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第 10 讲 句子种类和成分一、用 how, what (a/an)填空1_ delicious food it is! Can I have more? 2 _ interesting film! This is the most interestingfilm I have ever seen.What an3_ bad weather! We cant go hiking today. 4_ nice the music is! Its written by Jay Chou.How5 _ good news it is! We can go for a picnic thisweekend.What6_ beautiful clothes they are!WhatWhatWhat7 _ nice teacher he is! He often helps the studentsWhat awith their homework after class.8_ beautiful the flowers are!How9_ hard work! Im afraid I cant finish it on time. 10_ dirty the water is! Wed better not swim here. 二、句型转换1Those children are students.(改为否定句和一般疑问句)_WhatHowThose children arent students.Are those children students?2Dont be noisy, please.(用 quiet 改为肯定句)_ Be quiet, please.3Stand in the front of the class.(改为否定句和反意疑问句)_ Stand in the front of the class, will/wont you?4The old man can hardly dress himself.(完成反意疑问句)The old man can hardly dress himself, _ _?he5Jim is ill.Lets go and see him after school.(完成反意疑问句)Jim is ill.Lets go and see him after school, _ _? Dont stand in the front of the class.canweshall6He thinks his aunt is right.(完成反意疑问句)He thinks his aunt is right, _ _?doesnthe7Lindas just come back from America.(完成反意疑问句)Lindas just come back from America, _ _?she8_ runs fastest in our class.(就画线部分提问)_ runs fastest in our class?Who9_ painting was put up on the wall of our school.(就画线部分提问)BobsWhose_ painting was put up on the wall of our school?10They usually go to school _.(就画线部分提问)_ _ they usually go to school?dohasntArthurby busHow句子种类句子种类句子可以从两个角度来分类：根据句子的用途可分为：陈述句(肯定式和否定式)，疑问句(一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句)，祈使句，感叹句。根据句子的结构可分为：简单句，并列句，复合句。1简单句：句中只包含一个主谓结构，而各个成分都由单词或短语构成的句子叫作简单句。如：I often play basketball after school.我经常放学后打篮球。2并列句：由并列连接词把两个以上(含两个)独立的简单句连在一起的句子叫作并列句。如：I am a worker but my brother is a professor.我是一名工人，而我弟弟是一名教授。3复合句：含有从句的句子叫作复合句，包括定语从句(形容词性从句)、状语从句(副词性从句)以及名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句)。如：I know that its difficult to master English.我知道学好英语不容易。 (宾语从句)Do you know the city which is famous for its light industry?你知道那个以灯具产业而闻名的城市吗？(定语从句)一般疑问句1把 be 动词、助动词、情态动词置于句首。2直接用 yes 或 no 来回答。3如果提问人对答案没有肯定或否定的意向，句中常用非肯定词。如：Is there anything wrong with your car?你的车出毛病了吗？如果提问人希望得到肯定的回答希望得到肯定的回答，则句中常用肯定词。如：Would you like some drink？你想喝点什么？特殊疑问句特殊疑问句是用疑问代词或疑问副词提问的句子，不用 yes或 no 回答。1疑问词作句子的宾语、状语、表语或修饰这三种成分时，用“疑问词一般疑问句”结构。如：When will you go？你什么时候去？2疑问词作主语或主语的定语时，用陈述句语序。如：Whose father works in Shanghai?谁的父亲在上海工作？3特殊疑问词有：when, where, what, who, whom, whose,which, why, how, how many, how much, how soon, how often,how old 等。选择疑问句由“一般疑问句or供选择的部分”构成，不能用 yes或 no 来回答。如：Would you like tea or coffee?你想要喝茶还是咖啡？Tea, please.茶。反意疑问句1构成：陈述句简略问句遵循原则：前肯定，后否定；前否定，后肯定前肯定，后否定；前否定，后肯定。简略问句的主语与陈述句主语保持一致，只能用人称代词(there 除外)；简略问句的谓语动词也与陈述句的谓语保持一致，如果是否定，一定要用简写。如：Jim isnt a student, is he？吉姆不是一名学生，对吗？There are some books in it, arent there?里面有一些书，是吗？2陈述句用“Im.”结构时，简略问句一般用“arent I”。如：Im late, arent I？我迟到了，是吗？3陈述句中有 little, few, no, never, nothing, nobody, hardly等表示否定意义的词时，简略问句用肯定形式。如：There is little water in the bottle, is there?瓶子里没多少水了，是吗？4陈述句主语为不定代词 nothing, something, anything 时，简略问句的主语用代词 it；陈述句主语为不定代词 everyone, noone, someone, everybody, nobody, anybody 时，简略问句的主语常用代词 they，有时也用 he。如：Everyone is here, arent they/isnt he?大家都到齐了，是吗？5陈述句的主语是指示代词 this 或 that 时，简略问句的主语用 it；陈述句的主语是 these 或 those 时，简略问句的主语用they。如：This is very important, isnt it?这很重要，不是吗？6陈述句部分如果是“I (dont) think (believe, suppose.)宾语从句”结构，简略问句的主语和动词应与宾语从句中的主语和谓语保持一致。如：I dont think he is right, is he?我认为他不对，是吧？7含有情态动词 must 表示猜测“一定是；必定”时，简略问句部分与 must 后面的部分保持一致，不能用 mustnt；当must 表示“一定要；必须”时，简略问句部分用 neednt。如：You must be tired, arent you?你一定很累了，是不是？You must go home right now, neednt you?你必须马上回家，不是吗？You mustnt walk on grass, must you?你不可以踩踏草地，对吗？8祈使句的反意疑问句肯定祈使句，will you/wont you?否定祈使句，will you?Lets.，shall we？(包括对方)Let us.，will you？(不包括对方)9感叹句的反意疑问句一律用否定式，并用 be 动词的一般现在时。如：What a lovely girl, isnt she?多可爱的女孩呀，不是吗？10对反意疑问句作答时，需根据其实际情况而定。实际情况是肯定的，则用“Yes肯定结构”；实际情况是否定的，则用“No否定结构”。如：You cant speak English, can you?你不会说英语，是吗？Yes, I can.不，我会的。祈使句祈使句用以表示命令、请求、叮嘱或建议，主语通常省略。肯定式谓语动词用原形，否定式用 “Dont (Never) 动词原形” 。如：Turn on the light.开灯。Dont turn on the light.不要开灯。感叹句感叹句通常用 what 或 how 引导，用来表示强烈的感情。感叹句的基本句型有：1以 how 开头的感叹句(1)How形容词形容词/副词主语谓语副词主语谓语How beautiful the flower is！多漂亮的花啊！(2)How形容词形容词/副词副词(省略主语和谓语省略主语和谓语)How interesting (it is)！真有趣！(3)how 还可修饰动词，句型是“How主语谓语主语谓语”。如：How I wish I could hear Beethoven himself play it!我多么希望能听到贝多芬亲自弹这首曲子！2以 what 开头的感叹句(1)What (a/an)形容词名词形容词名词(主语谓语主语谓语)What a nice horse it is！多好的一匹马啊！What fine weather！多好的天气！(2)What (a/an)名词名词(省略主语和谓语省略主语和谓语)What a pity！真遗憾！句子成分句子成分句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语和宾语补足语。句子成分构成例句主语名词、主格代词、数词、动词 不定式、动名词等The boy comes from Australia. 这个男孩来自加拿大。谓语动词，一般位于主语之后I can speak English.我会说英 语。宾语名词、宾格代词、数词、动词 不定式、动名词等I will do it tomorrow.我明天 做这件事。表语在连系动词之后的形容词、副词、名词、代词、不定式、介 词短语等The boy became a teacher atlast.这个男孩最后成了一名 老师。定语形容词、副词、代词、数词、名词、动词不定式、介词短语 等The boy in blue is Tom.穿蓝 色衣服的男孩是汤姆。状语副词、介词短语、分词和分词 短语、不定式等The girl lives in America.这个 女孩住在美国。宾语补足 语形容词、副词、名词、代词、数词、不定式、分词等I saw a cat running across theroad.我看到一只猫穿过马 路。同位 语名词、数词、代词或从句We students should study hard. 我们学生应努力学习。()1.(2011 年 广 东 )Alice had nothing for breakfast thismorning, _？No.She got up too late.Ahad sheCdid sheBhadnt she Ddidnt she解析：前面陈述句中有表示否定的 nothing，动词 had 是实义动词，故反意疑问句要借助助动词 did，选 C。C()2.(2011 年广东河源)Lets go to the cinema to see a film,_？BAwill youBshall weCwont youDdont you解析：前面是 Lets 开头的祈使句，其反意疑问句应用 shallwe。()3.(2011 年广东河源)Peter, _ do you visit yourDgrandparents? Twice a month.Ahow longBhow soon Chow farDhow often解析：由答语可知是对频率提问，故用 how often，表示“多久一次”。( )4.(2011 年广东河源)_ delicious beef! Well.You can eat more if you like it.AWhatBWhat aCHowDHow a解析：what 引导的感叹句句式为“What (a/an)形容词名词(主语谓语)！”，beef 是不可数名词，故选 A。()5.(2011 年广东广州)I hear the tall girl wearing glasses isyour new classmate.Shes from America, _？Ahas sheChasnt sheBisnt sheDdoes she解析：前面陈述句是肯定句，其 be 动词为 is，故反意疑问句中用 isnt。BA()6.(2011 年 广 东 佛 山 )_ cute the monkeys arewhen they ask for food!AAHowBWhatCWhat a解析：how 引导的感叹句句式为“How形容词主语谓语！”，故选 A。()7.(2011 年 广 东 佛 山 )_ is the history ofBTsinghua University?100 years.AHow soonBHow longCHow far解析：由答语可知是提问时间长短的，故用 how long，意为“多长时间”。()8.(2011 年 广 东 肇 庆 )The students in Class Two playedbasketball against Class One yesterday, _？BAdid theyBdidnt they解析：陈述句部分是肯定句，且谓语动词为 played，故其反意疑问句要借助助动词 did 且为否定形式。选 B。Cwerent they()9.(2011 年 广 东 深 圳 )There is something wrong withyour bike, _？B解析：there be 句型的反意疑问句主语仍用 there，且陈述句部分是肯定的，故其反意疑问句用否定形式；have sth.done 使某事被做。Yes.Ill have it _ tomorrow.Aisnt it; mendBisnt there; mendedCisnt it; mendedDisnt there; mend()10.(2011 年广东深圳)_ good time we had atthe party last night!CYes.It was _ exciting party that I would neverforget it.AWhat; soCWhat a; such anBHow; suchDHow a; so an解析：what 引导的感叹句句式为“What (a/an)形容词名词(主语谓语)！”，time 在此为可数名词，意为“一段时光”；such 修饰名词时常用于结构“sucha/an形容词名词”。故选 C。( )11.(2011 年广东茂名)Dont open the door, _？Aarent youBdont you解析：祈使句的反意疑问句用 will/wont you，因陈述句部分是否定的，故用 will you。Adoesnt heCdoes heBisnt heDis he解析：have 表示“拥有”时，其反意疑问句有两种形式：“hasnt(复数 havent，过去时 hadnt)主语”或“doesnt(复数dont，过去时 didnt)主语”，故选 A。Cwill you( )12.(2010 年广东)The boy has a new MP4, _？ACA( )13.(2010 年广东)_ will you come back?In an hour.AHow soonCHow farBHow oftenDHow long解析：由答语可知是提问“多久以后”，故用 how soon。()14.(2010 年 广 东 茂 名 )Do you know _Mr.Smith comes to the shop?Once a week.Ahow oftenBhow long解析：根据答语“Once a week.”可知是提问频率，故选 A。AChow soon()15.(2010 年广东湛江)There is some beef in the fridge,_？Yes, there is.Ais thereChas thereBisnt thereDhasnt there解析：陈述句部分为 there is，故反意疑问部分用 isnt there。()16.(2010 年 广 东 深 圳 )Lets go to the zoo by taxi,_？DMaybe we can go there _.Its not far.Awont you; on footCshall we; by footBwont you; by footDshall we; on foot解析：Lets 开头的祈使句，其反意疑问句用 shall we；表示“步行”用 on foot。B()17.(2010 年广东佛山)_ sad we felt at the news ofCthe Yushu earthquake!AWhatBWhat a解析：how 引导的感叹句句式为“How形容词主语谓语！”，故选 C。CHow
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