高考英语一轮复习 第3编语法突破 第12讲 主谓一致与数词课件

第十二讲第十二讲 主谓一致与数词主谓一致与数词主谓一致，是指主语和谓语动词要保持人称和数上的一致。主谓一致涉及三个基本原则，即语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。主谓一致涉及的情况比较繁多，考点也比较分散。可从两个方面来把握：1根据语法一致和就近一致的原则准确辨识作主语的中心词；2根据意义一致的原则深刻理解主语表示的数。主谓一致在高考中一般不会单独考查，常与时态、语态及特殊句式(如倒装句)等相结合考查。主要考点：名词作主语时谓语动词的数的问题、分数/百分数修饰的名词作主语时谓语动词的数的问题、由连词连接的两个或多个名词作主语时谓语动词的数的问题等。高考对于数词的考查主要倾向于和数词有关的一些搭配或句型。如年代、年龄、日期、基数词和序数词的用法等，其中倍数的表达法、不定数量词更是高考考查的重点。主谓一致原则主语谓语典句示例语法一致原则单数Mary is a student.复数复数Mary and Kelly are alike.原则主语谓语典句示例就近一致原则由or，either.or.，neither.nor.，not only.but also.等连接与最近的主语在单复数上保持一致Neither you nor I am fit for the work.Are neither you nor I fit for the work？由there，here引起的主语不止一个时和最邻近的主语保持一致There is a lake and some hills around it.原则主语谓语典句示例意义一致原则由连词and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念单数The worker and writer is from Wuhan.Bread and butter is sold in that shop.no/each/every/many a单数名词and(no/each/every/many a)单数名词more than one单数名词Many a student has been to Beijing.Every man and every woman has a good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.More than one person was killed in the accident.原则主语谓语典句示例意义一致原则one/every one/each/either/the number/the varietyof复数名词a(n)单数名词or two/one and a half等作主语时，虽然表示复数意义，但谓语动词多用单数单数Each of the students has a book.A student or two has failed the exam.One and a half days is all I can spare.clothing，furniture，traffic，jewellery，baggage，equipment，luggage等无生命的集体名词Clothing is badly needed in this flooded area.以s结尾的表示学科、国家、机构、书籍、报刊等名称的词。如：news，maths，politics，physics等Physics is one of my favourite subjects.原则主语谓语典句示例意义一致原则表示时间、重量、距离、价格、金钱、体积等复数名词表达一个整体概念单数Ten kilometres is a good distance.Three weeks is a long time to wait for an answer.Twenty years has passed since we left school.由every，any，some，no和one，thing，body等所构成的不定代词Is everybody here today？原则主语谓语典句示例意义一致原则动词ing形式、动词不定式和名词性从句复数Persuading him to join us seems really hard.Whatever was left was taken away.由and连接的两个并列成分表示两个不同的概念Both walking and riding are good exercises.原则主语谓语典句示例意义一致原则people，police，cattle等有生命的集体名词复数People read for pleasure during their spare time.一些常用作复数或只有复数形式的名词，如goods，stairs，arms等The goods are sold out.山脉、群岛、瀑布、运动会等以s结尾的专有名词The Olympic Games are held once every four years.原则主语谓语典句示例意义一致原则a number of名词复数A number of students are from the south.由“kind(form，type，sort，species，series) of”等修饰的主语，其谓语形式常取决于这些词的单复数。This new type of buses is now on show.All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.“the形容词”作主语，如果指一类人，谓语动词用复数。如果指抽象概念则用单数The rich are not always happy.The new is sure to take the place of the old.原则主语谓语复数典句示例意义一致原则(large)quantities of修饰可数名词或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数；a(large) quantity of作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于后面的名词是否可数Large quanlities of food were wasted.There are large quantities of food in the shop.表示成双的物体作主语时，谓语用复数。如：glasses，shoes，trousers，shorts(短裤)。这些名词如用pair修饰时，则以pair的单、复数来确定The shoes are under the bed.This pair of shoes is under the bed.Two pairs of shoes are under the bed.“half/most/enough/part/the rest/the last/lots/plenty/分数/百分数of名词”作主语，谓语要和of之后的名词单复数保持一致A lot of students are coming to the meeting.A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the meeting.原则主语谓语典句示例意义一致原则集体名词class，family，army，team，club，population，enemy，party，crowd，crew，audience，public，government，group等强调整体时谓语用单数，指个体成员时谓语用复数单复数视情况而定The population in China is very large and 80% of the population live in rural areas.The class are doing experiment in the lab.The class has won the honour.单复数同形的名词，如means，works，deer，fish，sheep等Every means has been tried to solve the problem，but none is effective.There are various means of communicating with a stranger.all，none，some，any等不定代词作主语，根据其指代的内容而定All is going on very well.All are present besides the professor.“half/most/enough/part/the rest/the last/lots/plenty/分数/百分数of名词”作主语，谓语要和of之后的名词单复数保持一致A lot of students are coming to the meeting.A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the meeting.特别提醒：1.what和whatever引导主语从句时谓语动词的单复数根据从句所表达的意义上的数确定。What he says and does do not agree.他言行不一致。What he says and does does not concern me.他的言行与我无关。2.在定语从句中，关系代词作主语，其谓语动词的数和先行词保持一致，但“one of复数名词”后面的定语从句的谓语动词用复数，而在“the(only/very)one of复数名词”后面所接的定语从句中，谓语动词却用单数。He is one of the students who have taken part in the activity.他是参加过这个活动的学生之一。He is the only one of the students who has taken part in the activity.他是唯一参加过这个活动的学生。3.当主语后有介词with，together/along with，including，like，but，except，other than，rather than和as well as等时，谓语动词应和前面的主语在人称和数上保持一致。The teacher as well as the students was excited at the news.听到这个消息，老师和学生们都很激动。Nobody except my parents knows anything about it.除了我父母之外，没有人知道这事。 数词数词表示数目多少或先后顺序。可分为基数词和序数词。一、基数词使用时的注意事项1人的岁数或年代可用表“几十”的数词的复数表示。He is in his early thirties.他有三十来岁。This took place in the 1930s/1930s.这件事情发生在20世纪30年代。2基数词常位于another，all之后，such，more之前，last，next，other前后皆可。I need another two students to sweep the floor.我还需要两名学生打扫地板。I can finish reading two such books in two days.两天内这样的书我能读两本。二、序数词1序数词前面要加定冠词the。但也可以在前面用不定冠词，表示“又一，再一”。Try a second time and youll succeed.再试一次你就会成功。2基数词与序数词连用时，通常是序数词在前。the first three pages of the book这本书的前三页3序数词之前已有物主代词、指示代词或名词所有格修饰时，不用定冠词。his second trip；This book is mine.三、数词的用法1表达编号编号可用序数词或基数词表示，序数词位于名词之前，并加定冠词，基数词位于名词之后。一般情况下，用基数词较常见。第201房间：Room 201，Room No.201或the No.201 Room46路公共汽车：Bus 46，Bus No.46或the No.46 Bus2表达年、月、日、年龄、时刻2010年11月25日：November 25(th)，2010或25(th)November,2010，读作November(the)twentyfifth，two thousand and ten。在20世纪90年代：in the 1990s或in the 1990s在7岁时：at the age of seven或at seven上午8点：(at)eight am./(at)8：00 am.3表示分数、小数、百分数46%：fortysix percent04：zero(或naught)point four4“分数(百分数)of名词”作主语时，谓语动词的形式根据名词确定。Twothirds of the students are from America.三分之二的学生来自美国。One third of the pear is eaten.这个梨的三分之一被吃掉了。5.dozen与score