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高中语法综合高中语法综合复习全解复习全解objectiveTo learn to use the modal verbs correctly【2011北京卷北京卷,32】Bob has gone to California.Oh, can you tell me when he ?A. has left B. left C. is leaving D. would leave【解析解析】句意为句意为“Bob已经去了加利福已经去了加利福尼亚。尼亚。噢,你能告诉我他什么时候离开噢,你能告诉我他什么时候离开的?的?”Bob has gone to California,去的动,去的动作已经发生过,说明他离开的动作发生在过作已经发生过,说明他离开的动作发生在过去,因此使用一般过去时。选去,因此使用一般过去时。选B。【2011天津卷天津卷,3】In the last few years thousands of films all over the world.A.have produced B. have been produced C. are producing D. are being produced【解析解析】句意为句意为“在过去的几年时间里,在过去的几年时间里,全世界制作了成千上万部电影。全世界制作了成千上万部电影。”in the last few years在过去的几年时间里,其实在过去的几年时间里,其实是从过去算到现在,是现在完成时的标志。是从过去算到现在,是现在完成时的标志。选选B 【2011天津卷天津卷,4】On her next birthday, Ann married for twenty years.A.is B.has been C.will be D.will have been【解析解析】句意为句意为“等到下次生日的时候,等到下次生日的时候,Ann结婚有二十年了。结婚有二十年了。”her next birthday是将来的时间,是将来的时间,for twenty years是个时间段。将来完成时表示持续到将是个时间段。将来完成时表示持续到将来某时的动作或状态,故选来某时的动作或状态,故选D。【2011重庆卷重庆卷,21】That piece of music sounds quite familiar. Who the piano upstairs?A. has played B. played C. plays D. is playing【解析解析】句意为句意为“那首乐曲听起来相当熟那首乐曲听起来相当熟悉。是谁在楼上弹钢琴?悉。是谁在楼上弹钢琴?”在听的过程中在听的过程中才发出谁在弹钢琴的疑问,才发出谁在弹钢琴的疑问,sound用的是用的是现在时,交代的时间是现在,故选现在时,交代的时间是现在,故选D。10全国全国Linda make sure the table _before the guests arriveA. be set B. set C. are set D. are setting解析解析Set a table摆放桌子摆放桌子, tables为主为主语语, 故用被动结构。故用被动结构。make sure后一般接宾后一般接宾语从句。语从句。时态和语态的主要考点时态和语态的主要考点1、考查在语境中判断动词时态的运用能力。、考查在语境中判断动词时态的运用能力。常考的时态为:一般现在、一般过去、一般常考的时态为:一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、现在进行、过去进行、现在完成、过将来、现在进行、过去进行、现在完成、过去完成、现在完成进行、过去将来等。去完成、现在完成进行、过去将来等。2、时间、条件、让步等状语从句中动词的时、时间、条件、让步等状语从句中动词的时态;主从句时态呼应问题。态;主从句时态呼应问题。3、持续性动词和终止性动词的用法区别。、持续性动词和终止性动词的用法区别。4、及物动词的被动语态。、及物动词的被动语态。6、某些以主动形式表被动意义的动词的用法。、某些以主动形式表被动意义的动词的用法。The present simple tense 一般现在时一般现在时(1) 一般现在时的句型结构一般现在时的句型结构 肯定句肯定句: 主语主语+am/is/are+表语表语 主语主语+实义动词实义动词(+其它其它) 否定句否定句: 主语主语+am/is/are +not+表语表语 主语主语+dont (doesnt)+实义实义 动词原形动词原形(+其它其它) 疑问句疑问句: Am/Is/Are+主语主语+表语表语 Do (Does)+主语主语+实义动词实义动词原形原形(+其它其它) (2)一般现在时的用法一般现在时的用法 1) 表示不随时间的变化而变化的事实、表示不随时间的变化而变化的事实、真理、格言、警句等。真理、格言、警句等。 The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。地球绕着太阳转。 Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。熟能生巧。 Tomorrow is Monday. 明天星期一。明天星期一。2) 表示目前表示目前, 现在经常发生的动作现在经常发生的动作, 习惯习惯, 或存在的状态。常与下列表示次数的或存在的状态。常与下列表示次数的频率副词连用频率副词连用: OFTEN, USUALLY, ALWAYS, SOMETIMES, SELDOM, EVERY DAY (WEEK, YEAR, NIGHT), ONCE A WEEK等。等。 Class begins at eight every morning. 每天早晨八点钟开始上课。每天早晨八点钟开始上课。 He always works at night. 他经常在晚上工作。他经常在晚上工作。3) 表示表示“预定预定”或是或是“安排好安排好”要发生要发生的的, 不会轻易改变的未来动作不会轻易改变的未来动作, 事情。事情。常用于此类用法的动词有常用于此类用法的动词有COME, GO, MOVE, STOP, LEAVE, ARRIVE, BE, FINISH, CONTINUE, START, BEGIN等。等。 The plane arrives at 8 oclock. 飞机八点到。飞机八点到。 School begins on September 5. 九月五日开学。九月五日开学。4) 用于戏剧、电影等的剧本解说用于戏剧、电影等的剧本解说, 体体育比赛及其他活动现场解说或图片育比赛及其他活动现场解说或图片的说明等。的说明等。 He passes the ball to John. 他把球传给约翰。他把球传给约翰。 There are five people in the picture. 在这幅画中有五个人。在这幅画中有五个人。 We will have an exam when we finish the textbook. 我们学完课本后将会进行一次测试。我们学完课本后将会进行一次测试。 I will tell him that as soon as I see him. 我一见到他就会告诉他那件事。我一见到他就会告诉他那件事。 We have to wait here before he comes. 在他回来前,我们不得不等。在他回来前,我们不得不等。5) 在表时间和条件的状语从句中在表时间和条件的状语从句中, 用一般现在时用一般现在时代替将来时。代替将来时。 常见引导时间状语从句的词汇有常见引导时间状语从句的词汇有: when, while, whenever, before, after, till, until, by the time, as soon as. 常见引导条件状语从句的词汇有常见引导条件状语从句的词汇有: if, unless, as long as, so long as, in case (that), provided (that). 1. I _ all the cooking for my family, but recently Ive been too busy to do it. (2010 辽宁辽宁) A. will do B. do C. am doing D. had done 2. Planing so far ahead no senseso many things will have changed by next year.(2011 全国全国) A.made B.is making C.makes D.has madeThe present continuous tense 现在进行时现在进行时 (1) 现在进行时的基本结构现在进行时的基本结构 肯定句肯定句: 主语主语+am/is/are+现在分词现在分词 否定句否定句: 主语主语+am/is/are+not+现在现在 分词分词 疑问句疑问句: Am/Is/Are+主语主语+现在分词现在分词 (2) 现在进行时的用法现在进行时的用法1) 表示说话时正在进行的表示说话时正在进行的, 目前正在发目前正在发生的动作。此种用法时生的动作。此种用法时, 常带有表示常带有表示目前时刻的时间副词目前时刻的时间副词, 如如: now, at the (very) moment, for the time being, at present, 及及Look! Listen!等词汇。等词汇。 Look! The big bird is flying away. 看看, 那只大鸟正在飞走。那只大鸟正在飞走。 He is watching a movie now. 他现在正在看电影他现在正在看电影。 2) 表示目前一段时间内正在进行表示目前一段时间内正在进行, 但但说话时可能没有进行的动作。说话时可能没有进行的动作。 Right now I am studying Chinese by distance learning. 我现在正通过远程教育学习汉语。我现在正通过远程教育学习汉语。3) 与与always, constantly, forever, all the time等副词连用等副词连用, 表示动作反复或习表示动作反复或习 惯。此时句子常含有说话者的强烈惯。此时句子常含有说话者的强烈 情感在内。表达较强的情感在内。表达较强的“责备责备”或或“表表 扬扬”之意。之意。 You are always changing your mind. 你总是主意不定。你总是主意不定。(太烦人了。太烦人了。) He is always helping others. 他总是帮助别人。他总是帮助别人。(他真是个好人。他真是个好人。) 4) see, return, leave, start, visit, go, come, fly, stay等动词可以用进行时等动词可以用进行时表将来。表将来。 He is leaving on Wednesday. 他将于周三离开。他将于周三离开。 They are going to Canada next week. 他们将下周去加拿大。他们将下周去加拿大。1. I hear you in a pub. whats it like?Well, its very hard work and Im always tired, but I dont mind. (2011 江江苏苏)A.are working B.will work C.were working D.will be working2. That piece of music sounds quite familiar. Who the piano upstairs? (2011 重庆重庆)A. has played B. played C. plays D. is playing2. John, what in your hand? Look! Its a birthday gift for my grandma. (2011 湖南湖南)A had you held B are you holding C do you hold D will you hold3. Ill go to the library as soon as I finish what I . (2011 辽宁辽宁)A. was doing B. am doing C. have done D. had been doing4. Teenagers_their health because they play computer games too much. (2008 重庆重庆)A.have damagedB.are damagingC.damaged D.will damage5. Have you got any job offers?No.I_. (2008 辽宁辽宁)A.waited B.had been waitingC.have waited D.am waitingThe present perfect tense现在完成时现在完成时(一一) 现在完成时的基本用法:现在完成时的基本用法:1. 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。 I have finished my work. We have set up many new factories.2. 动作发生在过去动作发生在过去, 强调对现在的结果、强调对现在的结果、 影响等。影响等。 Have you ever seen the film “Harry Potter”? Ive spent 3 years in the countryside. 3. 表示动作发生在过去表示动作发生在过去, 并且一直持续并且一直持续到现在到现在, 甚至还可能继续下去甚至还可能继续下去, 句中句中使用持续性动词使用持续性动词, 且常有表示一段时且常有表示一段时间的时间状语。间的时间状语。We havent seen each other for ten years.Ive been an English teacher for about 20 years.4. 现在完成时可以用在条件或时间状语现在完成时可以用在条件或时间状语从句中从句中, 表示将来某个时刻之前已经表示将来某个时刻之前已经完成的动作。完成的动作。 Ill go home as soon as I have finished my homework. Please lend me that book if you have finished reading it. (二二) 使用现在完成时的句型使用现在完成时的句型1) 现在完成时现在完成时 + since + 点时间状语点时间状语(名词、短语、名词、短语、从句,其中从句用一般过去时从句,其中从句用一般过去时)2) 现在完成时现在完成时 + for + 段时间状语段时间状语 3) It / This is the first / 其他序数词其他序数词 / last time + that 从句中,从句使用现在完成时。从句中,从句使用现在完成时。1) Mary has been ill since three days ago. 2) Mary has been ill for three days. 3) It is the first time that I have visited the city.This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 注意注意: 在下面的句子中在下面的句子中, 主句的谓主句的谓语动词常用一般现在时:语动词常用一般现在时:It is three years since I began to work on the farm.现在完成时表示某一已经完成的动作对现在造成的结果或影响,强现在完成时表示某一已经完成的动作对现在造成的结果或影响,强调的是现在的情况,所以不能与表示过去的时间状语连用;一般过调的是现在的情况,所以不能与表示过去的时间状语连用;一般过去时只表示某一动作或状态在过去发生或存在过,去时只表示某一动作或状态在过去发生或存在过, 与现在不发生联与现在不发生联系,它可以与表示过去的时间状语连用。系,它可以与表示过去的时间状语连用。( (三三) )现在完成时与一般过去时的区别现在完成时与一般过去时的区别: :He has read that book. (说明他现在知道那本书的内容。说明他现在知道那本书的内容。)He read that book last year. (只说明他去年读过那本书。只说明他去年读过那本书。 )He has gone to America. (他现在不在此地,他现在不在此地, 在美国。在美国。)He went to America. (只说明他去过美国。只说明他去过美国。)1. Tom in the library every night over the last three months.(2011 北北京京)A.works B. worked C. has been working D. had been working2. I didnt ask for the name list. Why _on my desk? I put it there just now in case you needed it. (2011 安徽安徽)A. does it landB. has it landed C. will it land D. had it landed3. His first novel good reviews since it came out last month. (2011 陕西陕西)A.receives B.is receiving C.will receive D.has received4. It is the most instructive lecture that I _ since I came to this school. (2011 湖南湖南)A. attended B. had attended C. am attending D. have attended5. When you are home , give a call to let me know you _ safely. (2010 全全国国)A. are arriving B. have arrived C. had arrived D. will arriveThe present perfect continuous tense现在完成进行时现在完成进行时(一一) 现在完成进行时的谓语动词构成:现在完成进行时的谓语动词构成: I / we / you / they have been doing sth.he/ she / it has been doing sth. (二二) 现在完成进行时的基本用法:现在完成进行时的基本用法:The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.中国有中国有2000年的造纸历史。(动作还年的造纸历史。(动作还将继续下去)将继续下去)1. 表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现 在的动作,并且还将持续下去。在的动作,并且还将持续下去。They have been living in this city for ten years.They have lived in this city for ten years.他们在这个城市已经住了他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。年了。2. 表示在说话时刻之前刚刚结束的动作。表示在说话时刻之前刚刚结束的动作。We have been waiting for you for half an hour.我们已经等你半个钟头了。(动作不我们已经等你半个钟头了。(动作不再继续下去)再继续下去)3. 有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于 现在完成时的句子。现在完成时的句子。I have been writing a book. 我一直在写一本书。我一直在写一本书。(动作还将继续下去)(动作还将继续下去)I have written a book. 我已经写了一本书。我已经写了一本书。(动作已经完成)(动作已经完成)4. 大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等 同于现在完成时的句子。同于现在完成时的句子。I have known him for years.我认识他已经好几年了。我认识他已经好几年了。5. 表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成 进行时。进行时。这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有:词还有:love爱,爱,like喜欢,喜欢,hate讨厌,等。讨厌,等。1. Tom in the library every night over the last three months. (2011 北京北京)A.works B. worked C. has been working D. had been workingPast tensesThe simple past tenseThe past continuous tense过去完成时过去完成时The past perfect tense一般过去时一般过去时过去进行时过去进行时1. 一般过去时一般过去时主要用来表示在特定过主要用来表示在特定过 去时间中一次完成的动作或一度存去时间中一次完成的动作或一度存在的状态。在的状态。如如: We visited the factory last Friday. 一般过去时一般过去时常用的状语有常用的状语有yesterday, last night, two days ago, at that time或或since从句等。从句等。Past tenses注意:注意: 1) 一般过去时一般过去时所表示的动作或状态都已所表示的动作或状态都已 成为过去,现已不复存在。成为过去,现已不复存在。 He lived in Shanghai but now he lives in Beijing. (现已不在上海了现已不在上海了) He has lived in Shanghai for 2 years. (可能还在上海可能还在上海)2) 一般过去时一般过去时还可用于虚拟语气还可用于虚拟语气 中的非真实的动作或状态,常用于中的非真实的动作或状态,常用于 特定句型中表示现在和将来时间。特定句型中表示现在和将来时间。 Its time you had a holiday. I wish you lived closer to us.If only he didnt drive so fast! If I had the money, Id buy a car. - Can I smoke here? - Id rather you didnt.1. 我昨天在街上遇到了我昨天在街上遇到了Tom。 2. 他过去常常乘公共汽车上班。他过去常常乘公共汽车上班。3. 他进来,坐下来,拿出了一本书。他进来,坐下来,拿出了一本书。4. 他说如果他得到了消息会让我知道。他说如果他得到了消息会让我知道。1. I met Tom in the street yesterday.2. He used to go to work by bus.3. He came in, sat down and took out a book.4. He said he would let me know if he got any news.2. 过去进行时过去进行时主要表示过去某时正进主要表示过去某时正进 行的动作。行的动作。 What were you doing yesterday at seven p.m.?注意:注意: 1) 过去进行时过去进行时也可与也可与always; constantly; continually; for ever; all the time等状语连用表示感情等状语连用表示感情 色彩。色彩。 He was making trouble all the time. 2) 过去进行时过去进行时在一定上下文中也在一定上下文中也 可表示按照计划安排即将发生的过可表示按照计划安排即将发生的过 去将来时态。去将来时态。 The summer vacation was drawing near, but nobody knew where they were going for the holiday. 3) 过去进行时与一般过去时的用法比过去进行时与一般过去时的用法比 较:较:a: I was reading a novel yesterday. (未读完未读完) I read a novel yesterday. (已读完已读完) b: He was working all through the night. (过去进行时侧重动作的持续时间过去进行时侧重动作的持续时间)1. 火灾爆发时,他们正在开会。火灾爆发时,他们正在开会。2. 我第一次见到他是在他在伦敦学习时。我第一次见到他是在他在伦敦学习时。3. 他过去总是惹事。他过去总是惹事。4. 他说下个月来看你。他说下个月来看你。1. They were having a meeting when the fire broke out.2. When he was studying in London, I met him for the first time.3. He was always making trouble in the past.4. He said that he was coming to see you the next month.3. 过去完成时过去完成时主要用于表示:主要用于表示: 1) 完成用法:过去某一时刻或某一完成用法:过去某一时刻或某一 事件前完成的动作或状态。事件前完成的动作或状态。I had written the article when they came.By December last year, he had worked in Beijing for five years.2) 未完成用法:过去某一时刻或某一未完成用法:过去某一时刻或某一 事件前已经开始,一直延续到这一事件前已经开始,一直延续到这一 过去时间,而且到那时还未结束,过去时间,而且到那时还未结束, 仍有继续下去的可能性。仍有继续下去的可能性。1. 当我到车站时,火车已经离开了。当我到车站时,火车已经离开了。2. 他告诉我他从未去过北京。他告诉我他从未去过北京。3. 到上个学期结束的时候,我们已经学到上个学期结束的时候,我们已经学习了习了2000个单词。个单词。 4. 他睡觉以前,已经连续工作了他睡觉以前,已经连续工作了12个小个小时。时。1. When I arrived at the station, the train had left.2. He told me he had never been to Beijing.3. We had learned 2000 words by the end of last term.4. Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.1. 一般将来时一般将来时主要用于表示某个时刻主要用于表示某个时刻 或某段时间内将要发生的动作或状或某段时间内将要发生的动作或状态态, 更多的用于带有条件分句的主句更多的用于带有条件分句的主句中。中。 He will come back next week. Ill ask her as soon as she comes. Future tenses注意注意:1) 在主句中用一般现在时表示在主句中用一般现在时表示一般将来时的用法:一般将来时的用法:在表示车、船、飞机等按照固定的时刻在表示车、船、飞机等按照固定的时刻表进出站、港时,尤其是特别描述某一表进出站、港时,尤其是特别描述某一车次、轮次和航班的进出时间时,可用车次、轮次和航班的进出时间时,可用此用法,句中的谓语动词常为此用法,句中的谓语动词常为leave, start, go等等。The next train leaves at seven oclock. 2) 在从句中用一般现在时表示一般将在从句中用一般现在时表示一般将来时的用法:在以来时的用法:在以after, when, while, as, before, once, as soon as, if, unless 等引导的状语从句中多用此用法。等引导的状语从句中多用此用法。Ill call you back as soon as I arrive in Paris.1. 你长大后打算做什么?你长大后打算做什么?2. 他明年他明年30岁。岁。3. 我正打算外出,天开始下雨了。我正打算外出,天开始下雨了。4. 我应该先读哪一段?我应该先读哪一段? 5. 你今晚你今晚7点在家吗?点在家吗?1. What are you going to do when you grow up?2. He will be thirty years old next year.3. I am about to go out when it to rain. 4. Which paragraph shall I read first?5. Will you be at home at seven this evening?2. 将来进行时将来进行时 1) 用于表示将来某一时刻或时段里用于表示将来某一时刻或时段里 正在进行的动作正在进行的动作。 What will you be doing this time tomorrow morning? 2) 这种结构通常带有这种结构通常带有“自然要发生自然要发生”的的 含义。含义。 You can use my bike. I wont be needing it tomorrow.1. 他们说不久将来看望我们。他们说不久将来看望我们。2. 他们说他们下周打算去野餐。他们说他们下周打算去野餐。3. 我们正要打电话给你,你来了。我们正要打电话给你,你来了。1. They said they would drop in on us before long.2. They said they were going to have a picnic next week.3. We were on the point of calling you when you came. 被动语态由被动语态由be+过去分词构成,过去分词构成,be随时随时态的变化而变化。以态的变化而变化。以give为例,各种时为例,各种时态的被动语态形式为:态的被动语态形式为:一般现在时:一般现在时:am/is/are + given 【例句例句】The first section of New College English is designed for speaking practiceand is based on pictures and topics.被动语态的构成被动语态的构成一般过去时:一般过去时:was/were + given【例句例句】These computers were made in our own country.一般将来时:一般将来时:will/shall be + given【例句例句】Shall we be asked to attend the opening ceremony?Sir Denis, who is 78, has made itknown that much of his collection _ tothe nation. (CET-4 1996) A. has left B. is to leaveC. leaves D. is to be left本句意思为:本句意思为:78岁的岁的Denis先生声明他将先生声明他将把他的大多数收藏品留给国家。所以把他的大多数收藏品留给国家。所以leave应用一般将来时的被动形式。一般应用一般将来时的被动形式。一般将来时可以用来将来时可以用来be to do来表达,因此答来表达,因此答案为案为D。过去将来时:过去将来时:would be + given【例句例句】The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.现在进行时:现在进行时:am/is/are being + given【例句例句】Trees are being planted over there by them. 过去进行时:过去进行时:was/were being + given【例句例句】The feast was being prepared when the birds arrived in the sky.现在完成时:现在完成时:have/has been + given【例句例句】Swift progress has also been made in culture and education.过去完成时:过去完成时:had been + given【例句例句】 The huge bridge had been damaged before the World War II.将来完成时:将来完成时:will/shall have been + given【例句例句】The book will have been published by the end of next month.含有情态动词的动词变成被动语态:情含有情态动词的动词变成被动语态:情态动词态动词 + be + 过去分词过去分词This problem can be solved. 这问题可解决。这问题可解决。Whats done cannot be undone. 覆水难收。覆水难收。1. 有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被有些动词可以有两个宾语,在用于被动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾动结构时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一宾语仍然保留在谓语语变为主语,另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语(指人指人的宾语)。的宾语)。一些特殊的被动语态一些特殊的被动语态They didnt offer Ann the job. Ann wasnt offered the job. 2. 在使役动词在使役动词have, make, get以及感官以及感官动词动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时,等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式在主动结构中不定式to要省略,但变为要省略,但变为被动结构时,要加被动结构时,要加 to。They make her clean the floor. She is made to clean the floor by them.3. It + be + 过去分词过去分词 + that从句从句 (=主语主语+ be + 过去分词过去分词 + to do sth.)表示:据说表示:据说/据报道据报道/据悉据悉/据信等据信等 据说这个男孩已经通过了这次全国据说这个男孩已经通过了这次全国性的测试。性的测试。It is said that the boy has passed thenational exam. The boy is said to have passed thenational exam.但:但:It _ that there was a car over there. A. so happened B. so happens C. is so happened D. was so happened 答案:答案:A. happen是不及物动词,是不及物动词,无被动语态。无被动语态。4. be supposed to suppose vt. 推想推想; 假设假设; 猜想猜想 supposed adj. 假定的假定的; 推测的推测的; 意图的意图的(1) 据说据说 (=be said to) 如:如:Lets go and see that film. Its supposed to be very good.我们一起去看那电影好吗我们一起去看那电影好吗? 人们都说它人们都说它不错。不错。(2) 计划、安排计划、安排Id better hurry. Its nearly 8 oclock. Im supposed to be meeting Tom at 8:15.(3) be not supposed to 不允许不允许You are not supposed to park here.这儿不允许停车。这儿不允许停车。1. 某些感官动词加形容词及少数其他的某些感官动词加形容词及少数其他的动词可以表示被动意义。动词可以表示被动意义。cook, smell, taste, wash, write, shut, prove, sell, read, write1. The dish tastes delicious. 2. The theory proved right at last.3. The book is so interesting that it sells well. 不可以变成被动语态的情况不可以变成被动语态的情况The book is so interesting that it sells well. “sells”此处为不及物动词此处为不及物动词“销售起来销售起来; 有销有销路路”的意思;作及物动词为的意思;作及物动词为“卖卖; 出售出售”This kind of cloth washes well. (耐洗耐洗) 2. need + V- ing 表示表示“主语承受动词主语承受动词发出的动作发出的动作”,表示被动意义。,表示被动意义。我的车需要修理。我的车需要修理。My car needs repairing. (= to be repaired). beg, equal, fail, hold, possess, fit,become, contain, cost, have, lack, resemble (相似相似), suit等。等。This new English-Chinese dictionarycost me ten dollars.3. 某些表示状态或者特征的及物动词某些表示状态或者特征的及物动词没有被动语态形式。这类动词常见的有:没有被动语态形式。这类动词常见的有:战争爆发了。战争爆发了。The war broke out.但不能说:但不能说:The war was broke out.4. 通常只有及物动词(组)才有被动通常只有及物动词(组)才有被动语态,不及物动词没有。语态,不及物动词没有。 “be + 过去分词过去分词”这个结构并不都是这个结构并不都是被动语态,也可能是系表结构。被动语被动语态,也可能是系表结构。被动语态与系表结构主要区别是态与系表结构主要区别是:被动结构表被动结构表示一个动作,而系表结构表示主语的特示一个动作,而系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态,点或所处的状态,试比较下面的句子:试比较下面的句子:被动结构与系表结构的区别被动结构与系表结构的区别The enemy was soon surrounded by us.The house is surrounded by trees.She was bitten by the dog in the darkness. I was excited by the news that my husbandgot promoted.被动结构被动结构系表结构系表结构被动结构被动结构 系表结构系表结构不定式的被动语态不定式的被动语态不定式语法不定式语法 不定式的时态和语态不定式的时态和语态不定式有时态和语态的变化,时态共不定式有时态和语态的变化,时态共四种,即四种,即一般式、完成式、进行式和一般式、完成式、进行式和完成进行式完成进行式。语态分为主动语态和被。语态分为主动语态和被动语态,如下表所示。动语态,如下表所示。不定式被动式讲与不定式被动式讲与练练语态语态 时态时态主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般式一般式 to do to be done完成式完成式 to have done to have been done进行式进行式 to be doing/完成进行式完成进行式 to have been doing/当动词不定式的逻辑主语是动词当动词不定式的逻辑主语是动词不定式所表示的动作的执行者时不定式所表示的动作的执行者时用主动语态;当动词不定式的逻用主动语态;当动词不定式的逻辑主语是动词不定式所表示的动辑主语是动词不定式所表示的动作的承受者时用被动语态。进行作的承受者时用被动语态。进行式和完成进行式没有被动语态。式和完成进行式没有被动语态。1 现在时现在时:一般现在时表示的动词,:一般现在时表示的动词, 有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时 发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动 作之后。作之后。 He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. = I hope that Ill see you again. 2 完成时完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动:表示的动作发生在谓语动 词表示的动作之前。词表示的动作之前。 Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. He seems to have caught a cold. 3 进行时进行时:强调动作已在延续或动作:强调动作已在延续或动作 正在进行。正在进行。 They seem to be getting along well with their new jobs. He seems to be eating something.4 完成进行时完成进行时:表示动作是在谓语动:表示动作是在谓语动 词所表示的动作之前就一直在进行。词所表示的动作之前就一直在进行。 They are said to have been collecting stamps for over twenty years. He appears to have been waiting a long time. 不定式的被动形式有下列用法不定式的被动形式有下列用法: :(1) 作主语作主语It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.(2) 作宾语作宾语She asked to be sent to work in Xinjiang.一、当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所一、当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要采用被动形式。要采用被动形式。(3) 构成复合宾语构成复合宾语He wanted the letter to be typed at once.She didnt like herself to be praised like that.(4) 构成复合谓语构成复合谓语The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room.(5) 作定语作定语Are you going to the meeting to be heldin the teachers office?(6) 作状语作状语She was too young to be assigned suchwork.二、不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动二、不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式,在句中作主语、宾语、定语,或者式,在句中作主语、宾语、定语,或者构成复合宾语、复合谓语等,构成复合宾语、复合谓语等,It is a good thing for him to have beencriticized. She preferred to have been given heavier work to do.(主语主语) (宾语宾语)v-ing形式的形式的被动语态被动语态V-ing形式由形式由 “do + ing” 构成,其否定构成,其否定形式是形式是 “not doing”,V-ing可以带宾可以带宾语或状语构成语或状语构成V-ing 短语,没有人称短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。V-ingV-ing形式形式语态语态时态时态 主动形式主动形式 被动形式被动形式一般式一般式完成式完成式(not) doing(not) being done(not)having done(not) havingbeen done当非限定性动词当非限定性动词-ing的逻辑主语的逻辑主语是是-ing所表示的动作对象时要用所表示的动作对象时要用-ing的被动形式,包括其一般形式的被动形式,包括其一般形式“(not) being + -ed分词和完成形式分词和完成形式“(not) having been + -ed分词分词”。什么情况用什么情况用V-ingV-ing形式的被动式呢?形式的被动式呢? 当动词当动词-ing形式的逻辑主语是动作形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时,就要用动词的承受者时,就要用动词-ing形式的被形式的被动语态。动语态。 动词动词-ing形式的被动语态和它的主形式的被动语态和它的主动语态一样,在句中可以作主语、宾语、动语态一样,在句中可以作主语、宾语、定语、状语。定语、状语。动词动词-ing-ing形式的被动语态形式的被动语态1. Being killed by sharks in the sea is a common thing.用作主语用作主语1. He was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.2. I remember having been told the story. 用作宾语用作宾语V-ing形式既可作动词的宾语形式既可作动词的宾语, 也可作也可作介词的宾语。介词的宾语。 The bird escaped _ (catch). He was afraid of _ (abandon) by us.being abandonedbeing caught 在在avoid, admit, appreciate, complete, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forgive, imagine, mind, miss, practise, risk, suggest, give up, put off, feel like, insist on等后接等后接V-ing形式作宾语。形式作宾语。注意注意1.The problem being discussed now is very important.2. The house being built will be our library upon its completion. 用作定语用作定语1. Being asked to answer the question, she couldnt refuse.2. Having been given such a good chance, how
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