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第二十二节 主谓一致在英语句子中，谓语受主语支配，由于单、复数的不同，谓语动词则表现出相应的变化，这种现象我们称之为“主谓一致”。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致。一、 语法一致原则语法一致就是指谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。1.一般主语为单数名词或代词时，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：Anna is a little girl.She likes singing songs.安娜是个小女孩。她喜欢唱歌。They are my friends.All of them come from Shanghai.他们是我的朋友。他们都来自上海。2.动词不定式(短语)或动词-ing 形式作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：To learn math well is not easy for me.对我来说学好数学不容易。Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.看太多电视对你的眼睛不好。3.and 或 both.and.连接名词、代词或并列结构作主语时，谓语动词通常要用复数形式。如：Lucy and Lily are twins.露西和莉莉是双胞胎。Both Dave and John enjoy thrillers. 戴夫和约翰都喜欢恐怖片。Reading and writing are very important.读写很重要。4.当主语后面跟有 with, together with, except, as well as 等词引导的短语时，谓语动词应与这些词前面的主语保持一致。如：The teacher together with some of his students is visiting thefactory.老师和他的一些学生正在一起参观工厂。Gina as well as her friends wants to go boating.吉娜和她的朋友们想去划船。5.some, any, every, no 等构成的不定代词以及代词 each 作主语时，谓语动词需用单数形式。如：Something is wrong with the bike.这辆自行车有点儿问题。Is everybody here today？今天所有人都在吗？Each of us has a new book.我们每个人都有一本新书。6.在定语从句中，关系代词 that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数保持一致。如：Sonia is one of my friends who are working hard.索尼亚是我的努力学习的朋友之一。Jenny is the only one of my friends who is working hard.珍妮是我的唯一一个努力学习的朋友。二、意义一致原则意义一致是指谓语动词和主语一致不是取决于主语的语法形式，而是由其意义决定。1.表示时间、重量、长度、货币等的复数名词作主语，谓语动词应用单数形式。这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。如：A thousand miles is a long distance.一千英里是一段很长的距离。Twenty years is a short time in ones life.二十年在人的一生中是一段短暂的时间。200 dollars is a big sum of money for the boy.对这个男孩来说两百美元是一大笔钱。2.某些集体名词(如 family, class, team, group 等)指整体时，谓语动词用单数形式；如果指集体中的个体成员时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：My family is a big one.我的家庭很大。His family were having dinner at that time. 他的家人那个时候正在吃晚餐。3.某些名词(如 people, police 等)形式上是单数，但意义上是复数，因此，谓语动词应用复数形式(people 指“民族”时例外)。如：All the people are working hard.所有人都努力工作。The police are running after the thief.警察正在追赶小偷。4.一些以-s 结尾的名词(如 maths, politics, physics 以及 news等)都属于形式上似复数，实际意义为单数的名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Physics is my favorite subject.物理是我最喜欢的科目。No news is good news.没有消息就是好消息。5.glasses, shoes, pants 等词作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式，但如果这些名词前有 this/that pair of, this/that kind of 等修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Where are my glasses？我的眼镜在哪里？My pants are out of style.我的裤子过时了。This pair of shoes looks cool.这双鞋子看起来很酷。6.“the形容词”(表示一类人)以及“the姓氏的复数形式”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：The rich are not always happy though they have a lot ofmoney.富人不总是快乐，尽管他们有很多钱。The Greens are enjoying their dinner now.格林一家现在正享受晚餐。7.such, the rest (of.)等在句中作主语时，应根据其所指代的名词的单、复数来决定谓语的单、复数形式。如：Such is our plan.这就是我们的计划。Such are his words.这些就是他的话。The rest of her money is still in the purse.她剩下的钱还在钱包里。The rest of the students go to play basketball outside. 剩下的学生到外面打篮球。8.代词 what, which, who, some, any, more, most, all 等作主语时，谓语的单、复数由这些代词所指代的名词的单、复数而定。如：Which is your book？哪本是你的书？Which are your books？哪些是你的书？9.“the number of复数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；“a number of复数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：The number of the students in my class is 45.我班里的学生数是四十五。A number of visitors come to the Great Wall every day.每天有许多游客来到长城。10.“分数或百分数名词”结构作主语时，如果名词是单数形式，谓语动词就用单数形式；如果名词是复数形式，谓语动词就用复数形式。如：About three-fourths of paper is made of grass. 大约四分之三的纸是草做的。One fifth of the books are worth reading. 五分之一的书值得读。70% of the earths surface is covered with water. 地球表面的70%被水覆盖。85% of the smokers are male.85%的吸烟者是男性。11.从句作主语时，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但从句若表示的是复数意义，主句的谓语动词就用复数形式。如：What he said is right.他说的是对的。What I bought yesterday were some books. 我昨天买的是一些书。12.population 作主语，当指“人口数”时，谓语动词用单数形式；当指某一地区“居民”时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：What is the population of China？中国的人口是多少？The population of the city all like him.这个城市的居民都喜欢他。三、就近一致原则就近一致指的是谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。1.not only.but also., neither.nor.和 not.but.分别连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词的数应当与 but also, nor 和 but 后面的主语在人称和数上保持一致。如：Not only the students but also their teacher is in the classroom.学生和老师都在教室里。Neither she nor they have made such mistakes.既不是她也不是他们犯了这些错。2.or 或 either.or.连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词应当与or 后面的主语在数上保持一致。如：They or she is going to look after the sick man.他们或者她将去照顾病人。Either Jim or his brothers have traveled round China. 要么吉姆要么他的兄弟们周游过中国。3.在 there be 结构中，be 动词的数一般应与其相邻近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。如：There is a teacher and two students in the office. 有一个老师和两个学生在办公室。There are some books and a pen on the desk.桌上有一些书和一支笔。一、并列连词 and 连接并列主语的几种情况1.两个或多个单数名词、不可数名词或代词并列共同作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：Tom and Jim are going to Beijing tomorrow.汤姆和吉姆明天将要去北京。2.当 and 连接的两个名词指同一人或物(即 and 后无冠词)时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：The worker and writer is coming tomorrow.那位工人兼作家明天将要过来。3.当 and 连接的两个单数名词前都有 every, each 或 no 修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Each boy and each girl is going to take part in the sportsmeeting next week.每个男孩和每个女孩下周都要参加运动会。【例 1】The teacher and singer _ to visit our school.B.are comingD.comingA.is comingC.have come【答案】A谓语动词用单数形式谓语动词用复数形式 遵循就近原则either ofboth ofeither.or.neither ofboth.and.neither.nor.二、either of, neither of, both of, neither.nor., either.or.,both.and.连接主语时，谓语动词的单、复数形式【例 2】(1)Neither you nor I _ a student.A.isB.areC.amD.were(2)Both of my parents _ teachers.A.isB.areC.amD.was【答案】【答案】(1)C (2)B三、“a number of/a few/many名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of/a little/much名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。【例 3】The number of people invited _ fifty，but anumber of them _ absent for different reasons.B.was; wasD.were; wereA.were; wasC.was; were【答案】【答案】C四、“one of名词复数单数谓语动词”表示“其中之一”，谓语动词用单数形式。【例 4】One of the women _ from America.B.areD.beingA.isC.has【答案】【答案】A五、“so助动词/be 动词/情态动词主语”与“so主语助动词/be 动词/情态动词”结构在倒装句中，“so助动词/be 动词/情态动词主语”表示“某人(物)也是这样”；“so主语助动词/be 动词/情态动词”表示“某人(物)确实如此”，是对第一句话的进一步肯定，前后两句的主语是同一个人(物)。如：Tom is an American.汤姆是一个美国人。So he is.的确如此。【例 5】(1)I liked to play basketball when I was young._.A.So he wasC.So did heB.So was heD.So he did(2)I hear Mary is going abroad next year._.B.So she isD.So she willA.So is sheC.So will she【答案【答案】(1)C (2)B
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