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第二十一节 定语从句一、 定语从句及相关术语1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词(即先行词)的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom,whose, as 等；关系副词有 where, when, why 等。关系词常有 3个作用：引导定语从句；代替先行词；在定语从句中担当一个成分。二、关系代词引导的定语从句1.who 指人，在从句中作主语。如：The boys who are playing football are from Class One.踢足球的男孩们来自一班。Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一个迷路的老人。2.whom 指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。如：Mr.Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.刘先生是你在公共汽车上谈论的人。Mr.Ling is just the man whom I want to see.凌先生是我想见的人。注意：关系代词 whom 在口语和非正式语体中常用who 代替，可省略。如：The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.你刚刚见到的那个人是我朋友。3.which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或者宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语时可省略。如：Football is a game which is liked by most boys.足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的运动。This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.这是他昨天买的笔。4.that 既可以指人，也可以指物。指人时相当于 who 或者whom，指物时相当于 which。在定语从句中作主语或者宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语时可省略。如：Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。5.whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语。如：He has a friend whose father is a doctor.他有一个父亲是医生的朋友。I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.我曾经住在一栋屋顶塌陷的房子里。注意：whose 指物时，常用以下结构来代替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.那个房门损坏的教室很快就会被修好。Do you like the book whose cover is yellow ？Do you likethe book the cover of which is yellow？你喜欢封面是黄色的那本书吗？三、“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常由“介词关系代词”引导。如：The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous.他曾经读过的那个学校非常有名。Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you askedfor.Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.明天我会带一本你要的杂志来。Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we haveoften talked about.Well go to hear the famous singer aboutwhom we have often talked.我们将去听那个我们经常谈到的著名歌手唱歌。注意：1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如 look for,look after, take care of 等。如：()This is the watch which/that I am looking for.这就是我在找的那块手表。()This is the watch for which I am looking.2.当定语从句中含有介词，是介词放在句末时，who, that,which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词which/whom”结构，不能用 that，指人时用 whom，指物时用which，关系代词是所有格时用 whose。如：()The man with whom you talked is my friend.和你谈话的那个男人是我的朋友。()The man with who/that you talked is my friend.()The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable.他坐去加拿大的那架飞机非常舒适。()The plane in that we flew to Canada is very comfortable.3.“ 介词关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all,neither, most, each, few 等代词或者数词。如：He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind tohim.他深深地爱着他的父母，父母两人都对他很好。In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which havegone bad.篮子里有许多苹果，其中的一些已经变坏了。There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom arefrom big cities.我们班总共有四十个学生，大多数人来自大城市。四、关系副词引导的定语从句1.when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。如：I still remember the day when I first came to the school. 我仍然记得第一次来学校的那天。The time when we got together finally came.我们团聚的时刻终于到来了。2.where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。如：Shanghai is the city where I was born.上海是我出生的城市。The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.我十年前居住过的房子已经被拆除了。3.why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。如：Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.请告诉我你误机的原因。I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天看起来不开心的原因。注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词关系代词”引导的从句替换。如：The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is not clear.他拒绝邀请的原因不清楚。From the year when/in which he was going to school he beganto know what he wanted when he grew up.从他去上学的那年起，他开始了解他长大后想要什么。Great changes have taken place in the city where/in which Iwas born.我出生的那座城市已经发生了很大的变化。五、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，如：The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I coulddepend on.老师告诉我汤姆是我唯一可以依靠的人。China is a country which has a long history.中国是历史悠久的国家。非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整，如：His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.他的母亲很爱他，对他很严格。China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more andmore powerful.中国，成立于 1949 年，正变得越来越强大。要注意区分以下两个句子的不同：His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to goto college.他那现在当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。(他还有其他的哥哥)His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him togo to college.他的哥哥现在当医生，常鼓励他要考上大学。(他只有一个哥哥)一、关系词只能用 that 的几种情况1.当先行词是指物的不代词 something, anything, everything,nothing, few, all, none, little, some 等时，或者是由 every, any, all,some, no, little, few, much 等限定词修饰时。如：Have you taken down everything that Mr.Li has said？你已经把李先生说的一切都记下了吗？There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him inthe world.对他来说这世上似乎没有什么是不可能的。All that can be done has been done.所有能做的都做了。There is little that I can do for you.没有什么我能为你做的。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用 who。如：Any man that/who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.任何一个有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.他们在伦敦参观的第一个地方是大本钟。3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the best film that I have seen.这是我看过的最棒的电影。4.当先行词被 the very, the only, the last 修饰时。如：This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.这正是我想买的字典。After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that heowned.在他的房子发生那场火灾之后，这辆旧汽车成了他唯一拥有的东西。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用 who。Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend themeeting.王华是我们学校唯一一个将出席会议的人。5.当先行词既有人又有物时。如：Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we havelearned？你记得我们学过的那个科学家及他的理论吗？6.当主句是以 which 或 who 开头的特殊疑问句时。如：Who is the man that is standing there？站在那儿的那个人是谁？Which is the T-shirt that fits me most？最适合我的 T-恤是哪件？二、关系词只能用 which/who，而不用 that 的情况1.当关系代词前有介词时不用 that。如：This is the room in which he lives.这是他住的房间。2.在非限制性定语从句中不用 that。如：Tom came back, which made us happy.汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。
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