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现在完成时现在完成时 The Present Perfect Tense一 构成:have/has+动词动词过去分词过去分词 (pp)(pp)肯定 主语+have/has + pp否定 主语+have/has not + pp疑问 Have/Has + 主语+ pp+其他 Yes, 主+have/has. No, 主+havent/hasnt.I have finished my homework.I have not finished my homework.Have you finished your homework?Yes, I have./No, I havent.She has been to Europe.She hasnt been to Europe.Has she been to Europe?Yes, she has./No, she hasnt.1. 规则动词：与过去时变化相同。(1) 一般+-ed work-worked-worked(2) 以“ e ”结尾, + - d 。 live-lived -lived(3) “辅音字母 + y” 结尾，y 变 i, + -ed。 cry-cried-cried(4) 重读闭音节结尾(辅元辅)，双写后+-ed 。 drop-dropped-dropped 2 、不规则动词，见不规则表（p120）动词动词过去分词过去分词 (pp)(pp)变化规则变化规则二 含义及用法1 表示过去发生的动作或事情，过去发生的动作或事情， 对现在的影响影响和产生的结果结果。 yet(否否/疑疑), already 已经已经ever/never 曾经曾经/从来不从来不 just 刚刚刚刚before 以前以前recently, lately 最近最近in the past/last 5 years 过去五年过去五年by now, so far, up to now, till now 迄今迄今 once, twice 一次一次all/in ones life 某人一生某人一生 （1）already肯定句肯定句: “己经己经”一般疑问句一般疑问句: 句末句末(表示惊讶的语气表示惊讶的语气) “难道难道” Have you had breakfast already？(表示强调)Ive already had breakfast. (更常见) = Ive had breakfast already. 注: 有already的句子在时态上并不都是现在完成时,判断时要看该词后是否有动词的过去分词.Eg. Shes already eighty years old. It was already very late.(2) yet否定句否定句:句末句末 “还还(没没)”疑问句疑问句: 句末句末 “己经己经” Have you had breakfast yet?I havent had breakfast yet.注意：注意：当在肯定句中含当在肯定句中含alreadyalready或或justjust，变否定时，在句末加，变否定时，在句末加yetyet。 I havent seen the film yet. Mother has just cleaned the house.Mother hasnt cleaned the house yet. I have already seen the film. (3) ever肯定句肯定句/疑问句疑问句 : 句中句中 “曾经曾经” Ive ever been to Beijing. Have you ever been to Beijing? (4) never否定句否定句: 句中句中 “从来没有从来没有” Ive never been to Beijing.注注: 带带ever的肯定句变否定句时的肯定句变否定句时, 将将ever变变neverHe has ever made meal.Have they ever travelled by train?No, never.He has never made meal.带ever的一般疑问句作否定回答时可用“No, never.”(5) just用于用于句中句中, 表示表示“刚刚刚刚”Ive just had breakfast. What have they just done?(6) before用于用于句末句末, 表示表示“以前以前”Ive seen it before. Has she ridden a bike before ? BEFORE与与AGO，JUST与与JUST NOWbefore表示现在看来的表示现在看来的“以前以前”，常单独用于现在完，常单独用于现在完成时中，成时中，一般不与表示一段时间的词语连用一般不与表示一段时间的词语连用，而，而ago表示表示在过去某时间的在过去某时间的“以前以前”，常用，常用“一段时间一段时间+ago”的形式，的形式，与过去时连用；与过去时连用；just常与现在完成时连用，多用于句中常与现在完成时连用，多用于句中助助动词之后动词之后修饰谓语动词，修饰谓语动词，just now多与一般过去时连用，多与一般过去时连用，一般用于一般用于句末句末。如：。如： Have you met him before? 你以前见过他吗？你以前见过他吗？ My brother met her in the street two days ago. 我哥哥两天前在街上遇到了她。我哥哥两天前在街上遇到了她。 I have just had breakfast. 我刚吃过早餐。我刚吃过早餐。 She had breakfast just now. 她刚吃了早餐。她刚吃了早餐。 A: _ your brother _ a new watch? (buy )B: Not yet.Has bought yet A: _ you ever _ to the park? ( be )B: Yes, I have. Have been yet ever I _ never _ of anything like that. (hear )have heard yet ever never Tom _ in the factory since he left school ten years ago. (work )has worked yet ever never since A: How long _ you _ in this school? (teach )B: For 6 years. have taught yet ever never since for I _ just _ the desk, you can take it to your classroom . (mend )have mended yet ever never since for just _ you _ the Forbidden City (紫禁城) before ? (visit ) Have visited yet ever never since for just before He _ already _ a job. (find) has found yet ever never since for just before already We _ only _ the first five questions so far. (discuss ) have discussed yet ever never since for just before already so far They _over 20,000 fruit trees up to now . (plant ) have planted yet ever never since for just before already so far up to now Great changes _ in Beijing in the past 10 years. (take place ) have taken place yet ever never since for just before already so far up to now in the past 10 years He _ a lot of good things in his life. (do ) has done yet ever never since for just before already so far up to now in the past 10 years in his life I _ her lately. ( not see ) havent seen yet ever never since for just before already so far up to now in the past 10 years in his life lately I _ him recently. (not hear from ) havent heard from yet ever never since for just before already so far up to now in the past 10 years in his life lately recently He _ in this city ever since then. (live ) has lived yet ever never since for just before already so far up to now in the past 10 years in his life lately recently ever since then He _ in this high school till now. (teach ) has taught yet ever never since for just before already so far up to now in the past 10 years in his life lately recently ever since then till now 2. 表示一个从过去开始，一直持表示一个从过去开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态。续到现在的动作或状态。通常和通常和for或或since引导的时间状语引导的时间状语连用。连用。注意：动词延续性注意：动词延续性（1）for +I have been here for 5 weeks. Hes studied English for 3 years. She has worked for 10 hours.一段时间一段时间（2）since + (过去的)时间点时间点I have been here since 2000.He has worked as a lawyer since 5 years ago?Theyve lived in CQ since they married in 2000. 注1)：since 也可单独使用, 表示“自那时起”；另外since前也可加上ever，以加强语气。I have been here (ever) since then. 注2)：对for或since引导的时间状语提问用how longI have lived here for 10 years. How long have you lived here?She has stood here since 2 hour ago.How long has she stood here?注3)：短暂性动词不能和for或since引导的时间状语连用，也不能用于how long问句中。 （误）I have left for 5 years. (正)I have been away for 5 years. 短暂性动词与延续动词间的转换短暂性短暂性(短动词短动词)动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用动词不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用,但是但是他可以转换成相应的他可以转换成相应的延续性延续性(长动词长动词)动词动词.leave-come/go (to) -arrive (at/in)- get (to)-reach-buy-borrow-finish-join-start/begin-die-close-open-return-marry-become- be away (from) be (in/at) be (in/at) be (in/at)be (in/at)havekeepbe overbe in/be a/anbe onbe deadbe closedbe openbe backbe married beShe has bought the computer for two years.hadbuyhave/has hadHow long have you come to the United States？ been income tohave/has been inbuyhave/has hadAnn has gone to China since three months ago.been income tohave/has been inbuyhave/has hadgo tohave/has been inI have got to Paris for one week .been income tohave/has been inbuyhave/has hadgo tohave/has been ingot tohave/has been inMy brother has joined the army for five years. been inbeen a soldier come tohave/has been inbuyhave/has hadgo tohave/has been ingot tohave/has been injoin have/has been inhave/has been a soldier I have left Shanghai for 3 days. been away for 3 days. come tohave/has been inbuyhave/has hadgo tohave/has been ingot tohave/has been injoin have/has been inhave/has been a soldier leave have/has been away I have borrowed the dictionary since 3 days ago . kept come tohave/has been inbuyhave/has hadgo tohave/has been ingot tohave/has been injoin have/has been inhave/has been a soldier leave have/has been away borrow have/has kept The film has begun for 10 minutes. been on come tohave/has been inbuyhave/has hadgo tohave/has been ingot tohave/has been injoin have/has been inhave/has been a soldier leave have/has been away borrow have/has kept begin have/has been on The concert has finished for half an hour. been over come tohave/has been inbuyhave/has hadgo tohave/has been ingot tohave/has been injoin have/has been inhave/has been a soldier leave have/has been away borrow have/has kept begin have/has been on finish have/has been over His dog has died for two years . been dead come tohave/has been inbuyhave/has hadgo tohave/has been ingot tohave/has been injoin have/has been inhave/has been a soldier leave have/has been away borrow have/has kept begin have/has been on finish have/has been over die have/has been dead She has married for six years . been married come tohave/has been inbuyhave/has hadgo tohave/has been ingot tohave/has been injoin have/has been inhave/has been a soldier leave have/has been away borrow have/has kept begin have/has been on finish have/has been over die have/has been dead marry have/has been married eg. a. He has borrowed my English book for two days. (False) b. He has kept my English book for two days. (true ) a. I have bought the new dress since last month. (false) b. I have had the new dress since last month. (true) a. They have left for half an hour . You should come earlier. (false) b. They have been away for half an hour. You should come earlier. (true) a. How long has the film begin? (false) b. How long has the film been on? (true) a. He is an unlucky boy. His mother has died for several years. (false) b. He is an unlucky boy. His mother has been dead for several years. (true) a. He has joined the League since he came to the school. (false) b. He has been a league member since he came to the school. (true)注：注：非延续性动词用于现在完成时,表示动作已经完成，它不能跟段时间。 但它的否定式否定式可以跟段时间状语连用. Tom has left Beijing. He has borrowed a pen from me. Tom hasnt left Beijing since he came to this city in 2004. They havent bought any new house since they moved to Shanghai. She hasnt bought any new clothes for a year.三have/has gone to:已经去了或在途中，还没有返回；(去去了未回来了未回来)have/has been to:曾今去过某地，现在已经回来了，后面可接表示“次数”的状语；(去了已回来去了已回来)have/has been in:表示某人“已在某地停留了一段时间，现仍在那里”，其后常带表示一段时间的状语。(状态状态)(曾经在，现在还在那里曾经在，现在还在那里) Tom 在哪儿？ 他去书店买书了。 我在北京待了5年了。 Jack 去过上海两次了-Where is Tom?-He has gone to the bookshop to buy some books.I have been in Beijing for 5 years.Jack has been to Shanghai twice. 四四 特殊句型特殊句型1.It is/has been +一段时间一段时间+since+句子句子(一一般过去时般过去时)=一段时间一段时间+has passed +since + 句子句子(一一般过去时般过去时) e.g. It is five years since I joined the army.=Five years has passed since I joined the army.这本书我借了一个月了。I borrowed this book a month ago. (一一般过去时般过去时)It is/ has been a month since I borrowed the book.(句型句型1 its/been +时间时间 since + 一般过去一般过去)I have kept the book for a month. /since a month ago. (现在完成时现在完成时)A month has passed since I borrowed the book. (句型句型2 时间时间+ passed since+ 一般过去时一般过去时)2. 被形容词最高级所修饰的名词后被形容词最高级所修饰的名词后的定语从句的定语从句(THAT 引导引导)中，一般中，一般用现在完成时态。用现在完成时态。 This is the most delicious food (that) Ive ever eaten. 这是我所吃过的最美味的食物。 She is the most beautiful girl (that) Ive ever seen. 她是我见过的最美丽的姑娘 3.It is the first / second time+现在完成时现在完成时This is +the最高级最高级+名词名词+that+现在完成时现在完成时This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。It is the first time that I have seen such a beautiful girlIt was the third time that the boy has been late. This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 典型例题(1) -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming (2) -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here.A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have comeCORRECTING 1. I have borrowed the book for 3 months. 2. My bother has joined the army since he was 18. 3. Jack and Tom have lived here since 5years. 4. The film has been on since I have come to the cinema. 5. When has Mr. Li caught a bad cold? have kepthas been in/ been a member of the armysince 5 years ago/ for 5 yearscame didcatch 6. Ten years have passed since they got married. 7. Jim has gone to Beijing for 2 years. 8.What time have the factory opened? 9.I have gone to Chunhua Middle School twice.hashas been indidopenbeen to五五 现在完成时现在完成时: : 强调这一动作产生的结果对现强调这一动作产生的结果对现在的影响或结果，在的影响或结果，与现在有关与现在有关。 一般过去时一般过去时: : 仅表示在过去某一时刻曾发生仅表示在过去某一时刻曾发生过这一动作，过这一动作，与现在无关与现在无关。 他已学英语五年了。他已学英语五年了。 He has studied English for five years. 他曾学过五年英语。他曾学过五年英语。 He studied English for five years. （说明他还会继续学下去）（说明他还会继续学下去） （只说明他过去学过五年英语，但现在不学了。）（只说明他过去学过五年英语，但现在不学了。） Ive lived here for ten years. 我在这里住了10年。(现在仍住这儿) I lived here for ten years. 我在这里住过10年。(现在不住这儿了) He has bought a house. 他买了一栋房子。(现在已拥有这房子) He bought a house ten years ago. 他10年前买了一栋房子。(现在是否仍拥有这房子不清楚)一般过去时与现在完成时有一些明一般过去时与现在完成时有一些明显的时间状语。显的时间状语。 遇到遇到yesterday, Last year, in May, in+过过去某一年，去某一年，two days ago, the other day, just now等就用一般过去时等就用一般过去时 (表过去的时表过去的时间间)当有当有 so far, in/during/over the past/ last few days(在过去在过去/最近的几年里最近的几年里)，since接过去时间状语或过去时的句子接过去时间状语或过去时的句子等常用等常用现在完成时现在完成时 (不能与确定的时间不能与确定的时间)
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