高考英语一轮复习 第3编语法突破 第4讲 介词与连词课件

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第四讲第四讲 介词与连词介词与连词介词和连词虽然都属虚词,但在英语学习中却非常重要,也是每年高考的必考项目。高考主要考查介词在具体语境中的应用,介词与其他词性的搭配辨析,介词和连词的一些习惯用法和固定搭配等。1从介词本身的结构来看,介词可以分成五个种类简单介词at,about,across,after,against,among,around,before,behind,below,beside,besides,between,beyond,but,by,down,during,except,for,from,in,like,near,of,off,on,past,under,until,up,with,since复合介词 as for至于,as to关于,out of从,出自,into进入,onto到上面,without没有,but for要不是二重介词from under从的下面,from behind从的后面,until after直到之后,from among从当中短语介词according to根据,ahead of在前面,apart from除之外,because of由于,by means of依靠,by way of作为,经由分词介词concerning,including,regarding2.从介词本身的意义来看,介词可以分以下几个种类表示时间about,around,before,by,at,after,in,on,between,during,for,from,since,till,until,within表示地点about,at,in,on,over,through,across,along,around,before,between,beyond,down,up,to,toward,under,near表示方式by bus乘公共汽车,see with ones own eyes亲眼看,write in ink用墨水写,on foot步行表示原因for:He was punished for stealing.他因偷窃而被惩罚。from:She felt sick from tiredness.她累病了。of:be ashamed of因而感到羞愧with:shake with cold因寒冷而发抖because of,due to,thanks to,owing to,on account of表示关于about关于(一般情况),on关于(理论,学术)of:a long story of adventure一个长篇冒险故事此外还有:concerning,regarding,with regard to,as for,as to等。表示比较as:His face is as black as coal.他的脸跟煤炭一样黑。like:He saw a number of small hard things like stones.他看见一些像石头一样的小的、坚硬的东西。表示条件with:With all his faults,I like him.尽管他有种种缺点,我还是喜欢他。without:Man cannot live without water.没有水人就不能活。表示结果to:She tore the letter to pieces.她把信撕个粉碎。表示对于for:Sea air is good for health.海上的空气对健康有好处。to:To her it was all unusual.这一切对她都不平常。表示让步despite,in spite of,regardless of表示根据on,according to特别提醒:当时间名词前有:this,that,last,next,some,every等限定词时,通常不用任何介词。如:last Sunday,next week,every day,this morning等。易混介词辨析一、表示“时间”的介词1at,on,in介词意义例句at表示“在期间,在时刻,在岁时”at 6:00 oclock在6点钟;at daybreak在黎明;at noon在中午;at night在夜间;at Christmas在圣诞节期间;at the age of five在五岁时。on表示“在具体某一天或某天的上午、下午、晚上”on(the morning of)March 183月18日(早晨);on Sunday在周日;on Monday afternoon在周一下午。in表示“在某世纪、年、季度、月、周以及泛指的上午、下午、晚上”in the 20th century在20世纪;in 1999在1999年;in winter在冬季;in September在9月;in the morning/afternoon/evening在上午/下午/晚上。2.for,during,through,from,since介词意义例句for表示“长达(时间)”,后接时间段She has been ill for several days.她已经病了几天了。during表示“在期间”I went to France for two weeks during the summer.夏天我去了法国两个星期。through表示“一直,自始至终”They worked through the night.他们通宵工作。from表示“从起”,指时间的起点,多用于“from.to/till”结构You can come anytime from Monday to Friday.周一至周五你什么时间来都行。since表示“自从以来”(直到现在)We have known each other since ten years ago.我们十年前就认识了。特别提醒:for和since都常与完成时连用,但for后接时间段,since后接时间点。如for two hours两小时;since last week自上周以来。3.before,by,till/until介词意义及用法例句before“在之前”,与after相对Please come before ten oclock.请10点以前来。by“不迟于,到为止,在之前”。by后接过去的时间时,常与过去完成时连用;by后接将来的时间时,常与将来完成时连用We had learned over 1,000 words by the end of last term.到上学期期末为止,我们已经学了1000多个单词了。We will have learned 2,000 English words by the end of this term.到本学期结束之前,我们将学习2000个英语单词。till(until)“直到”。在肯定句中,till/until必须与延续性动词连用;在否定句中,till/until常与非延续性动词连用You must wait till tomorrow.你必须一直等到明天。I didnt go to bed until 12 oclock.直到12点我才上床睡觉。4.after,in,within介词意义及用法例句after“在之后”。用after时有两种情况:在过去时态中后接时间段;若后跟时间点,常用于将来时态。My sister came back from America after three years.三年后我姐姐从美国回来了。Tom will leave Beijing after two oclock this afternoon.今天下午两点以后,汤姆将离开北京。in“在之后”。用in时要具备两个条件:用于将来时;后接时间段。Ill come to see you again in a few days.过几天我还要来看你。within表示“在之内”。强调事情发生的全过程不超出某一段时间,没有时态的限制。I can finish it within an hour.我在一个小时之内就可以把它做完。二、表示“地点、方位”的介词1at,on,to,in介词用法例句at其后一般接小地方。接地名时,常将此地视为空间的一点Guangdong is on the southeast of Guangxi,Fujian lies to the south of Jiangsu and all of them are in China.广东在广西的东南方向,福建在江苏南边,它们都位于中国。on 表示两地接壤to表示两地不接壤in其后一般接大地方或表示在某个范围之内2. on,over,above介词用法例句on表示“在之上”,强调两个物体相接触,反义词是beneathThere is a glass on the table,a map of the world on the wall,and a clock above this map.桌子上有一只玻璃杯,墙上有一幅世界地图,这幅地图的上方有一个钟表。above仅表示位置高于某物,但不一定在正上方,反义词是belowover表示“在某物的正上方”,反义词是underThere was a lamp hanging over the desk.书桌上方吊着一盏灯。3.along,through,across介词用法例句along表示“沿着”某一路径行进I saw them running together along the road yesterday.昨天我看见他们沿着马路一起跑。through意为“穿过”,表示从内部空间通过hey walked across the square,and then through the dark forest.他们走过广场,然后穿过阴暗的森林。across表示“横穿”,强调从某一物体的表面通过三、besides;except;except for;apart from;but;other than;in addtion to的区别介词(短语)用法例句besides“除了之外(还有)”(including),除去的部分也包括在整体之内There are three more visitors besides me.除我之外,还有三位访客。介词(短语)用法例句except“除了之外”(not includig),表示在整体中除去一部分,除去的部分不包括在整体之内。后面可接反身代词、副词、介词短语或状语从句,也可接(省略to的)动词不定式、动名词、基数词,还可接that或wh从句You can take any of the cakes except this one.除了这块蛋糕外,你可以拿走这些蛋糕中的任何一块。except for“除了之外”,指的是总体上加以肯定,而细节处指出毛病、缺陷等The roads were empty except for a few cars.除了几辆小汽车之外,马路上空荡荡的。介词(短语)用法例句apart from具有多重意义,既可代替besides,也可代替except或except forApart from(Except for)the kitchen,the house is very nice.这所房子除了厨房外,哪儿都好。but“除去之外”(except),表示排除,多与不定代词等连用He works every day but Sunday.除星期天外,他每天都工作。介词(短语)用法例句other than“除了”,“除了之外”,相当于butThere is nobody here other than him.除了他之外这里没有人。in addition to“除以外还有”,相当于besidesHe speaks French in addtion to English.除了英语外,他也会说法语。特别提醒:1.用于否定句时,besides,except与but可相互替换。如:No other students passed the difficult maths exam except/besides/but Lin Tao and Wu Dong.除林涛、吴东外没有别的学生通过那么难的数学考试。2.except和but/other than都可接名词、代词、动名词、动词原形,可以互换;但except后接副词、介词短语、when从句等时,but/other than不可替换except。如:He has always been in high spirits except recently.除近来外,他总是精神饱满。(副词)The window is never opened except in summer.除夏季外,这扇窗户从不打开。(介词短语)He has always been busy except when it is Sunday.除星期日外,他总是很忙。(when从句)3.but,except后都可接that从句作宾语;but,except可以互换。如:I asked nothing from him but/except that he should write to me every other week.我只要求他每两周给我写一封信。四、介词习惯用法1because of,owing to,due to,on account of,thanks to表示原因这五个短语都有“由于,因为”的意思,都是介词短语,因此后面不可接从句。(1)because of意为“由于,因为”,强调因果关系,在句中仅作状语,修饰句中的一部分,与其他成分不用逗号隔开。(2)owing to与because of一样,也强调因果关系,作状语修饰整个句子,可放在句首或句末,用逗号隔开。They decided to postpone the trip,owing to the change of the weather.由于天气变化,他们决定延期启程。 (3)due to引出造成后果的原因,在句中作表语、状语和定语。作状语时与owing to同义,且一般不与其他成分隔开。不放于句首。The teams success was largely due to her efforts.该队的成功很大程度上是由于她的努力。 (4)on account of与because of,owing to同义,但语气较为正式。可作状语、表语,但不作定语。That was on account of lack of exercise.那是由于缺乏锻炼。(5)thanks to只能用作状语,可以表示正面意思“幸亏”,也可用于讽刺口吻中(近于讽刺口吻的“感谢”)。The play succeeded thanks to fine acting by all the cast.由于全体演员的出色表演,那出戏才获得成功。Thanks to the bad weather,the match had been cancelled.多亏这倒霉天气,挺好的比赛取消了。2of抽象名词形容词ofgreat/much抽象名词very形容词;ofno抽象名词not形容词。It is of great/much value.It is very valuable.它很有价值。The camel is of great help to the Arab.The camel is very helpful to the Arab.骆驼对阿拉伯人很有帮助。It is of no use.It is not useful.It is useless.它没用。He is twenty years of age.He is twenty years old.他二十岁。This matter is of much importance.This matter is very important.这件事非常重要。3to与情感名词连用,表示“某种行动后产生的感觉”这种表达法表示结果,用作状语,位置前、中、后皆可。这种表达法表示结果,用作状语,位置前、中、后皆可。为了强调,可在前面加为了强调,可在前面加much,意为,意为“使某人使某人的是的是”。Much to my surprise,he left without a word.使我非常吃惊的是,他没说一句话就离开了。使我非常吃惊的是,他没说一句话就离开了。4with的用法with在英语中用法较多,因此成为高考热点并不稀奇。其主要用法如下:(1)表示“和在一起”“由陪同”或“有在场”。You cannot see Mr Johnson at the moment,as he is with the manager.你此刻见不到约翰逊先生,因为他和经理在一起。 (2)表示两种事物之间的相应关系或齐头并进的意思。With time passing,they have grown into big boys and big girls.随着时间的流逝,他们都长成小伙子和大姑娘了。Temperatures vary with the time of the year.温度随着时令而变化。(3)表示“带有,带来,携带”等,表伴随。The waiter arrived with a cup of coffee.服务员端着一杯咖啡来了。 (4)引导一个表示方式状语的附加语。He looked at me with a frown.他皱着眉头看着我。It is very stuffy in the room,with all the windows closed.由于所有的窗户都关着,房间里非常闷。同样的用法有:with a sneer“嘲笑地”;with a sigh“唉声叹气地”;with a sob“抽噎地”;with a laugh“哈哈一笑,大笑着”。 (5)表示原因或理由。She was shivering with cold.她冻得发抖。The child trembled with fear.那个小孩吓得打哆嗦。5in名词Hes been in politics all his life.他一生从政。Her husband was in business.她丈夫是经商的。in high/poor/bad spirits“情绪高涨/低落”;in tears“热泪盈眶”;in fear“在恐惧中”;in danger“在危险中”;in peace“和平相处”;in safety“很安全”;in need“需要”;in good order“很整齐”;in silence“静静地”;in good health“身体好”;in a fever“在发烧”;in public“在公共场所”;in doubt“有疑问”;in print“在印刷”。有些结构可能带有冠词:in the course of在过程中in the act of正在做时6on名词Are you here on business or for pleasure?你是来办事还是来玩?The typist is away on holiday this week.打字员本周休假。The man on watch didnt notice the danger.值班的人没有注意到这危险。on hire受雇on holiday度假on guard在值勤on leave在休假on strike在罢工on sale出售on board乘飞机on earth究竟,到底on loan借贷on duty值班on foot步行有些结构可能带有冠词:on the march在行军on the watch注意,提防on the increase正在增加on the go十分活跃,非常忙碌on the air正在广播7at名词He was at dinner when I came.我来时他正在吃饭。She stayed at work when everybody else had gone home.别人都回家了,她却还在工作。at dawn“拂晓”;at daybreak“拂晓”;at sunset/sundown“日落时”;at noon“中午”;at dusk“黄昏”;at night“夜晚”;at home“在家”;at table“在用餐”;at school“在上学”;at college“在上大学”;at risk“有危险,冒风险”;at last“最后”;at rest“静止不动”。有些结构可能带有冠词或物主代词:at ones meals在吃饭at ones study在学习at the piano在弹钢琴at the desk在读书连词1如果句子包含两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构,就是并列句。并列句中的分句通常用一个并列连词来连接;有时也可不用连词,而用一个分号分开。根据分句之间的关系,并列句分为四类:关系连词典句示例并列and,not only.but also,neither.nor.,as well asTheir car broke down halfway and they had to stay in a small inn for the night.选择or,either.or.,otherwise,or elseEither you are mad,or I am.转折but,yet,however,while,whenMary is a nice girl,but she has one shortcoming.因果for,so,thus,thereforeSomeone is coming,for the dog is barking.2.从属连词状语从句时间连词after,as,before,once,since,till,until,when,while,as soon as,whenever,the moment,the first time地点连词where,wherever方式连词as,as if,as though原因连词considering(that),now(that),because,since,as,seeing that状语从句结果连词so that,so.that,such.that,in such a way that,with the result that目的连词so that,in order that,in case(that),lest(that),for fear that条件连词if,unless,as(so)long as,on condition(that),supposing(that),provided/providing(that)让步连词though,although,even if/even though,no matter.,however,whatever,while比较连词as,than,as.as.,not so.as,when,while1. when,while,as作连词的用法比较when当时候(既可指时间点,也可指时间段)Dont get excited when you talk.(正在)突然I was about to go out when it rained.既然,尽管,虽然(常放在句中)How can he get the promotion when his boss dislikes him?用在表示“一就”的句型中scarcely/hardly.when.Hardly had I entered my room when the telephone rang.while当时候(只指时间段)While we were talking,the teacher came in.然而,表示对比转折He is strong while his brother is weak.虽然,尽管(常放在句首)While I have sympathy for them,I think they went too far. as当时候当主句、从句动作同时进行,从句动作的时间概念淡化,而主要表示主句动作发生的背景或条件时,只能用as。这时,as常表示“随着;一边,一边”之意As years go by,China is getting stronger and richer.The little girls sang as they went.as尽管,虽然(引导让步状语从句,用倒装语序)Try as he might,Tom could not get out of the difficulties.引导方式状语从句或比较状语从句,作“正如/像”解As in your country,we grow wheat in the north and rice in the south.He doesnt speak English as/so fluently as you.引导原因状语从句,作“因为,由于”解,与because的用法相近I must stop writing now,as I have rather a lot of work to do.
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