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高中语法综合高中语法综合复习全解复习全解1. Youll find taxis waiting at the bus station _ you can hire to reach your host family. (2011上海上海)A. whichB. whereC. whenD. as【解析解析】先行词为先行词为taxis，waiting at the bus station 修饰修饰 taxis, 是其后置定语。从句中是其后置定语。从句中谓语动词谓语动词hire后差宾语，故用关系代词后差宾语，故用关系代词which。练练 习习2. Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _ the audience can buy ice- cream. (2011江苏江苏)A. when B. where C. that D. which【解析解析】首先解析句子结构，判断从句类首先解析句子结构，判断从句类型，题干说型，题干说“在音乐会中间有间歇，此时在音乐会中间有间歇，此时你可以买冰激凌。你可以买冰激凌。”题干的前半部分完整题干的前半部分完整无缺，后半部分补充说明这个间歇你可以无缺，后半部分补充说明这个间歇你可以干的事，所以这是一个非限定性定语从句，干的事，所以这是一个非限定性定语从句，先行词为先行词为interval，由于从句部分不缺少主，由于从句部分不缺少主干成分，而且干成分，而且interval表时间，所以正确答表时间，所以正确答案为案为A。3. Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, _ is a stupid thing to do in such weather.A. this B. that (2011全国全国II)C. what D. which【解析解析】分析句子结构可知，该句为定语从分析句子结构可知，该句为定语从句，首先排除句，首先排除A和和C；根据空前的逗号可；根据空前的逗号可知，该句为非限制性定语从句，排除知，该句为非限制性定语从句，排除B。该。该从句应用从句应用which引导，引导，which在从句中作主在从句中作主语，代指前面的整个句子。语，代指前面的整个句子。定语从句在高考中的考查重点：定语从句在高考中的考查重点：1. that与与which引导的定语从句的区别；引导的定语从句的区别；2. who、whom与与whose引导的定语从句的引导的定语从句的 区别；区别；3. 关系副词关系副词where、when与与why引导的定语引导的定语 从句的区别；从句的区别；4. 对对“as”引导定语从句的考查；引导定语从句的考查；5. 对对“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”的考查；的考查；6. the way 作先行词时作先行词时,定语从句的引导词作定语从句的引导词作 状语用状语用in which ,that 或者省略；或者省略；7. 含有插入语的定语从句；含有插入语的定语从句；定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的单词、短语或句子，汉语中常用单词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的的”表示。单词作定语一般前置表示。单词作定语一般前置,句子或短语作句子或短语作定语则需后置，定语则需后置，当一个复合句中，作定语当一个复合句中，作定语的是另外一个句子时，这个句子叫定语从的是另外一个句子时，这个句子叫定语从句。被修饰的名词，词组或代词叫句。被修饰的名词，词组或代词叫先行词先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（词（关系代词关系代词或关系或关系副词副词）引出。）引出。定语从句概述定语从句概述定语从句的分类：定语从句的分类：分为两大类分为两大类This is the book that you want. 这就是你要的那本书。这就是你要的那本书。(若把若把that you want去掉，意思就不够清楚。去掉，意思就不够清楚。)He is a man everyone respects.他是一个人人都敬重的人。他是一个人人都敬重的人。(若把从句去掉，句子就失去意义。若把从句去掉，句子就失去意义。)【分析分析】上面两个句子中的从句很重要，说上面两个句子中的从句很重要，说明所修饰词的意义不可或缺，是句子的主要明所修饰词的意义不可或缺，是句子的主要组成部分。译成汉语时也多译成一个定语组成部分。译成汉语时也多译成一个定语(如：你要的那本书、人人敬重的人如：你要的那本书、人人敬重的人)。像上面两句这样的定语从句叫像上面两句这样的定语从句叫限制性定语从限制性定语从句句(restrictive attributive clauses)。限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 对所修饰的名词或代词对所修饰的名词或代词(即先行词即先行词)起到限定作用，表示起到限定作用，表示“的人的人(事物事物)”，一般说来如把从句去掉句子意思，一般说来如把从句去掉句子意思就不清楚，甚至失去意义。像这样从句和主就不清楚，甚至失去意义。像这样从句和主句关系十分密切，书写时不用逗号隔开的定句关系十分密切，书写时不用逗号隔开的定语从句叫限制性定语从句。语从句叫限制性定语从句。The man who told me this refused to tell me his name.告诉我这事的人不肯告诉我他的名字。告诉我这事的人不肯告诉我他的名字。非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 (non-restrictive attributive clauses)：还有一种定语从句，与主句关系不太紧密，还有一种定语从句，与主句关系不太紧密，对所修饰名词或代词对所修饰名词或代词(即先行词即先行词)的意思没有的意思没有太大影响，把它们拿掉，句子依然很完整，太大影响，把它们拿掉，句子依然很完整，它们可以说是附加上去的东西，而且通常它们可以说是附加上去的东西，而且通常都有逗号把它们和句子的其他部分分开，都有逗号把它们和句子的其他部分分开，这种从句称为这种从句称为非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句。My sister, who is a nurse, came home for a few days.我姐姐是护士，她回家待了几天。我姐姐是护士，她回家待了几天。(这种句子译成汉语时常译成两个并列句。这种句子译成汉语时常译成两个并列句。)1. 引起限制性定语从句的关系代词有：引起限制性定语从句的关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose；指代内容指代内容所做成分所做成分是否可省略是否可省略thatwhichwhowhomwhose人；物人；物物物人人人人(人人/物物)的的主语主语, ,宾语宾语主语主语, ,宾语宾语主语主语, ,宾语宾语宾语宾语定语定语作宾语可省作宾语可省作宾语可省作宾语可省作宾语可省作宾语可省可省可省不可省不可省The girl who spoke is my best friend.讲话的姑娘是我最好的朋友。讲话的姑娘是我最好的朋友。(who引起定语从句引起定语从句, 修饰修饰the girl, who= the girl, 在从句中作主语在从句中作主语)The man whom I bought it from told me to oil it. 卖它给我的人让我给它擦油。卖它给我的人让我给它擦油。(whom引起定语从句，修饰引起定语从句，修饰the man, 在从句在从句中中whom 作作from 的宾语。的宾语。)注：注：who 是主格，是主格，whom是宾格是宾格, 在口语中在口语中who可代替可代替whom, 但如跟介词但如跟介词,则不能代替。则不能代替。在作定语从句中的宾语时，二中都可省略。在作定语从句中的宾语时，二中都可省略。A mental patient is one whose mind is diseased. 精神病人就是脑子有病的人。精神病人就是脑子有病的人。(whose引起定语从句，修饰引起定语从句，修饰one, 在从句中在从句中whose作定语，修饰作定语，修饰mind。)注：注：whose 表示表示 “的的”，是所有格，是所有格，必须带名词，其本身有限定词的功能：必须带名词，其本身有限定词的功能：The man whose houses were damaged will be compensated. 房子被损坏的人将得到赔偿。房子被损坏的人将得到赔偿。whose有时可指动物或无生命的东西：有时可指动物或无生命的东西：It was an island whose name I have forgotten. 这是一座岛，名字我忘了。这是一座岛，名字我忘了。He that would eat the fruit must climb the tree. 想吃果子的人就得爬树。想吃果子的人就得爬树。(that引起定语从句，修饰引起定语从句，修饰he, 在从句中在从句中that作主语，代表作主语，代表he。)注：注：that可以代表人可以代表人(相当于相当于who)，也可代，也可代表东西表东西(相当于相当于which)；可以作主语，也可；可以作主语，也可作宾语作宾语(可省可省)。It is a question that needs very careful thinking. 这是一个需要仔细思考的问题。这是一个需要仔细思考的问题。Those books (that) you lent me were very useful. 你借给我的那些书很有用。你借给我的那些书很有用。She was not in the train which arrived just now. 她不在刚到的那列火车上。她不在刚到的那列火车上。(which引起定语从句，修饰引起定语从句，修饰the train, 在从句在从句中中which 作主语，代表作主语，代表the train。)注：注：which只能代表东西或动物，可作主语只能代表东西或动物，可作主语和宾语，宾语时可省。和宾语，宾语时可省。That is the house (which) we built.这就是我们盖得房子。这就是我们盖得房子。which还可在句中作介词的宾语：还可在句中作介词的宾语：The documents for which they were searching have been recovered. 他们寻找的文件已经找到了。他们寻找的文件已经找到了。2. 限制性定语从句还可以由关系副词限制性定语从句还可以由关系副词where, when, why 引起。引起。指代内容指代内容 所做成分所做成分是否可省略是否可省略whenwherewhy不可省略不可省略时间时间地点地点原因原因状语状语状语状语状语状语when 在定语从句中作时间状语，先行词往在定语从句中作时间状语，先行词往往是表示时间的名词。相当于往是表示时间的名词。相当于介词介词+which。Ill never forget the day when (=on which) I joined the League.我永远也不会忘记我加入团的那一天。我永远也不会忘记我加入团的那一天。1993 was the year when (=in which) he was born. 1993年是他的出生年。年是他的出生年。There are times when such things are necessary. 有时候这样的事情是必要的。有时候这样的事情是必要的。where在定语从句中作地点状语，先行词是在定语从句中作地点状语，先行词是表示地点的名词。相当于表示地点的名词。相当于 “介词介词 + which”。This is the house where (=in which) I lived two years ago.这就是我两年前住过的地方。这就是我两年前住过的地方。Thats the hotel where we were staying last summer. 这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。where引导的定语从句也可以修饰引导的定语从句也可以修饰case, condition, situation, instance等先行词。等先行词。Can you think of a situation where this word can be used?why在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于for which。Do you know the reason why (=for which) she is late? 你知道她迟到的原因吗？你知道她迟到的原因吗？She didnt tell me the reason why she refused the offer. 她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。Give me one reason why we should help you.给我举出一个我们应该帮你的理由。给我举出一个我们应该帮你的理由。注：注：如果关系代词指代先行词如果关系代词指代先行词reason在从句在从句中中作主语作主语,宾语宾语等时，则用等时，则用that或或which。1. 能引起非限制性定语从句的关系代词主要能引起非限制性定语从句的关系代词主要 有有: who, whom, whose, whichIve invited Lisa, who lives in the next flat.我邀请了丽莎，她住在我们隔壁。我邀请了丽莎，她住在我们隔壁。Tom, whom everyone suspected, turned out to be innocent. 人人都怀疑汤姆，结果证明他是无辜的。人人都怀疑汤姆，结果证明他是无辜的。Mr. Green, for whom I was working, was very generous. 我给格林先生工作，他很大方。我给格林先生工作，他很大方。The visitor, whose name was Tom, was well pleased with the apartment.那位来访的人名字叫汤姆，他很喜欢这套那位来访的人名字叫汤姆，他很喜欢这套住房。住房。She gave me this sweater, which she had knitted herself. 她给我这件毛衣，这是她自己织的。她给我这件毛衣，这是她自己织的。The 8:30 train, which is usually very punctual, was late today.八点半的火车通常是很准时的，今天却晚八点半的火车通常是很准时的，今天却晚点了。点了。注注: (1) which, whom可以和可以和 “of” 或其他介或其他介词连用：词连用：The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.Her sons, both of whom work abroad, rang her up this morning.His house, for which he paid $10,000, is now worth $50,000.George, with whom I played tennis on Sundays, was fitter than me.(2) which 有时不代表一个名词，而代表前有时不代表一个名词，而代表前面句子的全部或部分意思：面句子的全部或部分意思：Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous.彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true.他说他从来没见过她，这是不真实的。他说他从来没见过她，这是不真实的。(3) which 有时还可在从句中作定语：有时还可在从句中作定语：He advised me to hide behind the door, which advice I took at once.他劝我躲在门后，我立即照做了。他劝我躲在门后，我立即照做了。2. 关系副词关系副词 when 和和 where也可引起非限制也可引起非限制 性定语从句。性定语从句。Well put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们将把野餐推迟我们将把野餐推迟到下周，那时天气可能会好点。到下周，那时天气可能会好点。That was in 1949, since when things have been better. 那时是那时是1949年，从那以后情况就好些了。年，从那以后情况就好些了。Im off to the park, where I have to give a lecture on the theatre. 我要去公园，在那里我我要去公园，在那里我的做一个关于戏剧的报告。的做一个关于戏剧的报告。We went up to the roof, from where we had a good view of the city. 我们爬上屋顶，从那儿可以很好地观看城市。我们爬上屋顶，从那儿可以很好地观看城市。as也可作关系代词，引起定语从句，主要和也可作关系代词，引起定语从句，主要和such连用：连用：He is not such a fool as he looks.他不像他看起来那么傻。他不像他看起来那么傻。I never heard such stories as he tells.我从未听过他讲的这种故事。我从未听过他讲的这种故事。We had hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had.我们本希望给你一个别人从未有过的机会。我们本希望给你一个别人从未有过的机会。as作关系代词，还可以和作关系代词，还可以和same连用：连用：You must show my wife the same respect as you show me. 你必须对我妻子表现出与对我同样的尊敬。你必须对我妻子表现出与对我同样的尊敬。My stand on this is just the same as it was four years ago. 我对这问题的立场仍和四年前一样。我对这问题的立场仍和四年前一样。She knew he felt just the same as she did.她知道他的感受和她一样。她知道他的感受和她一样。as有时候还可引起非限制性定语从句：有时候还可引起非限制性定语从句：Sophia was not unconscious, as could be judged from her eyes.索菲亚未失去知觉，这从她的眼睛里可以索菲亚未失去知觉，这从她的眼睛里可以看出来。看出来。He is absent, as is often the case.他缺席了，他经常这样。他缺席了，他经常这样。Michael, as might be expected, was attending the conference.迈克在参加会议，这是可以预料到的。迈克在参加会议，这是可以预料到的。that和和which的一些特殊用法的一些特殊用法 (1) 限制性定语从句中先行词为限制性定语从句中先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, none, few, little, some等不定代词指物时。等不定代词指物时。(something用用that或或which均可均可) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 一般用一般用that而不用而不用which的情况。的情况。(2) There be 句型中用句型中用that。There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.(3) 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰。先行词被序数词或最高级修饰。This is the first book (that) he has read.This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.This is the first time (that) I am in Beijing.(4) 先行词是先行词是who或或which引导的主句。引导的主句。Who is the girl that drove the car? Who that broke the window will be punished?Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?(5) 当先行词既有人又有物。当先行词既有人又有物。They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school. Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.(6) 先行词被先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, the only, the very, the last, just, right等修饰。等修饰。Ive read all the books that are not mine. This is the very book that belongs to him.(1) 紧跟介词作宾语紧跟介词作宾语There are many trees under which they can have a rest.(2) 在非限制性定语从句中在非限制性定语从句中Football, which is a very popular game, is played all over the world.(3) 作定语作定语 He may be late, in which case, we should wait for him.一般用一般用which而不用而不用that的情况。的情况。1. The prize will go to the writer _ story shows the most imagination. (2011全国全国I)A. that B. which C. whose D. what【解析解析】本题主句中的先行词本题主句中的先行词writer和从句和从句中的主语中的主语story有所属关系，译为作者的故有所属关系，译为作者的故事，因此选事，因此选C。句子的意思是：我们的奖金。句子的意思是：我们的奖金会留给故事情节最富有想象力的作者。会留给故事情节最富有想象力的作者。2. Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, _, of course, made all the others upset. (2011北京北京)A. who B. whichC. what D. that【解析解析】逗号后的非限定性定语从句中缺逗号后的非限定性定语从句中缺少主语，少主语，which引导非限制性定语从句，指引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句部分的内容。选择代整个主句部分的内容。选择which。3. The old town has narrow streets and small houses _are built close to each other. (2011山东山东)A. they B. where C. what D. that【解析解析】关系代词关系代词that代替先行词代替先行词small houses，在从句中作主语。句意为：这座古，在从句中作主语。句意为：这座古老的城镇街道狭窄，小房子挨得很近。老的城镇街道狭窄，小房子挨得很近。4. She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _had taken more than three years. (2011江西江西)A. for whichB. with whichC. of whichD. to which【解析解析】先行词为先行词为museum，在从句中充当，在从句中充当定语，博物馆的建造工程花费了超过三年定语，博物馆的建造工程花费了超过三年的时间。介词用的时间。介词用of。选。选C。5. Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator, _ it will keep for two or three weeks. (2011安徽安徽)A. when B. which C. where D. while【解析解析】句意为：剩下的任何东西都可以放入句意为：剩下的任何东西都可以放入冰箱，在那里可以保存两三周。本题考查非限冰箱，在那里可以保存两三周。本题考查非限制性定语从句的关系副词。由句型结构可以看制性定语从句的关系副词。由句型结构可以看出，该题中的先行词出，该题中的先行词refrigerator在从句中作介在从句中作介词的宾语，该介宾结构在定语从句中作地点状词的宾语，该介宾结构在定语从句中作地点状语，故选择关系副词语，故选择关系副词where。when在从句中作在从句中作时间状语；时间状语；which在从句中作主语或宾语；在从句中作主语或宾语；while是连词，不能用于定语从句。是连词，不能用于定语从句。6. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of _ uses it somewhat differently. (2011浙江浙江)A. which B. what C. them D. those【解析解析】本句中的先行词是本句中的先行词是several diverse cultures，先行词在从句中做，先行词在从句中做each of的宾语，的宾语，所以应用关系代词所以应用关系代词which。7. A bank is the place _ they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain. (2011浙江浙江)A. when B. that C. where D. there【解析解析】本句中的先行词是本句中的先行词是the place，先，先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，所以应该行词在定语从句中作地点状语，所以应该用关系副词用关系副词where。 8. She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students _ allows them to communicate freely with each other. (2011福建福建)A. which B. where C. what D. who【解析解析】分析句子成分可知，分析句子成分可知，an atmosphere与修饰它的定语从句被与修饰它的定语从句被for her students隔开，该从句缺少主语，所以用隔开，该从句缺少主语，所以用which。 9. It was April 29, 2001 _ Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony. (2011福建福建)A. that B. whenC. since D. before【解析解析】去掉去掉It was及及that后，后，April 29，2011不可以单独作时间状语，所以不是强不可以单独作时间状语，所以不是强调句型。用调句型。用when引导定语从句修饰引导定语从句修饰April 29，2011。10. The school shop, _ customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays. (2011四川四川)A. which B. whose C. when D. where【解析解析】此处此处whose引导的非限制性定语引导的非限制性定语从句修饰先行词从句修饰先行词shop，在定语从句中作，在定语从句中作customers的定语。句意为的定语。句意为“这个学校商这个学校商店，店，其主顾大多是学生，其主顾大多是学生，因为放因为放假就关门了。假就关门了。”11. The days are gone _ physical strength was all you needed to make a living. (2011天津天津)A. when B. that C. where D. which【解析解析】句子为：句子为：when引导定语从句修饰引导定语从句修饰The days。are gone为插入语。句意为：全为插入语。句意为：全部靠体力挣钱谋生的时代已经过去了。部靠体力挣钱谋生的时代已经过去了。12. I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend, _ we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake. (2011陕西陕西)A. which B. where C. who D. that【解析解析】先行词是先行词是hill，表地点，定语从句，表地点，定语从句we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake，句，句子成分中缺少状语，所以应用关系副词子成分中缺少状语，所以应用关系副词where。13. Julie was good at German, French and Russian , all of _ she spoke fluently. (2011湖南湖南) A. who B. whom C. which D. that【解析解析】介词后只能使用的关系代词是介词后只能使用的关系代词是which, who, whose, 因为句子中关系词指代因为句子中关系词指代是语言，故选是语言，故选C；句意：；句意：Julie擅长德语、法擅长德语、法语和俄语，这三种语言她说得都很流利。语和俄语，这三种语言她说得都很流利。请点击请点击单项选择单项选择1. Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet _ life has developed gradually. (2010福建福建)A. thatB. where C. whichD. whose2. Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school _ I met in the English speech contest last year. (2010湖南湖南)A. who B. where C. when D. which3. The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister _ she would stay for an hour. (2010江西江西)A. where B. who C. which D. what4. Thats the new machine _ parts are too small to be seen. (2010山东山东)A. that B. which C. whose D. What5. Wind power is an ancient source of energy _ we may return in the near future. (2010山东山东)A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which6. Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut? You should try the barbers _ I go. Its only 15. (2010天津天津)A. as B. which C. where D. that7. After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, _ turned out to be a wise decision. (2010四川四川)A. that B. which C. when D. where8. As a child, Jack studied in a village school, _ is named after his grandfather. (2010全国全国)A. which B. where C. what D. that9. The newly built caf, the walls of_ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, specially after hard work. (2010江苏江苏)A. that B. it C. what D. which10. The old temple _ roof was damaged in storm is now under repair. (2010陕西陕西) A. where B. which C. its D. whose11. I refuse to accept the blame for something _ was someone elses fault. (2010全国全国II)A. who B. that C. as D. what12. Children who are not active or _ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. (2010北京北京)A. what B. whose C. which D. that 13. In China, the number of cities is increasing _ development is recognized across the world. (2010重庆重庆)A. whereB. whichC. whoseD. that14. The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of _ left their village homes for a better life in the city. (2010浙江浙江)A. whomB. which C. themD. those15. Whenever I met her, _ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. (2009山东山东) A. who B. which C. when D. that 16. She brought with her three friends, none of _ I had ever met before. (2009全国全国)A. them B. who C. whom D. these17. Because of the financial crisis, days are gone _ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night. (2009江苏江苏)A. if B. when C. which D. since18. A person _ e-mail account is full wont be able to send or receive any e- mails. (2009天津天津)A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever19. Gun control is a subject _ Americans have argued for a long time. (2009陕西陕西)A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which20. Mozarts birthplace and the house _ he composed The Magic Flute are both museums now. (2009上海上海)A. where B. when C. there D. which 21. The house I grew up _ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. (2009江西江西)A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which 22. Many children, _ parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village. (2009安徽安徽)A. their B. whose C. of them D. with whom23. Shell never forget her stay there _ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. (2009四川四川)A. that B. which C. where D. when 24. Theyve won their last three matches, _ I find a bit surprising. (2009辽宁辽宁) A. that B. when C. what D. which 25. Its helpful to put children in a situation _ they can see themselves differently. (2009福建福建)A. that B. when C. which D. where 26. I have reached a point in my life _ I am supposed to make decisions of my own. (2009浙江浙江)A. whichB. whereC. how D. why
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