桥式起重机事故原因分析及安全管理教学内容

桥式起重机事故原因分析及安全管理Analysis of the causes of bridge crane accidents and safety management桥式起重机事故原因分析及安全管理Analysis of the causes of bridge crane accidents and safety management引发桥式起重机起重吊运作业事故主要危险因素有：未发信号，使用不合格吊具超载吊运，安全防护装置失灵，指挥信号不明或乱指挥，吊物捆绑不牢，歪拉斜挂吊运，棱角快口没有衬垫等。 在对 314 起起重机事故按机型分类的统计中， 桥式起重机发生事故数量是 59 起，所占比例为 18.8 ，事故发生率是所有起重机械里面最高的。因此必须加强对起重作业人员的安全操作规程和规章制度教育，提高起重作业人员的安全素质。Cause of bridge crane hoisting and lifting operation accident risk factors: no signal, the use of substandard hoist overload lifting, safety protection device failure, the command signal is unknown or arbitrary command, hanging binding is not strong, crooked pull over the lifting, angular openings no liner etc. In 314 crane accidents according to statistical models classification, bridge crane accident number is 59, the proportion of 18.8%, the accident rate is the highest of all hoisting machinery. It is necessary to strengthen the operation rules and regulations on safety education for lifting personnel, improve the safety quality of lifting operation personnel.1 起重机的机械事故1 crane machine accidents起重伤害与事故是指起重机械在作业过程中，由机具、吊物等所引起的人身伤亡或设备损坏事故。据统计，在冶金、机电、铁路、港口、建筑等生产部门，起重机械所发生的事故占有很大比例，高达25 左右，其中死亡事故占15左右。如表 1 所示，其中在吊具打击中，有 3起脱钩事故，占吊具打击事故的50；在断绳事故中，有 5 起过卷事故，占断绳事故的38.5 ；在 108 起事故中，有2起是超载事故，占事故总数的 1.9 。据统计结果可知，在 108 起典型起重伤害事故中，吊物脱落打击事故占总事故数的 25 ，其伤亡人数占总伤亡人数的 20.7 ，居首位；其次是断绳伤害事故，分别为 12和 12.1 ；居第 3 位的是挤压伤害事故，分别为 12 和 9.3 。由此可见，吊物脱落打击、断绳和挤压伤害事故是起重机械作业过程中的多发性事故。Lifting injury and accident refers to the hoisting machinery in the process of the operation, caused by a machine, hanging, personal injury or equipment damage accidents. According to statistics, in metallurgy, machinery, railway, port, building the production department, the occurrence of heavy machinery accident occupies a large proportion, as high as 25%, which accounted for about 15% of deaths. As shown in Table 1, which in the sling blow, 3 blow from accidents, accounting for 50% of accident in a sling; rope break accident, there are 5 overwinding accident, accountingfor rope-broken accident of 38.5%; in 108 cases, 2 were overload accident, accounting for 1.9% of the total number of accidents. According to the statistical results, in 108 typical lifting injury accident, hanging off against accidents accounted for the total number of accidents 25%, the death toll accounts for the total of 20.7% casualties, the first; followed by the rope break accident, respectively 12% and 12.1%; ranked third is crush injury accident, respectively. 12% and 9.3%. Thus, the hanging off the blow, rope and crush injury is the hoisting machinery in the process of operation of multiple accidents.2 桥式起重机重大事故的分析Analysis of 2 major accidents of bridge crane事故树分析又称为故障树分析或事故逻辑分析 ,它是对系统安全性进行定性与定量分析评价的一种科学的和先进的方法，已被广泛地运用到现代设计的多个领域之中。事故树分析评价是运用由事件符号和逻辑符号组成的一种图形模式， 来分析人机系统中导致灾害事故的各种因素之间的因果关系和逻辑关系，从而判明系统运行当中，各种事故发生的途径和重点环节，为有效地控制，提供一个简洁而形象的途径。在作业过程中，由于人的失误、机器故障、环境影响，随时都有可能发生不同程度的事故。为了不使这些事故导致灾害性后果就要对系统中可能发生事故的各种不安全因素进行分析和预测，以采取相应的措施和手段来防止和消除危险。因此一个系统的事故分析应包括：系统可能发生灾害事故，也称为顶上事件；系统内固有的或潜在的事故因素，包括人、机器、环境因素；各个子系统及各因素之间的相互联系与制约关系，即输入 输出的因果逻辑关系，并用专门的符号表示；计算系统的顶上事件的发生概率，进行定量分析与评价。Fault tree analysis and analysis of fault tree analysis or accident logic, it is for the qualitative and quantitative analysis and evaluation of the security of the system is a scientific and advanced method, has been widely applied to many fields of modern design. Fault tree analysis evaluation is the use of a graphical model consisting of event symbols and symbolic logic, to analyze the causation and the logical relationship between the various factors causing disasters in man-machine system, so as to ascertain the system operation, approach and key links of various accidents, in order to effectively control, provides a concise and vivid the way. In the course of the operation, due to errors, machine failure, environment influence people, may occur at any time of the accident. In order not to make these accidents lead to disastrous consequences will be unsafe for the various possible accident system of factor analysis and prediction, to take corresponding measures and means to prevent and eliminate the risk of. Therefore, a systematic analysis of accident should include: the system may occur accident, also known as the top event; factors in the system inherent or potential accidents, including man, machine, environment factors; between each subsystem and each factor mutual connection and restriction, namely the input - output of the causal relation, and is represented by special symbols; the happening probability of the top event system, analysis and quantitative evaluation.2.1 事故树分析程序把事故树的分析过程采用1 个系统图形建立起来，如图1 所示。?2.2 事故树的建立建立事故树图顶上事件：吊物挤、撞打击伤害。吊车事故图见图2。事故树分析事故树的割集：?事故树的径集：?2.3 结构重要度计算导致顶事件发生的基本事件很多， 在采取防止顶事件发生措施时应该分清轻重缓急， 优先解决那些比较重要的问题， 首先消除或控制那些对顶事件影响重大的基本事件。 在故障树分析中， 用基本事件重要度来衡量某一基本事件对顶事件影响的大小。 基本事件的结构重要度取决它们在故障树结构中的位置。 评价基本事件结构重要度的方法： 根据基本事件在最小割集中出现的情况评价在由较少基本事件组成的最小割集合中出现的基本事件， 其结构重要度较大；在不同最小割集合中出现次数多基本事件，其结构重要度大。可按下式计算第1个基本事件的结构重要度：?式中 k故障树包含的最小割集数目；m包含第i 个基本事件的最小割集数目；Rj 包含第i 个基本事件的第j 个最小割集中基本事件的数目。采用事故树分析软件得出该事故树的结构重要度顺序为：I(17)I(14)=I(15)=I(16)I(8)=I(12)=I(6)=I(7)=I(9)=I(10)=I(11)=I(13)=I(2)=I(3)=I(4)=I(1)=I(5)通过计算很显然：基本事件X17 对顶上事件发生的影响最大，基本事件X14,X15,X14的影响次之，而其它基本事件的影响较小。3.1 管理体制3.1 management system建立健全各种管理制度，制定符合桥式起重机的安全规章制度。严格按照国家标准起重机吊运指挥信号 (GB5082 85)的规定，除矿井提升设备和载人电梯外，使用其它其中机械作业时， 实现全国统一的起重吊运指挥信号。对在用起重机要进行认真的检查，如存在隐患，应及时采取措施，限期消除；维修保养不彻底的起重机禁止投入使用；严格防止侥幸和冒险的行为发生，真正树立以人为本的原则，树立 “安全第一、预防为主 ”的方针。Establish and perfect the management system, develop to comply with the safety rules and regulations of bridge crane. In strict accordance with the national standard crane command signal ( GB5082 - 85 ) regulations, except for the equipment and the passenger elevator in mine hoist, the use of other mechanical operation, to achieve the national unified commanding signal for lifting and moving. For serious examination in the crane to, such as the existence of hidden dangers, should take timely measures, eliminate the deadline; repair maintenance is not completely banned the Crane put into use; strictly prevent the occurrence of luck and risky behavior, truly people-oriented principle, establish the safety first, prevention first approach.3.2 操作原则3.2 principles of operation起重机操作的要领是稳、准、快、安全、合理。稳是指在起升和运行过程中，吊钩和吊运物应停于所需要的位置，不产生游摆和晃动；准是指能把吊钩平稳准确地停在所需要的位置； 快是指在稳和准的基础上， 使各运行机构协调地配合工作， 以最少的时间，最近的运行距离完成吊运工作。这里所说的稳、准、快、安全、合理几个方面是互相联系、不可分割的。不稳不准就不能快；不保证安全生产，常出事故，快也就失去意义；只注意安全而不快，也就不能充分发挥起重机的效率；如果操作不合理，不但影响快，而且影响设备寿命。只要做到稳、准、快、安全、合理地操作，才能充分发挥起重机在生产中的作用。Crane operation method is stable, accurate, fast, safe, reasonable. Stability refers to the lifting and running process, hook and lifting objects should be stopped in the required position, do not produce swim swing and sway; quasi refers to hook smoothly and accurately stop at the required position; fast refers to the stable and accurate basis, the operation mechanism of coordination with the work, to minimize the time, running distance recently completed the hoisting working. Here said the steady, accurate, fast, safe, reasonable aspects are interrelated, inseparable. Instability not cannot quickly; do not guarantee safety in production, often out of the accident, soon will lose its significance; only safety first and not fast, it can not give full play to the efficiency of crane; if the operation is not reasonable, not only affect the speed, but also affect the life of the equipment. As long as the steady, accurate, fast, safe, reasonable operation, in order to give full play to the role of the crane in the production.3.3 安全教育3.3 safety education桥式起重机在工作过程中，由于指挥不当，缺乏经验，考虑不周，捆绑不牢，或司机操作不合理，精神不集中，或者设备有未被排除的故障，带病工作的原因，都可能造成人身或设备事故。因此经常进行安全教育是很有必要的。安全教育有定期教育和班前教育两种形式。Bridge crane in the work process, due to mismanagement, lack of experience, ill-conceived, binding is not strong, or the operation of the driver is not reasonable, spirit is not focused, or equipment is not excluded, cause sick work, may be caused by accident or equipment. Therefore, regular safety education is very necessary. Safety education and regular education and class education in two forms.(1) 定期教育。定期教育一般是由厂安全技术部门根据具体情况定期 (一年或半年 )组织全厂起重司机学习有关安全生产知识， 主要内容是： 对安全操作规程进行详细解释；学习交流有关起重机安全技术、检验的知识；从本厂和外厂的事故例证中总结经验教训；总结推广本厂和外厂的安全生产经验。( 1 ) regular education. Regular education is generally made of plant safety technology department according to the specific situation of regular ( or half a year ) organize crane drivers to learn the knowledge of production safety, the main content is as follows: a detailed explanation on the safety operation rules; learning the crane safety technology, test knowledge; from the accident example factory and outside plant in summing up experience; experience, summed up the promotion of safe production factory and outside plant.(2) 班前教育。 班前教育每天由生产班长、 安全员、 带班司机利用接班前的几分钟时间，向全班司机讲述有关安全生产的注意事项，其内容一般有以下几方面：交流本班组与兄弟单位安全生产的经验与教训；指出本班组安全生产的薄弱环节，交待应注意事项，及时堵塞事故漏洞；讲述安全生产有关知识，提醒司机正确使用防护用品等。( 2 ) the education before class. Before the class education daily by the production monitor, security guards, drivers use a succession of a few minutes before, to the class driver about notes on safety production, its content has the following several aspects: communication safety production in this team and the brothers of the experience and lessons; pointed out the weak link of the safety production, explain the matters needing attention, timely accident holes; the knowledge about the safety in production, to remind the driver of the proper use of protective equipment.3.4 使用过程中要遵守“十不吊 ”的原则Adhere to the ten not hanging principle to the use of the 3.4 process起重吊运 “十不吊 ”规定的内容是前人用生命和鲜血换来的教训，是起重吊运操作规程的基本内容， 是起重作业安全管理的核心内容之一，是起重吊运作业人员必须掌握的最基本的安全操作规程。主要有：超载或被吊重量不明时不吊；指挥信号不明确时不吊；捆绑，吊挂不牢或不平衡，可能引起吊物滑动时不吊；被吊物上有人或有浮置物时不吊；起重机结构或零部件有影响安全工作的缺陷或损伤，如制动器及安全装置失灵、吊钩螺母防松装置损坏，钢丝绳损伤达到报废标准时不吊；遇有拉力不清的埋置物时不吊；外拉斜吊重物时不吊；工作场地昏暗，无法看清场地被吊物和指挥信号时不吊；重物棱角处与捆绑钢丝绳之间未加衬垫时不吊；钢 ( 铁)水包装得太满时不吊。Lifting and moving ten not hanging provisions of the predecessors with the life and blood for the lesson, is lifting the basic content of the operating rules, is one of the core content of lifting operation safety management, is lifting operations personnelmust master basic safety rules. Mainly has: overload or hanging weight unknown not hanging; the command signal is not clear not hanging; bound, hanging is not firm or imbalance, may cause hanging sliding without hanging; be hanging on someone or a floating storage when not hanging; the crane structure or components affect safety defects or damage the whole work, such as brake and safety device failure, hook nut anti-loosing device damage, damage of rope to be scrapped not hanging; in pull notclear onplants not hanging; the pull cable lifting not hanging; the dark workplace, cannot see clear suspended matter and command signal is not hanging; between the heavy edges and tied rope without liner is not hanging; and steel ( iron ) water packaging too full without hanging.桥式起重作业也是事故发生频繁的作业，从事起重吊运的作业人员，必须要有一定的安全生产技术知识，具有高度责任感，熟练掌握起重吊运的操作规程和一些规章制度，始终注意遵守 “安全第一， 预防为主 ”的国家安全生产八字方针， 贯彻落实以人为本的理念。为了确保桥式起重机的安全作业， 提高生产率，各个企业单位同时也应该安装各类可靠灵敏的安全装置，经常开展员工安全教育，经常注意开展安全检查，制定详细的安全检查表，时刻注意桥式起重机的保养和管理工作。Bridge crane operation and accident frequent operation, engaged in heavy lifting operations personnel, must have certain knowledge of safe production technology, with a high sense of responsibility, master crane operation rules. And some rules and regulations, always pay attention to the safety first, prevention first national safe production the eight-character policy, implement the people-oriented concept. In order to ensure the safe operation of bridge crane, improve productivity, the enterprises should also be equipped with safety devices of various kinds of reliable and sensitive, often carry out employee safety education, often pay attention to carry out safety inspection, formulate detailed safety check list, always pay attention to the maintenance and management of bridge crane.