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1不定式作状语不定式作状语 不定式作状语常用来表目的、结果或不定式作状语常用来表目的、结果或原因等。原因等。 例如：例如：We eat to live, but we dont live to eat. (目的目的) What has he said to make you so happy? (结果结果) She burst into tears to hear the bad news. (原因原因) 一一 作状语作状语注：表目的的不定式还常与注：表目的的不定式还常与so as或或in order连用，构成连用，构成so as (not) to do和和in order (not) to do 结构，其中结构，其中so as (not) to do 不能用于句首。不能用于句首。 例如：例如：To get there in time, we got up very early. = In order to get there in time, we got up very early. = We got up very early (in order/so as) to get there in time. 不定式可用于作表语或补语的形容不定式可用于作表语或补语的形容词之后作状语。词之后作状语。 例如：例如：Be careful not to catch cold . The man is easy to get along with. 不定式常与不定式常与too或或enough连用，在句连用，在句中作状语。中作状语。 例如：例如：The boy is too young to go to school/ to be sent to school. = The boy is not old enough to go to school/ to be sent to school. 不定式有时用于不定式有时用于so.as to do sth.结构结构中作状语。中作状语。 例如：例如：Will you be so kind as to help me with the work? 有时，不定式还可修饰一个句子，有时，不定式还可修饰一个句子，表明说话人的态度。常见的这类不定式表明说话人的态度。常见的这类不定式有有to tell you the truth, to be honest, to be franc, to be fair, 等。等。 例如：例如：To tell you the truth, I dont like the film. 2-ing分词和分词和-ed分词作状语分词作状语 -ing分词和分词和-ed分词作状语修饰谓语，分词作状语修饰谓语，多说明动作发生的背景、方式或伴随情多说明动作发生的背景、方式或伴随情况。如果在逻辑况。如果在逻辑 上句中的主语与分词上句中的主语与分词有主谓关系，用有主谓关系，用-ing分词，有动宾关系分词，有动宾关系则用则用-ed分词。分词。 例如：例如：We enjoyed ourselves in the park, singing and dancing. Built in 1900, the house is now 100 years old. -ing分词和分词和-ed分词都可作原因或时分词都可作原因或时间状语间状语, 其作用相当于一个相应的状语其作用相当于一个相应的状语从句。如果在逻辑从句。如果在逻辑 上句中的主语与分上句中的主语与分词有主谓关系用词有主谓关系用-ing分词，有动宾关系分词，有动宾关系则用则用-ed分词。分词。 例如例如: Being so poor in those days, they couldnt send the boy to school.(原因原因) Born in a poor family, the boy could not go to school. (原因原因) Hearing the bad news, she burst into tears. (时间时间) Seen from the hill, the park looks more beautiful. (时间时间) -ing分词有时可作结果状语。分词有时可作结果状语。 例如：例如：Her husband died in the war, leaving her a widow with three children. We got up very early, arriving at the hospital ahead of time. -ed分词有时用作条件状语，其作用分词有时用作条件状语，其作用相当于一个条件状语从句。相当于一个条件状语从句。 例如：例如：Given more time, we could have done it much better. 如果不定式或分词表示的动作在谓如果不定式或分词表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生，该不定语动词表示的动作之前发生，该不定式或分词用完成式。式或分词用完成式。 例如：例如：Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. Having never/Not having met the man before, I couldnt recognize him at first. Having finished my homework, I went to play football. 分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致，但有时它也可的主语在逻辑上一致，但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为称为“独立主格独立主格”结构。例如：结构。例如：Her grandfather being ill, she had to stay at home looking after him.(原因原因)The test finished, we began our holiday. （时间）（时间）The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.（原因）（原因）Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.（条件）（条件）有些分词在句子中没有主语，这有些分词在句子中没有主语，这种分词在语法上被称为垂悬分词，种分词在语法上被称为垂悬分词，属于分词的一种特殊用法。属于分词的一种特殊用法。taking.intoconsideration考虑到考虑到 judging by / from从从判断判断speaking of 说到说到generally speaking一般说来一般说来to tell the truth说实话说实话 allowing for考虑到考虑到regarding关于关于concerning关于关于granting / ed (that)如果；如果；即使即使providing / ed (that)如果如果given (that) 考虑到考虑到 considering考虑到考虑到presuming 假定假定admitting (that)承认承认典型例题典型例题 1. European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make 解析：解析： 此题考查此题考查-ing分词作结果状分词作结果状语的用法。语的用法。 2. _ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose 解析：此题考查解析：此题考查-ed分词短语作原因分词短语作原因 状语的用法状语的用法be lost in thought是一是一 个短语，意为个短语，意为“陷入沉陷入沉 思思”。 3. Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose his job. A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to 解析：此题考查不定式作目的状语及解析：此题考查不定式作目的状语及其结构，所以选其结构，所以选B。 Exercise1. She set out soon after dark _ home an hour later. A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived 2. “Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice. A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointedD. and angrily pointing 3. _ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received 4. She is upstairs _ letters. A. writes B. is writing C. write D. writing 5. The secretary worked late into the night, _ a long speech for the president. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing 二二 作表语作表语1. 动词不定式作表语动词不定式作表语 be to do sth.说明主语的内容说明主语的内容His job is to send papers every morning.计划要做某事计划要做某事What am I to do them？2. 现在分词作表语现在分词作表语 be doing sth.This story is very interesting.This match is very exciting.注意：注意：主语常是物；主语常是物；doing具有了形容词的特性；具有了形容词的特性；注意与进行时态的区别注意与进行时态的区别3. 过去分词作表语过去分词作表语 be done过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：被动语态强调动作，过去分词作表语被动语态强调动作，过去分词作表语说明主语的状态与特征。说明主语的状态与特征。This novel was written in 1976.This novel is well written.被动语态后常接被动语态后常接by+执行者；而过执行者；而过去分词作表语后不接介词去分词作表语后不接介词by，但可以，但可以接其他介词，表示特征。接其他介词，表示特征。The cup was broken by him.The cup is broken.I am interested in English.-ing动词作表语和动词作表语和-ing动词用于进行时动词用于进行时的区别：的区别：动名词作表语说明主语动名词作表语说明主语“是什么是什么”，现，现在在分词作表语说明主语是特征。分词作表语说明主语是特征。-ing动词动词用于正在进行时时，说明主语正在执行用于正在进行时时，说明主语正在执行的动作。如：的动作。如：Her work is taking care of the children.（说明主语（说明主语“是什么是什么”）Her work is interesting, and she enjoys taking care of the children.（说明她工作的特征是有意思的）（说明她工作的特征是有意思的） 不定式和动名词作表语的区别：不定式和动名词作表语的区别： 不定式作表语强调的是一次性、具体的、不定式作表语强调的是一次性、具体的、将要发生的动作；动名词作表语强调的是将要发生的动作；动名词作表语强调的是一般性、抽象的、经常发生的动作。如：一般性、抽象的、经常发生的动作。如： His job is to paint the walls.（目前要做的事情，并不是他日常的工作）（目前要做的事情，并不是他日常的工作） His job is painting walls.（这是他日常的工作）（这是他日常的工作）现在分词作表语与过去分词作表语的区现在分词作表语与过去分词作表语的区别：别：现在分词表示：现在分词表示： “令令怎么样怎么样”exciting / interesting / surprising / disappointing /astonishing / puzzling / exhausting / discouraging过去分词表示：过去分词表示： “感觉起来怎么样感觉起来怎么样”delight / disappointed / upset / astonished / excited /frightened / interested / puzzled / exhausted / satisfied /qualified 不定式作表语和不定式表示将来时的不定式作表语和不定式表示将来时的区区别别 ：不定式作表语用于说明主语不定式作表语用于说明主语“是什是什么么”，和主语之间是可以划等号的，和主语之间是可以划等号的，不不定式用来表示将来时态时，表示主语定式用来表示将来时态时，表示主语即即将要执行的动作，和主语之间是不能将要执行的动作，和主语之间是不能划划等号的。如：等号的。如：What he wanted to suggest is to cut down the price and increase the sales.My American teacher is to leave China soon.1. Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you cant have time to _ before the party.A. get changed B. get changeC. get changing D. get to changeExercise2. It is believed that if a book is _, it will surely _ the reader. A. interested; interest B. interesting; be interestedC. interested; be interestingD. interesting; interest
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