李弘老师 英语词汇学教程 复习笔记 1

李弘老师 英语词汇学教程 复习笔记 1上半年毕业的时候发现很多东西，特别是学习笔记说托付给谁都找不到人。只好现在整理出来，放到网上供大家参考。出版社：华中师范大学出版社；第2版(2004年2月1日)丛书名：外语语言文学系列教材平装：257页开本：16开ISBN：7562216851条形码：9787562216858产品尺寸及重量：22.7 x16.9 x1.1 cm；300 gASIN：B00114K8LK Revision Outline of English Lexicology Search Fields：Morphology,Semitics,Etymology,Stylistics,Lexicography.Chapter 1The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 1.1 The Definition of aWord Aword is aminimal free form of alanguage that has agiven sound,meaning and syntactic function.1.2 Vocabulary All the words in alanguage make up its vocabulary.1.3 Sound and Meaning arbitrary,no logical relationship 1.4 Sound and Form 1English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,and it does not have aseparate letter to represent each sound in the language；2 The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years；3 Several letters were written with short vertical strokes and looked all like；4 Words are borrowed from other languages,Latin,Greek,French,etc.1.5 Classification of Words 1Basic Word Stock and Nonbasic Vocabulary Characteristics of Common Core of the Language：All national character,Stability,Productivity,Polysemy,Collocability；Other Words include：Terminology术语,Jargon行话,Slang俚语,Argot黑话,Dialectal Words方言,Archaisms古语词,Neologisms新词语.2 Content Words and Functional Words Content words,also notional words,which is the main body of the English vocabulary,denote clear notions,including nouns,verbs,adjectives,and numerals；while Functional words,also empty words or form words,do not have notions of their own,including prepositions,conjunctions,auxiliaries and articles.3 Native Words and Borrowed Words Native words are brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes：the Angles,the Saxons,and the Jutes,thus known as Anglo-Saxon words.Features：Neutral in Style,Frequent in Use.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing,borrowed words,loan words or just borrowings,can be divided into four classes：Denizens,Aliens,Translation Loans,and Semantic Loans.Examples in P12-13 Chapter 2The Development of the English Vocabulary 2.1 The Indo-European Language Family(Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan Language Family)2.2 Three Phrases of the Historical Development The first people known to inhabit the island were Celts.1 Old English(450-1150)2 Middle English(1150-1500)3 Modern English(1500-)2.3 General Characteristics 1Receptivity,Adaptability,and Heterogeneity 2Si mplicity of Inflection 3Relatively Fixed Word-order 2.4 Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary Latin,Greek,French,Scandinavian(Norwegian,Swedish,Danish,and Icelandic),Other Foreign Elements 2.5 Growth of Contemporary English Vocabulary Rapid growth of science and technology Social,economic and political changes The influence of other cultures and languages 2.6 Models of Vocabulary Development Three Channels：Creation,Semantic change andBorrowing.Chapter 3Morphological Structure of English Words 3.1 Morphemes词素(形位)The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words,minimal form of grammatical analysis 3.2 Morphs形素and Allomorphs词素(形位)变体Discrete(or separate)units are morphs；mono-morphemic(morphemes can stand by themselves and function freely in asentence)；allomorph refers to amember of aset of morphs,which represent one morpheme.3.3 Classifying Morphemes 1Free VS Bound Morphemes自由词素和粘着词素Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free,and they have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound.Free morphemes are all roots.Bound morphemes include two types：bound root and affix.2 Derivational VS Inflectional Morphemes派生词素和屈折词素Morphemes used to derive new words(by prefix,suffix,root)are known as derivational morphemes；inflectional morphemes,indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers.Inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes.Examples： s(-er),-er,-est,-s,-ed,-ing 3Content VS Grammatical Morphemes Content morphemes arelexicalmorphemes,also derivational morphemes.3.4 Identifying Morphemes Mono-morphemic,double-morphemic,triple-morphemic,four-morphemic,over-four-morphemic 3.5 Morpheme and Word-formation 1Affix Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.All affixes are bound morphemes,because none of them can stand as words in their own rights.We divide affixes into inflectional affixes and derivational affixes,both of which are identical with derivational and inflectional morphemes.In view of their distribution in the formation of words,affixes fall into prefix and suffix.Prefixes are all derivational.2 Root,Stem,Base P50 Aroot词根is the basic form of aword which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.A stem词干may consist of asingle root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes.A base词基is used as an all-purpose term,referring to aform to which affixes of any kind(both derivational and inflectional)can be added.It can be aroot or astem.The Tree of Diagram of Morpheme Chapter 4Word Formation 4.1 Affixation/Derivation词缀法Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases.This process is also known as derivation,and the words created are called derivatives.1 Prefixation P55-61 Negative prefixes(a-,dis-,in-,non-,un-),reversative or privative prefixed(de-,dis-,un-),pejorative prefixes(mal-,mis-,pseudo-),prefixed of degree or size(arch-,co-,extra-,hyper-),prefixes of orientation and attitude(anti-,contra-,counter-,pro-),locative prefixes(extra-,fore-,inter-,super-),prefixes of time and order(ex-,fore-,post-,pre-),number prefixes(bi-,multi-,semi-),conversion prefixes(a-,be-,en-),miscellaneous prefixes(auto-,neo-).2 Suffixation P61-67 Noun suffixes(deverbal nous,deveral nouns,de-adjective nouns,noun and adjective suffixes),adjective suffixes(denominal suffixes,deverbal suffixes),adverb suffixes,verb suffixes.4.2 Compounding符合构词法Compounding(or composition)is the formation of new words(compounds)by joining two or more bases.Compounds can be written solid(silkworm),hyphenated(honey-bee),and open(tear gas).1 Characteristics of Compounds Phonological features(the word stress usually occurs on the first constituent),semantic features(every compound should express asingle idea just as one word),grammatical features(tending to fill asingle grammatical slot in asentence),and orthographical features.2 Formation of Compounds P69-73 4.3 Conversion转类法The way of converting words of one class to another class,by turning words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech,also is known as functional sh ift and zero-derivation.1 Conversion to Nouns Deverbal(Almost all monomorphemic verbs can be used as nouns,which are semantically related to the original verbs in various ways),De-adjectival(full conversion：has all the characteristics of nous,and takes an indefinite article or(e)s to indicate singular or plural number；partial conversion：dont possess all the qualities anoun does,must be used together with definite articles as nous whole retaining some of the adjective features),Miscellaneous Conversion.2 Conversion to Verbs Anoun can be converted to averb without any change.The use of the verb converted is both economical and vivid.3 Conversion to Adjectives 4.4 Blending拼缀法P82-83 Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or aword plus apart of another word.These words are called blends or portmanteau words.4.5 Clipping截短法P84 Making aword is to shorten,or clip alonger word,by cutting apart off the original and using what remains instead.4.6 Acronymy首字母缩略法1 Initialisms首字母缩略词Words pronounced letter by letter.2 Acronyms首字母拼音词A word formed from initial letters but pronounced as anormal word.Structurally,there are three kinds of acronyms：pure acronyms,hybrid acronyms,and syllabic acronyms.4.7 Back-formation逆生法Back-formation is considered to be the oppo site process of suffixation,by removing the supposed suffixes,or dropping the endings.4.8 Sound Reduplication声音重叠compound words P89 1)words to imitate sounds 2)words to suggest alternating movement 3)words to disparage by suggestinginstability,nonsense,insincerity,vacillation4)words to intensify 4.9 Commonization of Proper Names专有名词(also proper noun)Modern English has alarge number of words which come from proper names,including：names of people(scientists,inventors,characters in mythology,historical figures,and characters in literature works),names of places(denoting products,objects or materials come from the names of places where they were first produced),names of books and tradenames.Words that are communized from proper names have rich cultural associations and thus stylistically vivid,impressive and thought-provoking.