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高中语法综合高中语法综合复习全解复习全解objectiveTo learn to use the non-finite verbs correctly【2011全国卷全国卷,27】The next thing he saw was smoke from behind the house.A.rose B.rising C. to rise D.risen【解析解析】句意为句意为“接下来我们看到的是烟接下来我们看到的是烟雾从房子的后面冒出来。雾从房子的后面冒出来。”rise升起来和升起来和see看到这两个动作是同时发生的，因此选择看到这两个动作是同时发生的，因此选择现在进行的形式表示非谓语动词动作和谓现在进行的形式表示非谓语动词动作和谓语动词动作同时发生。选语动词动作同时发生。选B。 【2011全国卷全国卷II,18】Sarah pretended to be cheerful, _ nothing about the argument. A.says B.said C. to say D. saying【解析解析】句意为句意为“Sarah假装开心，对那假装开心，对那次争论什么也没说。次争论什么也没说。”A和和B项是谓语动项是谓语动词形式，句中没有连词，故排除；词形式，句中没有连词，故排除；C项是项是作目的状语，而句中是伴随状态，故选作目的状语，而句中是伴随状态，故选D。【2011上海春招上海春招,36】_in1955, Disneyland in California is regarded by many as the riginal fun park. A.Opened B. Having opened C. Opening D. Being opened【解析解析】句意为句意为“很多人认为很多人认为1955年开业的年开业的加利福尼亚迪斯尼乐园非常有趣。加利福尼亚迪斯尼乐园非常有趣。”open开业，与开业，与Disneyland之间存在着被动关系；之间存在着被动关系；D项项Being opened表正在进行，但开业的事表正在进行，但开业的事实已经发生，故选实已经发生，故选A。【2011四川卷四川卷,2】Ladex doest feel like _ abroad. Her parents are old.A.study B.studying C. studied D.to study【解析解析】句意为句意为“Ladex不愿意去国外留学，不愿意去国外留学，因为她的父母年纪大了。因为她的父母年纪大了。”feel like doing sth.想要做某事，习惯表达法。因此选想要做某事，习惯表达法。因此选B。【2011陕西卷陕西卷,14】Claire had her luggage _ an hour before her plane left. A.check B.checking C.to check D.checked【解析解析】句意为句意为“Claire在登机前一小时她在登机前一小时她携带的行李接受了检查。携带的行李接受了检查。”have sth. done“让让被做被做”。逻辑主语是。逻辑主语是her luggage，和和check的关系是被动关系，所以答案选择的关系是被动关系，所以答案选择D。1.不定式的时态和语态；不定式的时态和语态；2.不定式的功能：不定式的形容词性功能、不定式的功能：不定式的形容词性功能、不定式的副词性功能、不定式的名词性功能；不定式的副词性功能、不定式的名词性功能；3.不定式的省略；不定式的省略；4.不定式的否定形式；不定式的否定形式；5.不定式的搭配形式；不定式的搭配形式；6.独立主格结构；独立主格结构；非谓语动词考查要点非谓语动词考查要点7.v-ing分词名词性功能；分词名词性功能；8.v-ing分词形容词性功能；分词形容词性功能；9.v-ing分词副词性功能；分词副词性功能；10.过去分词与现在分词一般式的区别；过去分词与现在分词一般式的区别；11.过去分词与现在分词主动完成式的区过去分词与现在分词主动完成式的区别；别；12.过去分词与现在分词一般被动式的区过去分词与现在分词一般被动式的区别别 非谓语动词动名词动名词分词分词现在分词现在分词过去分词过去分词动词不定式动词不定式1.谓语动词：谓语动词：概述：概述：2. 非谓语动词：非谓语动词：在句子中担任谓语的动词在句子中担任谓语的动词 是动词的特殊形式，在句是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以作除谓语外的所有中可以作除谓语外的所有成分成分动词不定式（动词不定式（The Infinitive）一一. 动词不定式的基本构成：动词不定式的基本构成：由不定式符号由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。其加动词原形构成。其否定式由否定式由not+不定式构成不定式构成肯定式：肯定式：to do sth 否定式：否定式：not to do sth. 被动式：被动式：to be done 完成式：完成式：to have done二二. 动词不定式的句法作用法动词不定式的句法作用法动词不定式有副词，形容词和动词不定式有副词，形容词和名词的特征，因此在句中可作名词的特征，因此在句中可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语定语、状语等成份。语定语、状语等成份。动词不定式动词不定式To do that sort of thing is foolish.I want to see you this eveningAll you have to do is to finish it quickly.We found a house to live in.She came here to study English.I warned the patient not to eat cold water after the operation. 主语主语 宾语宾语表语表语 定语定语 状语状语 宾补宾补(1)作主语作主语 不定式做主语时，可以直接放在不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。谓语动词之前。To see is to believe Not to get there in time is your fault.注：注：常用常用it做形式主语，将做形式主语，将to do放在位于放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。之后，使句子保持平衡。It takes us an hour _ get there by bus.句型句型2：Its + n. + to do It is a great enjoyment _ spend our holiday in the mountains句型句型1：It is adj. for/of sb. to do sth.toto常见动词有：常见动词有：口诀：想要决定同意，希望许诺选择口诀：想要决定同意，希望许诺选择 want decide hope agree choose wish need promise(2)作宾语作宾语 I want to know this matter.I dont expect to meet you here.接不定式做宾语接不定式做宾语to giveto getto beto goto danceB. 常跟疑问词常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词不定式作宾语的动词:tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain know, show, discover, see(understand)He taught us how to use the tool.No one could tell me where to get the book.I hope youll advise me what to do.I dont know how to get there.I havent decided whether to go or stay. 1. Boys, dont forget _ the windows before you leave the classroom.A. closingB. closedC. to closingD. to close2.She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock.A. to have restedB. restingC. to restD. rest4. Remember _ the lights when you leave the office.A. to turn offB. turning offC. turn offD. to turning off(3)作宾语补足语作宾语补足语(与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系关系)1. Mother told me _ come back before 10 oclock. 2. Ill get someone _ repair the recorder for you. 3. What caused him _ change his mind? 4.I wish you _ come as soon as possible. 5. He asked me _do the work with him.tototototo oblige2).I often hear them _ (sing) this song. Did you notice anyone _ (come )in ? I would have him _ (wait) for me for a long time. 注意：注意： 当这类动词转为被动语态当这类动词转为被动语态时，时， 其后的不定式则要加上其后的不定式则要加上“ to” 如：如： He is often heard _ the song He was seen _ the room. to singto entersingcomewait4. it作形式宾语作形式宾语I find/feel it interesting to work with him注意：注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。作形式宾语。 Subject+ find/think/feel/make/ consider it +adj/n + to do sth. 1.We thought _ better _ start early. 2.Do you consider _ better not _ go?3. I feel _ my duty _ change all that. 4.We think _ important _ obey the law.5.I know _ impossible _ finish so much homework in a day.ittoittoittoittoitto用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，使用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，使句子完整、正确句子完整、正确。1.Let me _(help) you _ (water) the flowers.2.Little Sandy would love _(take) to the cinema this evening. 3. Though he often made his deskmate _(cry), today he was made _(cry) by his deskmate.help(to)waterto takecryto cry4. I saw him _ into the small store.A. went B. going C. to go D. has gone5. Tell the boy _ out of the window.A. not to look B. to not lookC. dont look D. not look 5. (不定式作不定式作定语定语) 1)不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系 Do you have anything to wash today? Do you have anything to be washed today? (区别主被动）区别主被动）2)不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容 I have no chance to go there.3) 被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语 She is the last to leave the room.4) 不定式为不及物动词时，须加介词不定式为不及物动词时，须加介词 He is looking for a room to live in. 1.The house is not big enough for us all_.A. to live in B. to be lived in C. to live D. for living in2. Would you please pass me the knife _?A. to cut the fruit with B. to cut the fruit C. cutting the fruit D. cutting the fruit with3.I have something important to say.please find a piece of paper _（写上）（写上） 4.Excuse me，could I use your pen for a moment？I have no pen （写）（写）to write onto write with(5)作状语作状语表示目的、原因、结果或条件。表示目的、原因、结果或条件。1) I came here to see you2) We were very excited to hear the news3) He hurried to the school to find nobody there . 4) To look at him，you would like him(目的目的) (原因原因)(结果结果) (条件条件)动名词（动名词（gerund）I hope you dont mind my saying it.Have you finished reading the book?Looking after the patients is a nurses job.When my father heard the news, he couldnt help laughing.Marys coming late made her teacher angryFind out the gerund from the sentences.一一. 动名词的基本构成动名词的基本构成主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般式一般式doingbeing done完成式完成式having donehaving been done动名词既具有动词的特点又具有名词的动名词既具有动词的特点又具有名词的特点，具体表现为：特点，具体表现为：1.动名词可以被定冠词和物主代词修饰动名词可以被定冠词和物主代词修饰I hope you dont mind my saying it.2. 动名词可带有自己的宾语和状语动名词可带有自己的宾语和状语Are you for or against having the meeting.I insisted on leaving at once.二二. 动名词的性质动名词的性质三三.动名词的功用动名词的功用1.可作主语可作主语Seeing is believingReading newspapers can increase our knowledge. no use no good no fun Its + a shame + doing a waste of time/money useless dangerous There is no + doing.It is no use crying.It is no good objectingLooking after the patients is a nurses job.Its dangerous playing with fire.Its a waste of time copying others homework.There is no joking about the matter.2.可作宾语可作宾语 S. + vt.+ doingHave you finished reading the book?I suggest doing it in a different way.在某些动词后要求用动名词作宾语，不在某些动词后要求用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式，常见的这类动词有：能用不定式，常见的这类动词有：避免错过避免错过 (少少) 延期延期 avoid miss delay/postpone建议完成建议完成 (多多) 练习练习 suggest / advise finish practise喜欢想象喜欢想象 禁不住禁不住 enjoy/appreciate/ imagine/ resist/cant help承认承认 否定否定 (与与) 嫉妒嫉妒 admit deny envy逃脱逃脱 冒险冒险 (莫莫) 原谅原谅 escape / envy /risk /pardon / excuse忍受忍受 保持保持 (不不) 在意在意 stand keep / keep on mind People are not allowed to fish here. 人们不准在这儿钓鱼。人们不准在这儿钓鱼。 We dont allow people to fish here. 我们不准人们在这儿钓鱼。我们不准人们在这儿钓鱼。注：在动词注：在动词advise, allow, advise, allow, forbid(forbid(禁止禁止) )，permitpermit（允许）（允许）等后，如果没有人称宾语，后跟等后，如果没有人称宾语，后跟动名词；如果有人称宾语则后跟动名词；如果有人称宾语则后跟不定式。例如不定式。例如 prefer.to. look forward to be used to put off give up S. + keep on + doing succeed in cant help feel like be busy be worth have difficulty/trouble/problem (in)作介词作介词/短语动词的宾语短语动词的宾语:S. + v. + prep. + doinge.g.She sat there without (speak)I look forward to (see) him again.Are you used to (live) there alone?When my father heard the news, he couldnt help (laugh).I dont feel like (go) to see the film.He was busy (prepare) his lessons.主动表被动主动表被动: want (需要需要) need (需要需要) require (需要需要) Sth. + + doing be worth (值得值得)使用动名使用动名词作宾语词作宾语时，用主时，用主动形式表动形式表达被动含达被动含义义to be done使用不定式作宾语使用不定式作宾语时，依然用被动形时，依然用被动形式表达被动含义式表达被动含义 The room wants (clean). The method needs (improve). This pair of shoes require (mend). The problem needs (work out). The question is well worth (discuss)d）动词）动词 “like, love, hate, prefer”后接动后接动名词表示名词表示“习惯性动作习惯性动作”，后接不定式，后接不定式表示表示“心理或一次具体动作心理或一次具体动作”。当用在当用在 should, would之后时，只跟不定式之后时，只跟不定式。I like swimming, but I dont like to swim this afternoon.我喜欢游泳，但今天我不愿去游泳。我喜欢游泳，但今天我不愿去游泳。What would you like to eat tonight?你今晚上想吃什么？你今晚上想吃什么？动名词的复合结构动名词前可以加一个动名词前可以加一个 物主代词或物主代词或 名词所有名词所有格来表示格来表示 这个动名词逻辑上的主语这个动名词逻辑上的主语 ，构成，构成动名词的复合结构或动名词短语动名词的复合结构或动名词短语1).物主代词物主代词 / 名词所有格名词所有格 + 动名词动名词 在句中作主语在句中作主语: Marys coming late made her teacher angry. Do you mind my smoking? Do you mind my reading your paper?Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.2).人称代词宾格人称代词宾格 / 名词名词 + 动名词动名词 在句中作宾语在句中作宾语:Im sure of him coming on time. He has never heard of a woman being a pilot. I dont mind Jack (him) going.She hates young people (them) smoking.3).在在“There is no+主语主语” 句型中，常用句型中，常用动名词做主语。动名词做主语。There is no telling what will happen in the future.There is no denying that he plotted this rebellion.（无可否认，他策划了这次谋反（无可否认，他策划了这次谋反.）1) The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.2) He is a promising young man. 3) The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory4) We found the boy sleeping.分词：分词：ParticiplesFind out the participles.一一 分词的概述分词的概述1. 分词是分词是“非谓语动词非谓语动词”的另一种形式，的另一种形式，它有两种形式：现它有两种形式：现 在分词（在分词（Present Participle）和过去分词（）和过去分词（Past Participle）。）。 2. 现在分词：现在分词：doing 过去分词：规则动词过去分词：规则动词 V+ed 不规则动词不规则动词 3.分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用。在分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用。在句中句中 作表语、定语状语和宾语补足语。作表语、定语状语和宾语补足语。现在分词与过去分词的区别：现在分词与过去分词的区别：1.语态上：语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动被动Do you know the woman talking to Tom?The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.2. 时态上：时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成表完成Developing country boiling waterDeveloped country boiled water二、分词的作用二、分词的作用1 作定语作定语分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置定语。被修饰的名词之前，称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后有的放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置定语。置定语。（1）前置定语）前置定语He is a promising young man. Make less noise. Theres a sleeping child. We only sell used books. 我们只卖用过的书。我们只卖用过的书。（2）后置定语）后置定语The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper. 现在分词作定语表示动作。如果是单词，现在分词作定语表示动作。如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词前；如果是短语，就放放在被修饰的名词前；如果是短语，就放在被修饰的名词之后。在被修饰的名词之后。（3）分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰）分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后，词之后， 相当于一个定语从句。相当于一个定语从句。Those who wish to join the club should sign here(Those wishing to join this club should sign here. )The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.)(The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. （4）过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可）过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动和完成，只表完成。能：表示被动和完成，只表完成。the question discussed yesterday 昨天讨论的问题昨天讨论的问题 （既表示被动也表示完成）（既表示被动也表示完成）the fallen leaves 落下的树叶落下的树叶 (只表示完成，不表示被动只表示完成，不表示被动)2、作表语、作表语分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。What you said is really inspiring. 你所说的真令从鼓舞。你所说的真令从鼓舞。3、作宾语补足语、作宾语补足语可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有 see, watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get 等词。等词。I saw him walking in the street. 我看见他在街上走。我看见他在街上走。 I heard them singing in the classroom.我听见他们在教室里唱歌。我听见他们在教室里唱歌。 We found the boy sleeping. 我们发现小孩睡着了。我们发现小孩睡着了。现在分词与过去分词在作状语的区别现在分词与过去分词在作状语的区别四、作状语四、作状语现在分词表主动进行，过去分词表被动完成现在分词表主动进行，过去分词表被动完成1. (Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, we can see a beautiful factory. (Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, the factory looks beautiful.2. (Hearing/heard) the bad news, they couldnt help crying.3. (Giving/Given) more time, we could do it better. 比较下列划线部分在句中的作用、位置及其比较下列划线部分在句中的作用、位置及其与谓语动词的时间顺序与谓语动词的时间顺序：(1)They have no drinking water now.(动名词做定语动名词做定语)(2)The book to be published is about AIDS. (将要出版的这本书是关于艾滋病的。将要出版的这本书是关于艾滋病的。不定不定式做定语式做定语)(3)The rising sun is very beautiful.（现在分词做定语现在分词做定语）(4)The ground is covered with fallen leaves.(落叶满地。落叶满地。过去分词做定语过去分词做定语) 不定式、动名词、分词做定语的区别不定式、动名词、分词做定语的区别形式形式 与被修饰名与被修饰名词位置顺序词位置顺序 与所修饰与所修饰名词的关名词的关系系 与谓语动词与谓语动词发生的时间发生的时间顺序顺序不定式不定式 单个不定单个不定式或不定式或不定式短语式短语 名词后名词后 主谓关系主谓关系或动宾关或动宾关系系 一般指将来一般指将来动作，完成动作，完成式在谓语之式在谓语之前前动名词动名词 只以单个只以单个动名词出动名词出现现 名词前名词前 表被修饰表被修饰名词的用名词的用途途 分词分词 单个分词、单个分词、分词短语分词短语 名词前或后名词前或后 主谓关系主谓关系 同时或在谓同时或在谓语之前语之前1. 不定式的进行时表示动作与谓语动作同不定式的进行时表示动作与谓语动作同时发生。不定式、分词、动名词的完成式时发生。不定式、分词、动名词的完成式表动作在谓语之前发生。表动作在谓语之前发生。1) When mother came into the room，Sid pretended to be working hard at his lessons.2) Robert is said to have studied abroad，but I dont know what country he studied in.3) Having finished all my homework，I went out to play football with Li Ming. followingfollowedLookingSeen 1. The next thing he saw was smoke _ from behind the house. (2011全国全国)A.rose B.rising C. to rise D.risen2. The island, to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to. (2011 全国全国)A. joining B. to join C. joined D. having joined3. Sarah pretended to be cheerful, _ nothing about the argument. (2011全国全国) A. says B. said C. to say D. saying4. Its important for the figures _ regularly. (2011 北京北京)A.to be updated B. to have been updated C. to update D. to have updated5. Sit down, Emma. You will only make yourself more tired, on you feet. (2011北京北京)A. to keep B. keeping C. having kept D. to have kept6. Passeagers are permitted only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane. (2011天津天津)A.to carry B. carrying C. to be carried D. being carried 7. _ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order. (2011天津天津)A. Translating B. Translated C. To translate D. Having translated8. Mike found his missing car in the street outside his house, newly cleaned and polished. (2011 上海上海)A.looked B. to lookC. looking D. to be looking 9. _ in 1955, Disneyland in California is regarded by many as the riginal fun park. (2011 上海上海) A. Opened B. Having openedC. Opening D. Being opened10. Harrison Ford is thought to be one of the few movie stars as a carpenter before. (2011 上海上海) A.to work B. to be working C. to have worked D. to have been working11. Look over theretheres a very long, winding path up to the house. (2011 山山东东)A. leading B. leads C. led D. to lead12. Recently a survey prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens. (2011江苏江苏)Acompared Bcomparing Ccompares Dbeing compared13. The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable . (2011福建福建)A. held B. holding C. be held D. to hold14. Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier _into small pieces.A. break B. breaking C. broken D. to breakFill in the blanks1. 不定式的进行时表示动作与谓语动作同不定式的进行时表示动作与谓语动作同时发生。不定式、分词、动名词的时发生。不定式、分词、动名词的_表动作在谓语之前发生。表动作在谓语之前发生。完成时完成时进行时态进行时态
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