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六、逻辑结构题Unit 1A（2012陕西陕西B）【话题话题】家庭生活家庭生活 词数词数: 340w 难度难度: Three Boys and a Dad Brad closed the door slowly as Sue left home to visit her mother. Expecting a whole day to relax, he was thinking whether to read the newspaper or watch his favourite TV talk show on his first day off in months. “This will be like a walk in the park, ”hed told his wife. “Ill look after the kids, and you can go visit your mom. ” Things started well, but just after eight oclock, his three little “good kids”Mike, Randy, and Alexcame down the stairs in their night clothes and shouted “breakfast, daddy. ”When food had not appeared within thirty seconds, Randy began using his spoon on Alexs head as if it were a drum. Alex started to shout loudly in time to the beat（节拍）（节拍）. Mike chanted “Wheres my toast, wheres my toast” in the background. Brad realised his newspaper would have to wait for a few seconds. Life became worse after breakfast. Mike wore Randys underwear on his head. Randy locked himself in the bathroom, while Alex shouted again because he was going to wet his pants. Nobody could find clean socks, although they were before their very eyes. Someone named “Not Me” had spilled a whole glass of orange juice into the basket of clean clothes. Brad knew the talk show had already started. By ten oclock, things were out of control. Alex was wondering why the fish in the jar refused his bread and butter. Mike was trying to show off his talent by decorating the kitchen wall with his colour pencils. Randy, thankfully, appeared to be reading quietly in the family room, but closer examination showed that he was eating apple jam straight from the bottle with his hands. Brad realised that the talk show was over and reading would be impossible. At exactly 11: 17, Brad called the daycare centre（日托（日托所）所）. “I suddenly have to go into work and my wifes away. Can I bring the boys over in a few minutes? ”The answer was obviously “yes” because Brad was smiling. 【语篇导读语篇导读】本文讲述了三个孩子和爸爸的故事本文讲述了三个孩子和爸爸的故事; 爸爸爸爸Brad放放假了，想在家放松，休息一天，看看报纸或者看他喜欢的电视假了，想在家放松，休息一天，看看报纸或者看他喜欢的电视谈话节目，可是三个孩子让他不得安宁，最后不得不给日托所谈话节目，可是三个孩子让他不得安宁，最后不得不给日托所打电话，让他们把孩子接走。打电话，让他们把孩子接走。1. When his wife left home, Brad expected to_. A. go out for a walk in the parkB. watch TV talk show with his childrenC. enjoy his first day off workD. read the newspaper to his children【解析解析】选选C。细节理解题。根据第一段。细节理解题。根据第一段Brad closed the door slowly as Sue left home to visit her mother. Expecting a whole day to relax，he was thinking whether to read the newspaper or watch his favourite TV talk show on his first day off in months. 可知答案。可知答案。2. Which of the following did Randy do? A. Drawing on the wall. B. Eating apple jam. C. Feeding the fish. D. Reading in a room. 【解析解析】选选B。推理判断题。根据第四段。推理判断题。根据第四段Randy, thankfully, appeared to be reading quietly in the family room，but closer examination showed that he was eating apple jam. . . 可知可知Randy 看上去好像在客厅里安静地看书，但是仔细检查后发现看上去好像在客厅里安静地看书，但是仔细检查后发现他正在吃苹果酱他正在吃苹果酱要注意要注意but 后面的才是后面的才是Randy 所做的。所做的。3. Why did Brad ask the daycare centre for help? A. Because he wanted to clean up his house. B. Because he suddenly had to go to his office. C. Because he found it hard to manage his boys. D. Because he had to take his wife back home. 【解析解析】选选C。推理判断题。从第四段中。推理判断题。从第四段中By ten oclock, things were out of control. 以及第五段，爸爸受不了了，给日托所打以及第五段，爸爸受不了了，给日托所打电话。所以爸爸给日托所打电话是因为他控制不了孩子们了。电话。所以爸爸给日托所打电话是因为他控制不了孩子们了。4. This text is developed_. A. by space B. by comparisonC. by process D. by time【解析解析】选选D。逻辑结构题。从第二段开头。逻辑结构题。从第二段开头Things started well, but just after eight oclock. . . 和第三段和第三段Life became worse after breakfast; 第四段第四段By ten oclock, things were out of control. 以以及第五段及第五段At exactly 11: 17, Brad called the daycare centre. 由此由此可知文章是按时间顺序来安排的。可知文章是按时间顺序来安排的。 B（2012重庆重庆C）【话题话题】自然景观自然景观 词数词数: 288w 难度难度: There is no better way to enjoy Scottish traditions than going fishing and tasting a little bit of whisky(威士忌威士忌) at a quiet place like the Inverlochy Castle. When Queen Victoria visited the castle in 1873 she wrote in her diary, “I never saw a lovelier spot. ” And she didnt even go fishing. Scotland is not easily defined. In certain moments, this quiet land of lakes and grasses and mountains changes before your very eyes. When evening gently sweeps the hillside into orange light, the rivers, teeming with fish, can turn into streams of gold. As you settle down with just a fishing pole and a basket on the bank of River Orchy, near the Inverlochy Castle, any frustration(烦恼烦恼) will float away as gently as the circling water. Its just you and purple, pink, white flowers, seeking a perfect harmony. If you are a new comer to fishing, learning the basics from a fishing guide may leave you with a lifetimes fun. For many, fishing is more than a sport; it is an art. Scotland offers interesting places where you can rest after a long days fishing. Set against a wild mountain and hidden behind woodland, the beautiful Inverlochy Castle Hotel below the Nevis is a perfect place to see the beauty of Scotlands mountains. Ben Nevis is the highest of all British mountains, and reaching its 1343- metre top is a challenge. But its not just what goes up that matters; what comes down is unique. More than 900 metres high, on the mountains north face, lies an all-important source of pure water. Its name comes from the Gaelic language “usquebaugh” or “water of life”; and it is the single most important ingredient(原料原料) in Scotlands best known drink: whisky. 【语篇导读语篇导读】苏格兰的景色难以界定。坐落于本尼维斯山脚下苏格兰的景色难以界定。坐落于本尼维斯山脚下的的the Inverlochy Castle拥有苏格兰最赏心悦目的美景。在这里拥有苏格兰最赏心悦目的美景。在这里您可以惬意地钓鱼，还可以品味用独特的本尼维斯山中的水酿您可以惬意地钓鱼，还可以品味用独特的本尼维斯山中的水酿造的威士忌。造的威士忌。5. The story of Queen Victoria is to show that _. A. the Queen is rich in tour experienceB. the Castle is a good place to go in ScotlandC. tasting whisky is better than going fishingD. 1873 is a special year for the Queen【解析解析】选选B。细节理解题。由第一段第二句。细节理解题。由第一段第二句I never saw a lovelier spot可知，可知，Queen Victoria对对the Inverlochy Castle是盛是盛赞不已，说明赞不已，说明the Castle是一个值得去的好地方。是一个值得去的好地方。6. How is Paragraph 2 mainly developed? A. By giving descriptions. B. By following time order. C. By analyzing causes. D. By making comparisons. 【解析解析】选选A。逻辑结构题。本段运用了大量的细节描写来说。逻辑结构题。本段运用了大量的细节描写来说明苏格兰的景观特点。明苏格兰的景观特点。7. What is Ben Nevis special for? A. The Inverlochy Castle Hotel. B. The beauty of its surroundings. C. The water from the mountain. D. The challenge up to its top. 【解析解析】选选C。由第三段第四句中的。由第三段第四句中的what comes down is unique及第五、六句可知，第四句中的及第五、六句可知，第四句中的what comes down指的指的是来自本尼维斯山上的水。是来自本尼维斯山上的水。8. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To introduce Scottish traditions to tourists. B. To show the attractions of Scotland to readers. C. To explore geographical characteristics of Scotland. D. To describe the pleasures of life in Scotland. 【解析解析】选选B。主旨大意题。本文首先借。主旨大意题。本文首先借Queen Victoria之口，之口，赞美了苏格兰的美丽景色，然后又具体详细地描写了苏格兰的赞美了苏格兰的美丽景色，然后又具体详细地描写了苏格兰的山地、湖泊之美。山地、湖泊之美。【长难句分析长难句分析】Set against a wild mountain and hidden behind woodland, the beautiful Inverlochy Castle Hotel below the Nevis is a perfect place to see the beauty of Scotlands mountains. 分析：分析：本句是个简单句。句子主干是：本句是个简单句。句子主干是：the beautiful Inverlochy Castle Hotel is a perfect place；set against a wild mountain and hidden behind woodland是并列的过去分词短语作伴随状语，是并列的过去分词短语作伴随状语，below the Nevis是介词短语作是介词短语作Inverlochy Castle Hotel的定语，的定语，to see the beauty of Scotlands mountains是不定式短语作是不定式短语作place的的定语。定语。译文：译文：位于位于Nevis山脚下的美丽的山脚下的美丽的Inverlochy Castle Hotel背靠背靠一座荒山，隐藏在林地后面，是一个欣赏苏格兰山脉之美的完一座荒山，隐藏在林地后面，是一个欣赏苏格兰山脉之美的完美之地。美之地。 C（2012北京北京D）【话题话题】环境保护环境保护 词数词数: 362w 难度难度: Wilderness “In wilderness(荒野荒野)is the preservation of the world. ” This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved. As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, the untouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation(开发开发)brings to such landscapes(景观景观) is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans needthe rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. To Mr. Sauven, these “ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation. Lee Lane, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view. He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation. But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. While the ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses containthem in abundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so. Being untouched is not, in itself, a characteristic worth valuing above all others. I look forward to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants. One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly. And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm. This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking. 【语篇导读语篇导读】在资源日渐匮乏的今天，人们又将目光投向了人在资源日渐匮乏的今天，人们又将目光投向了人烟罕至的荒野之地。是开发利用，还是加以保护？人们给出了烟罕至的荒野之地。是开发利用，还是加以保护？人们给出了不同的观点。不同的观点。9. John Sauven holds that_ . A. many people value nature too muchB. exploitation of wildernesses is harmfulC. wildernesses provide humans with necessitiesD. the urge to develop the ecosystem services is strong【解析解析】选选B。推理判断题。由第二段最后一句。推理判断题。由第二段最后一句To Mr. Sauven, these “ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation. 可知答案。可知答案。10. What is the main idea of Para. 3? A. The exploitation is necessary for the poor people. B. Wildernesses cannot guarantee better use of raw materials. C. Useful services of wildernesses are not the reason for no exploitation. D. All the characteristics concerning the exploitation should be treated equally. 【解析解析】选选C。段落大意题。本段的主题句是第三句。段落大意题。本段的主题句是第三句But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. , 句中的句中的that指的是上文指的是上文中的中的useful services。11. What is the authors attitude towards this debate? A. Objective. B. Disapproving. C. Sceptical. D. Optimistic. 【解析解析】选选A。观点态度题。本文作者只是客观地给出了几种。观点态度题。本文作者只是客观地给出了几种不同的观点，并没有发表自己的看法。不同的观点，并没有发表自己的看法。 12. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage? CP: Central Point P: PointSp: Sub- point(次要点次要点) C: Conclusion【解析解析】选选D。逻辑结构题。本文第一段先提出了全文的主题：。逻辑结构题。本文第一段先提出了全文的主题：是否该对荒野之地加以保护。第二、三段分别提出了保护和开是否该对荒野之地加以保护。第二、三段分别提出了保护和开发两种截然不同的观点。第四段提出了一个新的挑战：能否毫发两种截然不同的观点。第四段提出了一个新的挑战：能否毫无害处地进行开发。最后一段给出结论。无害处地进行开发。最后一段给出结论。D（2011重庆重庆 C）【话题话题】文化教育文化教育 词数词数: 299w 难度难度: Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, king of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long- lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War . Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea： clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far? Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first- time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist(免疫免疫学家学家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground. 【语篇导读语篇导读】本文为论说文，谈论古今人们对污物、烂泥、灰本文为论说文，谈论古今人们对污物、烂泥、灰尘的不同看法。尘的不同看法。 13. The kings of France and England in the 16th century closed bath houses because_. A. they lived healthily in a dirty environmentB. they thought bath houses were too dirty to stay inC. they believed disease could be spread in public bathsD. they considered bathing as the cause of skin disease【解析解析】选选C。细节理解题。由第二段第二句。细节理解题。由第二段第二句A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. 可知可知C项正确。项正确。14. Which of the following best describes Henry IVs attitude to bathing? A. Afraid. B. Curious. C. Approving. D. Uninterested. 【解析解析】选选A。观点态度题。由第二段倒数第一句。观点态度题。由第二段倒数第一句Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out. 可知可知A项正确。项正确。15. How does the passage mainly develop? A. By providing examples. B. By making comparisons. C. By following the order of time. D. By following the order of importance. 【解析解析】选选C。逻辑结构题。由全文可以看出，文章讨论了从。逻辑结构题。由全文可以看出，文章讨论了从16世纪早期到现如今对于污物的不同观点，故世纪早期到现如今对于污物的不同观点，故C项正确。项正确。 16. What is the authors purpose in writing the passage? A. To stress the role of dirt. B. To introduce the history of dirt. C. To call attention to the danger of dirt. D. To present the change of views on dirt. 【解析解析】选选D。主旨大意题。全文讲述了古今人们对污物、烂。主旨大意题。全文讲述了古今人们对污物、烂泥、灰尘的不同看法。故选泥、灰尘的不同看法。故选D。【长难句分析长难句分析】In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. 分析：分析：这是一个复合句，主句是这是一个复合句，主句是people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease。as引导的是原因状语从引导的是原因状语从句，在从句中又包含句，在从句中又包含that引导的同位语从句，作引导的同位语从句，作it的同位语。的同位语。译文：译文：在在16世纪早期，人们认为皮肤上的灰尘是一种阻止疾病世纪早期，人们认为皮肤上的灰尘是一种阻止疾病的方式，因为医学观点认为用热水冲洗灰尘会打开皮肤毛孔让的方式，因为医学观点认为用热水冲洗灰尘会打开皮肤毛孔让细菌侵入。细菌侵入。 E（2011陕西陕西D）【话题话题】科普知识科普知识 词数词数: 338w 难度难度: Ever since they were first put on the market in the early 1990s, genetically modified (GM, 转基因转基因) foods have been increasingly developed and marketed in many countries in the world, mainly on the basis of their promise to end the worldwide food crisis. But can GM technology solve world hunger problems? Even if it would, is it the best solution? Despite what it promises, GM technology actually has not increased the production potential(潜力潜力) of any crop. In fact studies show that the most widely grown GM crop, GM soybeans, has suffered reduced productivity. For instance, a report that analyzed nearly two decades of research on major GM food crops shows that GM engineering has failed to significantly increase US crop production. Something else, however, has been on the rise. While GM seeds are expensive, GM companies tell farmers that they will make good profits by saving money on pesticides（杀虫剂）（杀虫剂）. On the contrary, US government data show that GM crops in the US have produced an overall increase in pesticide use compared to traditional crops. “The promise was that you could use less chemicals and boost production. But neither is true, ” said Bill Christison, President of the US National Family Farm Coalition. At the same time, the authors of the book World Hunger: Twelve Myths argue that there actually is more than enough food in the world and that the hunger crisis is not caused by production, but by problems in food distribution and politics. These indeed deserve our efforts and money. Meanwhile, the rise in food prices results from the increased use of crops for fuel rather than food, according to a 2008 World Bank report. As a matter of fact, scientists see better ways to feed the world. Another World Bank report concluded that GM crops have little to offer to the challenges of worldwide poverty and hunger, because better ways out are available, among which “green” farming is supposed to be the first choice. 【语篇导读语篇导读】本文主要讲述了转基因农产品的产量并没有由于本文主要讲述了转基因农产品的产量并没有由于转基因技术而得到提高，相反却下降了。作者在文章中以很多转基因技术而得到提高，相反却下降了。作者在文章中以很多例子作为佐证来证明这一点，并且在最后提出了真正提高农产例子作为佐证来证明这一点，并且在最后提出了真正提高农产品产量的方法。品产量的方法。17. The author develops the second paragraph mainly_ . A. by classification B. by comparisonC. by example D. by process【解析解析】选选C。逻辑结构题。文章第二段主要讲述了转基因技。逻辑结构题。文章第二段主要讲述了转基因技术并没能增加粮食的产量，接下来作者以举例子的形式进行表术并没能增加粮食的产量，接下来作者以举例子的形式进行表述，据此选述，据此选C项。项。18. What does the underlined word “boost” in the third paragraph probably mean? A. Control. B. Evaluate. C. Obtain. D. Increase. 【解析解析】选选D。词义猜测题。判断词义的根本方法就是。词义猜测题。判断词义的根本方法就是“瞻前瞻前顾后顾后”，务必仔细研读其所在的上下文，甚至要结合文章中心，务必仔细研读其所在的上下文，甚至要结合文章中心思想进行判断。本段主要讲述的是转基因技术并没有提高农产思想进行判断。本段主要讲述的是转基因技术并没有提高农产品的产量，他们承诺品的产量，他们承诺“用的化学药品少，产量高，两个说法都用的化学药品少，产量高，两个说法都是不真实的是不真实的”。根据上下句可知此处。根据上下句可知此处boost意为意为“增加、提增加、提高高”。19. GM companies promise farmers that they will benefit from_. A. practising “green” farmingB. use of less chemicalsC. fair distribution of their cropsD. using more crops for fuel【解析解析】选选B。细节理解题。根据文章第三段。细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The promise was that you could use less chemicals. . . ”可知可知B项正确。项正确。20. Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author towards GM technology? A. Optimistic. B. Defensive. C. Disapproving. D. Casual. 【解析解析】选选C。观点态度题。本题需要从整体着眼。考查作者。观点态度题。本题需要从整体着眼。考查作者对待转基因技术的态度问题。整篇文章主要讲述转基因技术并对待转基因技术的态度问题。整篇文章主要讲述转基因技术并没有给人类带来多少好处，他们所承诺的化学药品使用少、产没有给人类带来多少好处，他们所承诺的化学药品使用少、产量高这两个说法都是不真实的，最后一段作者又提到了真正提量高这两个说法都是不真实的，最后一段作者又提到了真正提高农产品产量的更好方法，由此可以判断，作者对待转基因技高农产品产量的更好方法，由此可以判断，作者对待转基因技术的态度是术的态度是“反对的反对的”。【长难句分析长难句分析】Another World Bank report concluded that GM crops have little to offer to the challenges of worldwide poverty and hunger, because better ways out are available, among which “green” farming is supposed to be the first choice. 分析：分析：这是一个复合句。这是一个复合句。Another World Bank report concluded that GM crops have little to offer to the challenges of worldwide poverty and hunger是主句，是主句，because引导的是原因引导的是原因状语从句，在从句中又包含状语从句，在从句中又包含which引导的定语从句，修饰引导的定语从句，修饰better ways。译文：译文：另一个世界银行报告得出结论：转基因农作物对于全球另一个世界银行报告得出结论：转基因农作物对于全球的贫穷与饥饿几乎没什么作用，因为有些更好的办法可利用，的贫穷与饥饿几乎没什么作用，因为有些更好的办法可利用，其中绿色农业是首选。其中绿色农业是首选。 Unit 2A（2010北京北京A）【话题话题】人生哲理人生哲理 词数词数: 368w 难度难度: Goldies Secret She turned up at the doorstep of my house in Cornwall. No way could I have sent her away. No way, not me anyway. Maybe someone had kicked her out of their car thenight before. “Were moving house. ” “No space for her any more with the baby coming. ”“We never really wanted her, but what could we have done? She was a present. ”People find all sorts of excuses for abandoning an animal. And she was one of the most beautiful dogs I had ever seen. I called her Goldie. If I had known what was going to happen I would have given her a more creative name. She was so unsettled during those first few days. She hardly ate anything and had such an air of sadness about her. There was nothing I could do to make her happy, it seemed. Heavenknows what had happened to her at her previous owners. But eventually at the end of the first week she calmed down. Always by my side, whether we were out on one of our long walks or sitting by the fire. Thats why it was such a shock when she pulled away from me one day when we were out for a walk.
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