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第30讲主谓一致和there be句型主谓一致在英语中，句子的主语和谓语动词在人称和数上要保持一致关系，这种关系叫主谓一致。中考关于主谓一致的考点有：1语法一致原则；2意义一致原则；3就近一致原则。高频考向一语法一致原则语法一致即主语是单数形式时，谓语动词就用单数形式；主语是复数形式时，谓语动词就用复数形式。当and连接两个或多个名词，或both.and.连接两个名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：Tom and Mike are good friends.汤姆和迈克是好朋友。Both Lucy and Lily are students.露西和莉莉都是学生。不定代词either，neither，anybody，anyone，anything，no one，nothing等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Is there anything wrong with your bike？你的自行车有什么毛病吗？Everyone is ready for the sports meeting.大家都在为运动会做准备。由each，each.and each.，every.and every.，every.作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Each boy and each girl was given a new book.每一个男孩和每一个女孩都被给了一本新书。主语后有with，along with，together with，as well as，no less than，more than，including，besides，like，except，but等词或短语时，谓语动词的单复数形式由主语的单复数形式决定。如：Mr. Green with his wife and two daughters is coming to Beijing.格林先生将和他的妻子及两个女儿一块儿来北京。“a number of名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；“the number of名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：A number of trees are cut down.许多树木被砍倒了。The number of students in our class is 32.我们班学生人数为32。“a lot of(lots of，plenty of，a pile of，piles of，most of)名词”或“分数/百分数名词”等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于名词，如果是不可数名词，则谓语动词用单数形式；如果是可数名词复数，则谓语动词用复数形式。如：Lots of people have been there.很多人去过那儿。由“a pair(a kind，a series.)of复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；“pairs(kinds.)of复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：A pair of sunglasses is lying on the table.一副太阳镜放在桌子上。Fifteen pairs of shoes are made each day.每天能制作十五双鞋。不定式或动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Reading is learning.读书就是学习。高频考向二意义一致原则意义一致又叫概念一致，即谓语动词的单复数形式要与主语所表达的概念一致。由and连接的两个名词，如果是指同一概念(即and后面无冠词)，则谓语动词用单数形式。如：The teacher and writer is coming to give us a report next week.那位老师兼作家下周要来给我们作报告。The singer and dancer has been invited to the party.那位歌唱家兼舞蹈家被邀请参加了聚会。表示金钱、价格、时间、长度等复数名词及词组作主语时，一般被看做一个整体，谓语动词常用单数形式。如：Three years is a long time.三年是一段很长的时间。集体名词(如family，team，crowd，company，class，group，government.)如果表示整体概念，则谓语动词用单数形式；如果表示集体中的成员，则谓语动词用复数形式。如：My family is a small one with three people.我家是一个有三口人的小家庭。“the姓氏名词复数”或“theold”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：The Greens enjoy living in china.格林一家(夫妇)喜欢在中国生活。The young are energetic.年轻人很活力。算式中，表示加法和乘法时谓语动词可用单数形式，也可用复数形式，但表示减法和除法时谓语动词必须用单数形式。如：What is/are three times three？3乘以3是多少？高频考向三就近原则有时谓语动词的形式与最靠近它的名词保持一致，这种原则叫做就近原则，又叫做邻近原则。由either.or.，neither.nor.，not only.but (also).，not.but.或or连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词与较近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。如：Not only my parents but also I am looking forward to meeting my uncle.不但我父母而且我也盼望看到我叔叔。Not only Jim but also his parents want to live in China.不仅吉姆而且他的父母也想居住在中国。He or you have taken my pen.他或你拿了我的钢笔。There be.和Here be.这两个句式中的be动词常与最近的主语在数上保持一致。如：There is an apple and two bananas on the table.桌子上有一个苹果和两根香蕉。 There be句型 There be句型是一种常见的表示“存在”的句型。该结构表示某地客观存在某物，是一种倒装语序。中考关于there be 句型的考点有：1there be句型的结构及就近原则；2there be句型的否定形式和疑问形式。高频考向一There be句型结构“There be.”句型是存在句的常用基本结构，there在句中处于主语位置，起形式主语的作用，真正的主语是随后的名词词组。要表达“某个地方或某个时间存在什么事物或人”的时候常用“There be 名词 地点(时间)”。该句型有如下几种情况：1There is单数主语/不可数主语(v.ing)地点。如：There is a ruler on the desk.书桌上有一把尺。There is some water in the bottle.瓶子里有一些水。There is a bird singing in the tree.树上有一只鸟正在唱歌。2There are复数主语(v.ing)地点。如：There are many flowers in the park. 公园里有许多花。There are two boys running on the street. 街上有两个男孩正在奔跑。3可以在be前加上情态动词，表示“预见”、“可能”、“必然”或“过去习惯存在”等。如：There may be a cigarette in that box.那个盒子里或许有支香烟。There must be some cakes on the table.桌子上一定有些蛋糕。4也可以在be前加上某些半助动词(如：be going to, be certain to, be sure to, be likely to, have to 等)，表示更具体的意思。如：There is going to be a rain. 要下雨了。There has to be a mistake. 必定有错。There used to be a hospital before the war.在战前，那里曾经有家医院。There happened to be a bus nearby.碰巧附近有辆公交车。5There be 中的be 有时可以用某些表示存在、发生、出现、坐落等意义的不及物动词(如lie, stand, exit等)来代替。如：There stood a temple near the river. 河边有一座庙宇。There came a scent of limeblossom.飘来一阵菩提树的花香。Once upon a time there lived a princess in the tower.从前那个城堡里住着一个公主。【注意】如果句中的地点状语前移就可以省略there。如：Behind the house (there) is a small river.门后有一条小河。高频考向二there be句型的时态There be 句型中动词be可以有一般现在时、一般过去时、将来时和完成时。如：There is ice on the lake. 湖上有冰。There were three students in the classroom then. 当时教室有三个学生。There has never been anybody like you. 还从来没有像你这样的人。There will be snow on high ground.在高地上将会有雪。高频考向三there be句型的否定句There be 句型的否定句有两种构成方式：1通常直接在be或助动词、情态动词后加not(在口语中be时常与not缩写在一起)。如果句中有some，一般要变成any。如：There isnt a box in the room.房间里没有盒子。There arent any pens on the desk.课桌上没有钢笔。There hasnt been any rain for a week.一周没下雨了。2在主语前加上不定代词no。 如：There is no water in the bottle.瓶子里没有水。There might be no money left.或许没有钱剩下。高频考向四there be句型的疑问句1一般疑问句及其答语There be 句型的一般疑问句是将be或助动词、情态动词提至there之前，首字母大写，句末用问号即可。回答时用yes或no，后接简单答语。如：Is there a cake on the table？桌子上有块蛋糕吗？Yes，there is. / No，there isnt.是，有。/ 不，没有。Will there be a party tonight？今晚有聚会吗？Yes，there will./ No, there wont.是的，有。/不，没有。2特殊疑问句及其回答特殊疑问句由 “特殊疑问词一般疑问句”构成，回答时要根据实际情况。提问句子的主语(包括主语前的修饰语)时，句型一律用“What is 地点介词短语？”(无论主语是单数还是复数都用is)如：There are some birds in the tree. Whats in the tree?对there be后面的地点状语进行提问时，句型结构为“Where is/are主语？”如：There is a car in the street. Where is the car?提问名词(主语)前的数量时，可数名词用how many；不可数名词用how much。句型结构为“How many/much 名词 be there 其他？”如：How many trees are there in your garden? 你的花园里有多少棵树？How much water is there in the cup？杯子里有多少水？高频考向五there be句型的主谓一致1当be动词后所接的名词是单数可数名词或不可数名词时，be动词用单数is；当其后所接的名词是复数的可数名词时，be动词用复数are。如：Theres a man at the door.门口有个人。There is some apple juice in the bottle.瓶子里有些苹果汁。There are so many strangers in the street.大街上有如此多的陌生人。2如果There be 后面是几个并列名词做主语时，动词be的形式和最靠近它的那个名词保持数的一致。即“就近原则”，如：There are two books and a pen on the desk.书桌上有两本书和一支钢笔。(因为最靠近be的名词是two books，是复数，所以用are)There is a pen and two books on the desk.书桌上有一支钢笔和两本书。(因为最靠近be的名词是a pen，是单数，所以用is)【注意】如果主语是复数名词，却表示一笔金额或一个总数或表达一个单个概念时，则仍用be动词的单数形式，如：There is five hundred dollars to pay.还需付五百美元。There is still another 20 miles to drive.还要开20英里的车。高频考向六“there be”和“have”的区别1相同点：在表示结构上的含有时，既可以用there be句型，也可以用have(has)来表示。如：There are many long rivers in China.China has many long rivers.中国有许多长河。How many days are there in March?How many days does March have？三月份有多少天？2不同点：there be 表存在，强调某地有某物，不表示所属关系；have表示所有关系，强调某人或某地有某物。如：I have a book.我有一本书。(书归我所有，我是书的主人。所属“有”)There is a book on the desk.在桌子上有一本书。(书只是存在于桌子上，但书不属于桌子所有。存在“有”)【口诀】“有”字放前面，有“啥”放中间；时间地点放后面；单数is，复数are；注意be的两变化。【注意】两种结构不能在一个句子中同时出现。一、用所给单词的适当形式填空。(原创)1Xinjiang food _(taste) delicious. Most people like eating.2Either Tom or Sarah _(be) going to the party next week. One of them must stay at home.3The actor and director _(be) coming to give us speech next weekend.4This pair of trousers _(make) by my aunt last year.5Twenty years _(have) passed since he left his hometown.6The woman with two children _(be) standing at the door now.7Neither my sister nor I _(have) ever been to America before.8The Blacks _(be) watching TV when I arrived.9No one but my parents _(know) the truth.10How many girls are there in your class?The number of them _(be) over twenty.tastesisiswas madehasishavewereknowsis二、按要求完成下列句子。11There are four apples on the ground.(改为一般疑问句)_12There are five birds singing in the tree.(对画线部分提问)_13There are two bowls on the table.(改为否定句)_Are there four apples on the ground?Whats in the tree?There arent two bowls on the table.14There is an apple tree in the garden.(改为否定句)_15There are not any cats in my family.(改为同义句)_16There is not any milk in the bottle.(改为同义句)_There isnt an apple tree in the garden.There are no cats in my family.There is no milk in the bottle.
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