非谓语动词 (6)

非谓语动词非谓语动词包括不定式，分词和动名词三种。非谓语动词在句子中不能做谓语。它们除了有名词，形容词和副词的性质外，还具有动词的特征，可以带自己的宾语，状语等。名称 句法功能不定式 主、宾、表、定、状、补分词 表、定、状、补动名词 主、宾、表、定一、 不定式、动名词都可做主语 不定式：侧重表示动作的具体性、一次性 e.g.To swim in this river is a great pleasure.动名词：侧重表示动作的抽象性、一般性 e.g.Swimming is fun in summer二、 不定式、动名词都可做宾语1） 有些动词后接两者都可，意义上没有差别：begin, start, continue, like, love, hate, prefer, intend 2) 有些动词后接两者都可，但意思不一样 stop to do 停下来去做 try to do 尽力做 doing 停止做 doing 试着做mean to do 打算做 go on doing 继续做与原来相同的事 doing 意味着做 to do继续做与原来不同的事remember,regret,forget 看后面动词所表动作做没做。做了用doing,没做用to do e.g.1.- You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. - Well, now I regret_ that.A. to do B.to be doing C.to have done D.having done 2.I regret to tell you that you are wrong.3)有些动词后只能接动名词：excuse, keep, advise, appreciate(欣赏), mind,enjoy, practise, suggest, finish, miss, consider, resist(抵抗)，Avoid(避免),delay(耽误),dislike, escape, permit, forbid, imagine, understand, keep on, cant help(禁不住), look forward to, insist on ,put off, be afraid of, be worth, be fond of, feel like, give up,object to, devote to, prevent from, admit(承认), depend on, set about doing sth(着手做某事)4)有些动词后只接动词不定式: decide, expect, hope, wish, pretend, promise, agree, manage, ask, demand, choose, offer, refuse, fail, plan, arrange5)want, need, require doing = to be done e.g.The bicycle needs to be repaired/ repairing.三、 不定式、动名词都可做表语，常可互换。 e.g.Our duty is to serve/ serving the people heart and soul.注：1.主、表形式上一致： e.g. To see is to believe. Seeing is believing2.不定式侧重表示具体性、一次性，特别是表示将来动作。动名词则侧重表示抽象的一般性行为。 e.g.Our task now is to build a bridge across this river. My job is teaching.3.分词做表语：现在分词表示主动意义，具有形容词性质，多表示主语所具有的特性，过去分词表示主语的状态，表示被动意义。e.g. The job is interesting. The glass is broken.The door remained unlocked. She was very disappointed.四、 不定式和分词都可做补语：不定式做宾补表示动作的全过程，说明动作发生了。现在分词做宾补表示动作正在进行，和宾语为主动关系，过去分词做宾补表示被动或动作的结果（完成），现在分词一般被动式（being done）表示动作此刻正在进行。（口诀：注意观察不可缺，三看三听一感觉，不许三让都得学） notice, observe, (see, watch, look at),(hear, listen to, know), feel, wont have, (let, make, have) e.g. I heard them singing the song in the next room. I heard them sing the song in the next room yesterday. They were heard to sing the song in the next room yesterday. I heard the song being sung in the next room. to do doing have sb/ sth (to do) get sb/ sth doing find sb to do to do是定语，不是补语 done done e.g.I have sth to do.五、 作定语1 不定式做定语通常放在所修饰词之后，表示将来发生的动作。不定式作后置定语，若与所修饰词具有逻辑上的动宾关系或主谓关系，且在句中可以找到动词不定式所表动作的逻辑主语，动词不定式则用主动表被动。否则，则用被动。 e.g.1)I have some clothes to wash. 2)I want to Beijing.Do you have anything to be taken to your son? 3)He is looking for a room to live in.2.现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作或经常性动作，与所修饰名词为主动关系。 e.g.The new building being built will be a library.3.过去分词作定语：1）只表被动，不表完成 e.g.a loved leader, spoken English 2) 只表完成，不表被动 e.g. fallen leaves, risen sun 3）既表被动，又表完成 e.g.This is the factory built in the 1960s.单个分词做定语，一般放在名词的前面，分词短语做定语，则放在名词后面，它的功能相当于定语从句。4动名词做定语往往用来表示所修饰名词的用途。（前置定语） 注：现在分词的完成式（having done）不用做定语，此时应改写为定语从句。 e.g.The building built is a library. (T) The building that has been built is a library.(T) The building having been built is a library.(F)六、 不定式和分词都可作状语（相当于状语从句） 不定式做状语，主要用来表示目的，有时也表示结果，原因等。分词作状语主要用来表示时间，原因，伴随，方式，也可用来表示结果，条件，让步等。（其逻辑主语一定为主句主语） e.g.He started early in order to (so as to ) get there before dark. Im sorry to hear that.( 原因) He hurried to the school to find nobody there.(意外的结果) He dropped the bowl, only breaking it into pieces.(意料之中的结果) Having finished his work, he went home.(After finishing/After he finished)Being a student, I must study hard.(As/Since I am a student)The old man lay on the grassland,looking at the sky.Being a girl,she is very brave.Seen from space, the earth looks like a huge water covered globe.Given more time, we could do it much better.注：Generally speaking,Judging from, To tell the truth独立做状语，不与主句发生关系。七、 否定式 非谓语动词的否定式是在非谓语动词前加not. e.g.Not having received his answer,she decided to write to him again. Not done well, the beef is hard to eat.八、 非谓语动词的逻辑主语：一般说来，即全句主语，但有时也可有自己的逻辑主语，这样便构成非谓语动词的复合结构。不定式：for/of sb+不定式动名词：n(通格)/pron(宾格/形容词性物主代词)+动名词分词： n(通格/所有格)/pron(主格/形容词性物主代词)+分词 e.g.Would you mind me/my/Tom opening the window. Marys(Your) coming late made her/your teacher angry.It being Sunday,we went out for an outing.(As it was Sunday)Weather permitting,well go swimming tomorrow.(If weather permits) doing donewith + n/pron + to do (作定语或状语) adj. adv. prep-phr.e.g.With nothing to do,we went out for an outing. He went out of the classroom,with all the lights burning. onHe went out of the classroom,with all the windowsopen closedThe girl with a basket on her back is my sister.