D. the doorbell was rung5. - The exam was easy, wasnt it? - Yes, but I dont think _ could pass it. A. somebody B. anybody C. nobody D. everybody6. They live on a busy main road. _ must be very noisy. A. There B. It C. That D. TheyII. 在空格中填入一个适当的词或用所给在空格中填入一个适当的词或用所给 词的适当形式填空。词的适当形式填空。1. _ (play) football in the street is dangerous.2. It would be nice _ (see) him again.3. The _ (disable) should not be looked down upon.4. _ was a great surprise to me when he did a thing like that.Playingto seedisabledIt5. _ he will be sent abroad or not has not been decided so far.6. _ a book sells well depends on various factors.7. _ (see) is believing.8. His _ (express) told me that he got angry then.WhetherWhether / ThatSeeingexpression1. 大山里静谧的氛围是我最喜爱的。大山里静谧的氛围是我最喜爱的。 The peaceful atmosphere of the mountains is the thing I love the most.III. TRANSLATION2. 参加比赛给我很大的成就感。参加比赛给我很大的成就感。 Participating in the competition gives me a great feeling of accomplishment.3. 在电话上谈话几个小时是我不能理解在电话上谈话几个小时是我不能理解 的事。的事。 Speaking on the phone for hours is not something I can understand.4. 到奥运会上去比赛是我的梦想。到奥运会上去比赛是我的梦想。 To compete at the Olympics is my dream.5. 她为学校所做的一切使学生和教职员她为学校所做的一切使学生和教职员 工非常感激。工非常感激。 What she did for the school was greatly appreciated by the students and staff.At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and _ down to eat our picnic lunch.A. sitting B. having sat C. to sit D. satPREDICATE 【解析解析】本题考查并列谓语的选择。本题考查并列谓语的选择。found与与sat down应为并列谓语，而其余各项均为应为并列谓语，而其余各项均为非非谓语动词形式不能单独作谓语，解题时谓语动词形式不能单独作谓语，解题时务必注意并列连词的作用。务必注意并列连词的作用。Predicate 谓语谓语谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1) 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构 成。如：成。如： He practices running every morning.2) 复合谓语：复合谓语：(1) 由情态动词或其他助由情态动词或其他助 动词加动词原形构成。如：动词加动词原形构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. (2) 由系动词加表语构成。如：由系动词加表语构成。如： We are students. Underline the predicates in the sentences. 1. James Cook was a great English navigator and Pacific Ocean expedition leader.2. He had not only an outstanding ability in navigation and exploration, but also a real concern for sailors health. He carried out compulsory dietary reforms that were copied by many other ship captains.3. He had led three great Pacific voyages during his life.4. In his first Pacific voyage in 1769, James Cook rounded Cape Horn, then spent six months charting New Zealand, and finally explored and claimed possession of eastern Australia.5. In 1772, Captain Cook set sail to look for a “theorized great southern continent”. Although they could not manage to reach the Antarctic owing to the ice, he predicted that if it did exist, it would have to be a wasteland. 6. In 1776, Captain cook started his third Pacific voyage, searching for the Northwest Passage from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean. Unfortunately, he was killed in a dispute with Hawaiian natives and his mens attempt at the Northwest Passage was unsuccessful. However, this voyage is still recognized as especially significant in the history of the discovery of the west coast of North America.Individual activity注注: : 另附另附 word word 文档。文档。点击此处链接点击此处链接1. A poet and artist _ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon. (2006江苏江苏) A. is B. are C. was D. wereI. Multiple choice 2. The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third _ used regularly. Now we have 60 working all day long. (2006浙江浙江) A. is B. are C. was D. were3. A survey of the opinions of experts _ that three hours of outdoor exercise a week _ good for ones health. (2007江西江西) A. show; are B. shows; is C. show; is D. shows; are4. We live day by day, but in the great things, the time of days and weeks _ so small that a day is unimportant. (2007湖南湖南) A. is B. are C. has been D. have been5. The performance _ nearly three hours, but few people left the theatre early. (2008全国全国I) A. covered B. reached C. played D. lasted6. The story of the homeless orphan has _ sympathy from the public. (2008上海春上海春) A. aroused B. attracted C. defended D. adopted7. The teacher together with the students _ discussing Reading Skills that _ newly published in America. (2009四川四川) A. are; were B. is; were C. are; was D. is; was 8. Such poets as Shakespeare _ widely read, of whose works, however, some _ difficult to understand. (2010四川四川) A. are; are B. is; is C. are; is D. is; are9. Barbara is easy to recognize as shes the only one of the women who _ evening dress. (2010全国全国II) A. wear B. wears C. has worn D. have worn 10. I _ a bank account after I made1,000 by doing a part-time job during the summer vacation. (2011天津天津) A. borrowed B. opened C. entered D. ordered1. As you can see, the number of cars on our roads _ (keep) rising these days.2. I have to go to work by taxi because my car _ (repair) at the garage. 3. What we used to think _ (be) impossible does seem possible now. keepsis being repairedwasII. 用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。4. The use of credit cards in place of cash _ (increase) in recent years.5. Newton _ (explain) the movements of the moon from the attraction of the earth.6. Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasnt stopped ringing. People _ (phone) to ask how I am going to spend the money. has increasedhas explainedare phoningIII. TRANSLATION1. 昨晚我做好了你的生日蛋糕。昨晚我做好了你的生日蛋糕。 I made your birthday cake last night. 2. 课上完了，我们回家吧。课上完了，我们回家吧。 School is over. Lets go home. 3. 他看起来很忧愁。他看起来很忧愁。 He looked worried. 4. 地球表面四分之三为水所覆盖。地球表面四分之三为水所覆盖。 Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water. 5. 这个单词是什么意思？这个单词是什么意思？ What does this word mean?6. 我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京。我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京。 My father as well as his workmates has been to Beijing. PREDICATIVE Tasting _, this kind of fried chicken sells _.A. well; good B. to be good; well C. good; well D. to be well; good 【解析解析】分析题干可知，分析题干可知，taste在此作系动词，其后在此作系动词，其后应接不带应接不带to be结构的形容词作表语。由结构的形容词作表语。由于于well作形容词时意思为作形容词时意思为“健康的健康的”，不，不符合题意，故应选符合题意，故应选 good作表语；作表语；sell在此在此为不及物动词，后接副词为不及物动词，后接副词well，意思为，意思为“畅销畅销”，用，用sell的主动形式表示被动意的主动形式表示被动意义。义。 Predicative 表语表语表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及从句不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及从句表示。例如：表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）（名词）Is it yours?（代词）（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词）（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）（不定式）His hobby（爱好）（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（副词）（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（表语从句）1. Australia is made up of six states and two territories. ( )2. Australia is a young nation on an ancient continent. ( )3. After the Second World War, Australias economy grew rapidly. ( )Tick the sentence if its underlined part is the predicative.4. Before baby kangaroos grow strong enough, they feed on their mothers milk. ( )5. When it turns cold in Northern China, the hot summer in Australia has just begun. ( )6. If you go near Koala bear, it will get very upset. ( )7. Australia keeps about one sixth of the worlds sheep. ( )8. Australia has got the biggest iron mines in the world. ( )9. The milk has been kept for too long; it has gone sour. ( )Individual activity注注: : 另附另附 word word 文档。文档。点击此处链接点击此处链接1. It isnt socially _ for parents to leave children unattended at that age. (2007山东山东) A. accessible B. adorable C. adaptable D. acceptable2. This magazine is very _ with young people, who like its content and style. (2007湖北湖北) A. familiar B. popular C. similar D. particularI. Multiple choice 3. How much _ she looked without her glasses! (2009海南海南) A. well B. good C. best D. better4. Ladies and gentlemen, please remain _ until the plane has come to a complete stop. (2009四川四川) A. seated B. seating C. to seat D. seat 5. Studies show that people are more _ to suffer from back problems if they always sit before computer screens for long hours. (2010陕西陕西) A. likely B. possible C. probable D. sureII. Translation(be ) on a course (be) out of work (be) of interest (be) in ones 30s (be) with me (be) on ones hands and knees (be) at ones best (be) of help 1. 桑迪已经失业半年桑迪已经失业半年, 没有能力养家糊口没有能力养家糊口了。了。2. 这是一本各类读者都会感兴趣的小说。这是一本各类读者都会感兴趣的小说。Sandy has been out of work for half a year and is unable to support his family.This is a novel that will be of interest to a wide range of readers.3. 如果我能帮上什么忙如果我能帮上什么忙, 就告诉我。就告诉我。4. 阿瑟已经三十多岁了阿瑟已经三十多岁了, 还没有开始自还没有开始自 己的事业。己的事业。Let me know if I can be of any help to you.Arthur is already in his 30s and hasnt started a career yet.5. 下一步把这个放在机器的这个位置。下一步把这个放在机器的这个位置。你们听明白了吗？你们听明白了吗？6. 我认为五月的颐和园是最美的。我认为五月的颐和园是最美的。Next you put this into the machine here. Are you with me?In my opinion, the Summer Palace is at its best in May.The last time I saw him was Friday night. He was on his hands and knees searching for something in his laboratory.8. 这个月凯西一直在上缝纫课。这个月凯西一直在上缝纫课。Cathy has been on a sewing course all this month.7. 我最后一次见到他是周五晚上我最后一次见到他是周五晚上, 当时他当时他 正趴在实验室的地上在找什么东西。正趴在实验室的地上在找什么东西。Catherine bought a postcard of the place she was visiting, addressed _ to _ and then posted it at the nearby post officeA. it; her B. it; herself C. herself; her D. herself; herselfOBJECT 【解析解析】address作动词的意思是作动词的意思是 “在在上上写姓名住址写姓名住址”, addressed后接后接it, 作直作直接宾语接宾语, 代替上文中的代替上文中的postcard。to后后接接herself, 作间接宾语作间接宾语, 表示把表示把postcard寄给她自己。寄给她自己。 Object 宾语宾语宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：及物动词和介词后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）（展览）yesterday.（名词）（名词）The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）（代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）（动名词短语）I think (that) he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）（宾语从句） 宾语有时出现两个：一般把间接受动作宾语有时出现两个：一般把间接受动作影响的人看作间接宾语（影响的人看作间接宾语（Indirect Object)；把直接受动作影响的人或物看；把直接受动作影响的人或物看作直接宾语作直接宾语(Direct Object)。Hobo brought the newspaper to me.My friend lends me his bike.1. Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。先生去年教我们德语。 Mr Johnson _ last year.2. 奶奶昨晚给我讲了一个有趣的故事。奶奶昨晚给我讲了一个有趣的故事。 Grandma told _ last night.3. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？请把那本字典递给我好吗？ Would you please _?4. 他把车票给列车员看。他把车票给列车员看。 He showed _.taught us Germanme an interesting storypass me the dictionarythe ticket to the conductorIndividual activity注注: : 另附另附 word word 文档。文档。点击此处链接点击此处链接I. Multiple choice 1. You can only be sure of _ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _ you might get in the future. (2007安徽安徽) A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that2. It is worth considering what makes “convenience” foods so popular, and _ better ones of your own. (2008北京北京) A. introduces B. to introduce C. introducing D. introduced3. I still remember _ to the Famen Temple and what I saw there. (2009陕西陕西) A. to take B. to be taken C. taking D. being taken 4. As a new diplomat, he often thinks of _ he can react more appropriately on such occasions. (2009上海上海) A. what B. which C. that D. how5. Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach _ to read fast. (2011辽宁辽宁) A. what B. who C. how D. why II. 用括号内所给动词的适当形式完成下用括号内所给动词的适当形式完成下 列句子。列句子。1. The new college graduate insisted on _ (send) where he was most needed. 2. The parents suggested _ (sleep) in the hotel room but their kids were anxious to camp out during the trip. being sentsleeping3. After reading the text, well go on _ (do) the exercises.4. I cant stand _ (work) with Jane in the same office. She just refuses to stop talking while she works.5. Isnt it time you got down to _ (mark) the papers? to doworkingmarking6. If you think that treating a woman well means always _ (get) her permission for things, think again. 7. Victor apologized for not _ (inform) me of the change in the plan. 8. I dont want _ (sound) like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair. to soundgettinginformingIII. TRANSLATION3. 老师给他们每人一块橡皮。老师给他们每人一块橡皮。 The teacher gives each of them an eraser. They sent the injured to hospital. 2. 他们把伤员送到医院。他们把伤员送到医院。 She didnt say anything. 1. 她什么也没说。她什么也没说。They asked to see my passport. 4. 他们要求看我的护照。他们要求看我的护照。I enjoy working with you. 5. 我和你们一道工作很愉快。我和你们一道工作很愉快。Did you write down what he said? 6. 你把他的话写下了没有？你把他的话写下了没有？Dont leave the water _ while you brush your teeth. A. run B. running C. being run D. to run【解析解析】leave + 宾语宾语 + 宾补。让水不间断的流。宾补。让水不间断的流。 Object complementObject complement 宾语补足语宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如型为：某些及物动词（如make等等 + 宾语宾语 + 宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：如： His father named him Dongming.（名词）（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）（从句）1. Through the window, I could see the rain _ (come down) in sheets. 2. Mother made Charles _ (整理整理) his bedroom before he went ing downtidyFill in the blanks.3. Can you smell something _ (burn)? It must be coming from the kitchen.4. When the police arrived, they found the actress _ (murder) in the bathroom.5. The boss ordered the typist _ (have) all the documents ready.burningmurderedto have 6. The robbers forced the man _ (交出交出) the suitcase.7. A lot of practice helped the spokesman _ (become) a more fluent speaker.8. The hostess had the invitations _ (deliver) a week before the party.(to) becomedeliveredto hand over1. When I came back, I found nobody _. It was empty. A. on B. out C. in D. away2. The speaker raised his voice but still couldnt make himself _. A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard3. It is wise to have some money _ for old age. A. put away B. kept up C. given away D. laid up4. He slipped into the room, without himself _. A. seen B. being seen C. seeing D. to see5. I heard that you were elected _ this time. A. monitor B. the monitor C. a monitor D. my monitor6. For a time his grandmother found _ accept his new idea. A. hard B. it hard C. it hard to D. it is hard to7. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning8. You cant have the horse _ all the way. Its too hot. A. run B. to run C. running D. to be runningIndividual activity注注: : 另附另附 word word 文档。文档。点击此处链接点击此处链接1. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English _ in a short period. (2007福建福建) A. improved B. improving C. to improve D. improveI. Multiple choice 2. After a knock at the door, the child heard his mothers voice _ him. (2007上海上海) A. calling B. called C. being called D. to call3. The director had her assistant _ some hot dogs for the meeting. (2008全国全国) A. picked up B. picks up C. pick up D. picking up 4. To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _ as much as we can. (2008江苏江苏) A. speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak5. Now that weve discussed out problem, are people happy with the decisions _? (2009海南海南) A. taking B. take C. taken D. to take6. They use computers to keep the traffic _ smoothly. (2009全国全国) A. being run B. run C. to run D. running 7. Listen! Do you hear someone _ for help? (2010湖南湖南) A. calling B. call C. to call D. called8. Alexander tried to get his work _ in the medical circles. (2010辽宁辽宁) A. to recognize B. recognizing C. recognize D. recognized 9. Lucy has a great sense of humour and always keeps her colleagues _ with her stories. (2010上海上海) A. amused B. amusing C. to amuse D. to be amused 10. Even the best writers sometimes find themselves _ for words. (2011浙江浙江) A. lose B. lost C. to lose D. having lost1. I saw him _ (enter) the room, _ (take) something and _ (go) out.2. Please have these boxes _ (ca
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