外文翻译-湿式清扫车清扫机构的设计

密 级分类号编 号成 绩本科生毕业设计 (论文)外文翻译原 文 标 题The construction and function of thenozzle nozzlennnozzle nozzle译 文 标 题吸嘴的构造及功能作者所在系别机电工程学院作者所在专业车辆工程作者所在班级作 者 姓 名作 者 学 号指导教师姓名指导教师职称讲师完 成 时 间2017年3月北华航天工业学院教务处制译文标题吸嘴的构造及功能原文标题The construction and function of the nozzle 作 者Fritz Klocke,Christian Brecher译 名弗里茨、克里斯蒂安国 籍德国原文出处ScienceDirect吸嘴是扫路车的一个重要工作装置，它是把前方扫刷扫进车辆中部的垃圾由地面输送到垃圾箱体内的一种垃圾导向输送装置。吸嘴结构、性能的好坏直接影响到整车吸尘的效果。传统吸嘴的结构已越来越不适应现在的道路条件，使用时间一长，就暴露出许多缺陷。为提高扫路车清扫能力，改进吸嘴结构已迫在眉睫。首先，分析一下扫路车吸嘴的结构原理。它是由四面金属板围成，呈扁平状，与地面围成具有一定容积的腔体。顶部开口通过橡胶吸管与箱体相通，同箱体形成一个密闭仓体，前面为垃圾吸人口。整个吸嘴体由左右侧及后部的橡胶滚轮支撑，调节滚轮机构使吸嘴底边离地面间隙约为510mm。工作时，风机不断的抽吸，使密闭箱体处于真空状态，这样吸嘴的周边就形成一定的负压。前方由扫刷拢于车辆中部的垃圾受到真空吸力的吸引，沿着箱体通道而被收集在箱体内。专用装置停止工作时，吸嘴体通过提升机构收到一定的高度，保证车辆运输行驶的安全性。因此针对吸嘴用途及使用环境，借鉴国内外先进扫路车吸嘴结构，对传统型吸嘴。1地面不平坦时，保证吸嘴接地间除均匀传统吸嘴的提升机构采用平行四边形机构。该机构通过销轴一端与吸嘴支耳相连，另一端与车架相连，通过钢丝绳收放使吸嘴升降。吸嘴体通过销轴可绕该机构上下跳动，前后左右方向无法摆动。当遇到地面高低不平时(如图3)，由于吸嘴无法摆动，随着地面的升高，吸嘴体整体提升，而地势低的一边间隙就加大了，从而造成底部漏风，吸力下降，地面无法清扫干净。新型吸嘴就能克服这种道路条件带来的问题。吸嘴升降直接由油缸的伸缩来控制。油缸一端通过U形卸扣与吸嘴支耳相连，油缸为单作用缸，吸嘴放下时，活塞杆伸长，腔内无压力，吸嘴随路面高低而升降，油缸也会跟随伸缩，使吸嘴不受约束。前方导向杆通过铰接机构与吸嘴相连。铰接机构由铰接座和销轴I、销轴H组成。铰接座的两个销孔成十字交叉布置，销轴I连接导向杆和铰接座，销轴n连接铰座和吸嘴体。吸嘴体可绕销轴I前后摆动，绕销轴n左右摆动。当路面高低不平时，吸嘴始终与地面保持平行，这样离地间隙也均匀不变，风机吸力也不受影响，同时降低对地面撞击的噪音，提高吸嘴的耐用性。2提商对密度大、多而厘、有粘性的垃圾的吸力沙土型垃圾比较湿，压实后对地面具有一定的附着力，传统型吸嘴需靠提高风机转速才能吸干净。新型吸嘴尾部加装卧式扫刷(如图Zb)就能提高清扫效率。卧式扫刷装在吸嘴后部，由5把圆形扫刷固定在心轴上，液压马达带动心轴使扫刷高速旋转。如果垃圾具有一定的粘性，真空吸力不足以克服垃圾对地面附着力，需通过扫刷的滚动，使垃圾扬起，真空吸力作用面积增大。根据压强、压力公式F-尸XS压强不变，作用面积加大，压力就变大，这样在相同的风机转速下，箱内的气体压强一致，垃圾受到的真空吸力(即压力)就大，就容易被抽吸进垃圾箱体。此种机构清扫潮湿地面上枯枝烂叶特别有效。根据试验结果，两种吸嘴在相同路面作业时，新3提高滚轮的使用寿命，降低使用成本新型吸嘴尾部和车架之间装有悬挂拉簧、调节筒和链条。安装时，先调节好链条长度，保持拉直状态，使前后滚轮着地。调节筒由两端左右旋螺杆和中部套筒组成，旋转套筒使拉伸弹簧拉长，直到弹簧拉力接近而略小于吸嘴的重力。吸扫式路面清扫车具有路面清扫范围宽、连续工作里程长、清扫保洁效率高、适应性好等特点。由于其吸扫装置对微细垃圾及尘埃具有良好的吸拾、除尘和输送效果,有效减少了清扫对环境的污染,同时能满足高等级公路快速往返和低速作业的要求,因而是高等级公路路面保洁最理想的清扫设备。大型吸扫式清扫车采用定型汽车底盘和双发动机驱动形式,其行走系统具有汽车行驶的独立性和工作可靠性,同时副发动机又可满足吸扫系统对动力的要求。掌握清扫车的关键应用技术,正确使用,合理维护,对保持清扫机械正常运转、提高出勤率和延长机械使用寿命有着十分重要的作用。合理选用吸扫装置的结构形式国产吸扫式清扫车的吸扫装置有4种布置形式:中置四扫盘后置吸嘴式、中置四扫盘加后置卧刷吸嘴式、前置二扫盘加中置二扫盘吸嘴式和中置二扫盘加中置卧刷双吸嘴式。中置四扫盘后置吸嘴式清扫车是在吸收国外先进技术的基础上,结合国内实际情况开发出的新一代路面清扫车,具有清扫视线好、易操作、清扫效果好等特点,其清扫宽度可达3.5 m,清扫速度可高达30 km/h,垃圾吸入粒度大(最大可达125 mm),扫净度可高达97.2%,且对周围环境污染小,最适合清扫刚性水泥或其它硬性路面。采用前置式扫盘的清扫车具有清扫直观等优点,适合清扫城市道路和高等级沥青路面,但在路面灰尘较多、压尘不够理想的情况下不宜使用,以免由于扬尘影响驾驶员视线。由于扬尘的影响,此种前置式扫盘清扫车的清扫速度受到一定限制,通常应控制在320 km/h。采用中置二扫盘加中置卧刷滚扫装置的清扫车,由于扫盘间距偏窄(清扫宽度约为2.2m)清扫能力相对较低。通常其吸入粒度较小,二次污染较大,故清扫速度不宜过高,只适宜清扫城市道路或灰尘较少的沥青路面两侧。根据高等级公路路面性质、路面状况、地理环境和气候等因素,合理选用清扫车吸扫装置的结构及布置形式,是提高路面清扫效率的首要问题。最佳作业速度的选择与控制如何选择和控制清扫车主车的行驶速度和驱动清扫工作装置的转速,对清扫使用效能有着直接的影响。实践证明,灰尘覆盖量和尘埃粒度大小、路面干燥程度和湿度状况是调节、改变行驶速度与工作转速的主要依据。通常,由于城市道路较窄,行人和障碍较多,故清扫城市道路时,其行驶速度一般应控制在56 km/h；对于高等级公路路面,特别是高速路面,其清扫行驶速度应提高到520 km/h,保洁行驶速度则可高达1530 km/h。Attracts the mouth is a sweeping machine important work installment, it is sweeps into the front scanning middle the vehicles trash to transport from the ground to the trashcan in vivo one kind of trash guidance feedway.Attracts the mouth structure, the performance quality directly affects the effect which vacuums to the entire vehicle.The tradition attracts the mouth the structure more and more not to adapt the present path condition, the period of revolution one long, exposes many flaws.In order to enhance the sweeping machine to sweep clear ability, the improvement attracts the mouth structure imminently already.First, analyzes the sweeping machine to attract the mouth the structure principle.It is becomes by the four sides metal hoarding, assumes the platy, encircles with the ground has certain volume housing.The crown opens the mouth through the rubber sucker and the box body is interlinked, becomes an airtight warehouse body with the box build, front attracts the population for trash.Entire attracts the mouth body by about side and the behind rubber hoop support, the adjustment hoop organization causes to attract the mouth base to leave the ground gap is approximately 5-10mm.When work, the air blower unceasing suction, causes the closed casing body to be at the vacuum state, like this attracts the mouth peripheral to form certain negative pressure.Front gathers together by the scanning middle the vehicles trash receives the vacuum suction the attraction, is collected along the box body channel in box in vivo.When special-purpose installment knock off, attracts the mouth body to receive certain altitude through the promotion organization, guarantees the vehicles transportation travel the security.Therefore aims at attracts the mouth use and the use environment, profits from the domestic and foreign advanced sweeping machines to attract the mouth structure, attracts the mouth to the tradition.But 2 proposes business in a big way to the density, many the thousandth of a Yuan, viscousness trash suction sandy soil trash quite is wet, the post-compaction has certain adhesion to the ground, the tradition attracts the mouth to have to depend on enhances the air blower rotational speed to be able to attract cleanly.New attracts the mouth rear part addition horizontal type scanning (e.g. chart Zb) to be able to enhance sweeps clear the efficiency.The horizontal-type scanning installs in attracts behind the mouth, by 5 fixes the circular scanning on the spindle, the oil motor impetus spindle causes scanning high speed revolving.If trash has certain coherency, the vacuum suction is insufficient to overcome trash to the ground adhesion, must through the scanning trundle, cause trash to raise, the vacuum suction area of influence increases.Is invariable according to the intensity of pressure, the area of influence enlarge, the pressure increases, like this under the same air blower rotational speed, in the box gas intensity of pressure is consistent, trash receives vacuum suction (i.e. pressure) big, easily is pumped the trashcan body.This kind of organization sweeps clear in the moist ground the deadwood rotten leaf to be specially effective.According to the test result, two kinds attract the mouth when the same road surface work, new 3 enhances the hoop the service life, reduces the use cost new to attract between the mouth rear part and the frame is loaded with the hand extension spring, adjusts the tube and the chain link.When installs, adjusts the good chain link length first, the maintenance pulls the straight condition around, causes the hoop to be well-grounded.Adjusts the tube the spiral pole and middle the sleeve is composed by the both sides about, the rotating sleeve makes to stretch the spring to elongate, approaches until the spring pulling force is smaller than slightly attracts the mouth the gravity.Attracts sweeps the type road surface to sweep clear the vehicle to have the road surface to sweep clear the scope width, the continuous working course long, sweeps clear maintains cleanliness the efficiency high, the compatibility good and so on the characteristics.Because it attracts sweeps the installment has to tiny trash and the dust good attracts ascends, the dust removal and the transportation effect, reduced effectively has swept clear to the environment pollution, simultaneously could satisfy the first-class highway fast round-trip and the low speed work request, thus was the first-class highway road surface maintains cleanliness the most principle to sweep the equipment.Large-scale attracts sweeps the type to sweep clear the vehicle to use the stereotypia motor car chassis and the bimotor actuation form, its undercarriage system has the automobile travel independence and the operational reliability, simultaneously the auxiliary engine may attract satisfiedly sweeps the system to the power request.Grasping sweeps clear the vehicle the key application technology, the correct use, the reasonable maintenance, to maintains sweeps clear the machinery normal work, enhances the attendance rate and the extension machinery service life has the extremely vital role.Selects reasonably attracts sweeps the installment the structural style domestic product to attract sweeps the type to sweep clear the vehicle to attract sweeps the installment to have 4 kind of arrangement forms: Sets four sweeps the plate postpositioned to attract the mouth type, sets four sweeps the plate to add postpositioned lies brushes attracts the mouth type, pretage two sweeps the plate to add sets two sweeps the plate to attract the mouth type and sets two sweeps the plate to add sets lies brushes double attracts the mouth type.Sets four sweeps the plate postpositioned to attract the mouth type to sweep clear the vehicle is in the absorption overseas vanguard technology foundation, the union domestic actual situation develops the new generation of road surface sweeps clear the vehicle, has sweeps clear the line of sight well, easy to operate, to sweep clear the effect well and so on the characteristics, it sweeps clear the width to be possible to reach 3.5 m, sweeps clear the speed to be possible to reach as high as 30 km/h, trash inspiration granularity in a big way (may reach 125 mm most greatly), sweeps only may reach as high as 97.2%, also pollutes slightly to the environment, sweeps clear the rigid cement or other rigid road surface suitably.Uses pretage -like to sweep the plate to sweep clear the vehicle to have sweeps clear and so on the merits intuitively, sweeps clear the urban road and the high-grade bituminous pavement suitably, but are many in the road surface dust, presses in the dust insufficiently ideal situation to use not suitably, because in order to avoid raises the dust to affect the pilots line of vision.Because raises the dust the influence, this kind of pretage -like sweeps the plate to sweep clear the vehicle to sweep clear the speed to receive certain limit, usually should control in 320 km/h.Uses sets two sweeps the plate to add sets lies brushes rolls sweeps the installment to sweep clear the vehicle, because sweeps the plate spacing to be narrow (sweeps clear width approximately is 2.2m) sweeps clear ability relatively low.The usual its inspiration granularity is small, two pollution is big, therefore sweeps clear the speed not to be suitable excessively high, is only suitable sweeps clear the city.Path or dust few bituminous pavement both sides.According to first-class highway factors and so on road surface nature, road surface condition, geographical environment and climate, select reasonably sweep clear the structure and the arrangement form which Che Xisao installs, is enhances the road surface to sweep clear the efficiency the most important question.How does the best work speed choice and control chooses and the control sweeps clear the vehicle owner vehicle the moving velocity and the actuation sweeps clear the work installment the rotational speed, to sweeps clear the operating effectiveness to have the direct influence.The practice proved that, the dust cover quantity and the dust granularity size, the road surface dry degree and the humidity condition are the adjustment, the change moving velocity and the work rotational speed main basis.Usually, because the urban road is narrow, the pedestrian and the barrier are many, when sweeps clear the urban road, its moving velocity should control generally in 56 km/h; Regarding the first-class highway road surface, specially the high speed road surface, it sweeps clear the moving velocity to be supposed to enhance to 520 km/h, maintains cleanliness the moving velocity to be possible to reach as high as 1530 km/h.9指 导 教 师 评 语 外文翻译成绩：指导教师签字： 年 月 日注：1. 指导教师对译文进行评阅时应注意以下几个方面：翻译的外文文献与毕业设计（论文）的主题是否高度相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献；翻译的外文文献字数是否达到规定数量（3 000字以上）；译文语言是否准确、通顺、具有参考价值。2. 外文原文应以附件的方式置于译文之后。