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不定式是动词的一种非限定形式不定式是动词的一种非限定形式, ,由由 “to+动词原形动词原形” 构成，没有人称和构成，没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立作谓语。数的变化，在句中不能独立作谓语。但不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特但不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语补足语、表语、定语、状语等。等。Grammar: the Infinitive1. It is good to help others. 2. It is my ambition to make sure that the disabled people in our neighborhood have access to all public buildings. 3. My ambition is to work in the computer industry when I grow up. 辨别下面不定式在句子中充当的成分辨别下面不定式在句子中充当的成分:subjectsubjectPredicative (表语表语)4. I dont have time to sit around feeling sorry for myself. 5. I am the only student in my class to have a pet snake. 6. A big company has decided to buy it from me. 7. My fellow students have begun to accept me for who I am. attributeattributeobjectobject8. I have had to work hard to live a normal life. 9. Some days I am too tired to get out of bed. 10. We must call on local government to give financial assistance to disabled people. Adverbial (状语状语)adverbialobject complement一一. 不定式在句中的功能不定式在句中的功能1. 作主语作主语:那样做是很幼稚的那样做是很幼稚的.To act like that is childish. 为避免句子出现为避免句子出现 “头重脚轻头重脚轻”现象，常用现象，常用it 做形式主语，将真正主语的不定式后置。做形式主语，将真正主语的不定式后置。要学好英语不是那么容易的。要学好英语不是那么容易的。e.g. It is not easy to learn English well.2. 作宾语作宾语她喜欢谈论这件事情。她喜欢谈论这件事情。e.g. She loves to talk about the matter.他希望不久能找到工作。他希望不久能找到工作。He hopes to find a job soon.他答应不把这事告诉任何人。他答应不把这事告诉任何人。He promised not to tell anyone about it.常接不定式做宾语的动词有：常接不定式做宾语的动词有：afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, attempt, begin, bother, care, choose, continue, dare, decide, demand, expect, fail, hate, hope, learn, long, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, promise, prove, refuse, want, wish等等. 你记得哪一条路到那儿吗？你记得哪一条路到那儿吗？ Do you remember which way to get there? 下一步干什么你决定了吗下一步干什么你决定了吗? Have you decided what to do next? 我来问他怎么样开这机器。我来问他怎么样开这机器。 Ill ask him how to operate the machine.1) 不定式有时和连接代词不定式有时和连接代词/副词构成宾语。副词构成宾语。2) 有时不定式由有时不定式由whether引起。引起。 I didnt know whether to laugh or cry about it.3) feel, find, judge, make, think, believe, consider 等动词后如果是不定式做宾语，等动词后如果是不定式做宾语， 补语是形容词补语是形容词(间或是名词间或是名词)，常用，常用it作形作形 式宾语，把不定式后移。式宾语，把不定式后移。 I find it difficult to work with him.She asked me to stay there.Please allow me to introduce Mr. White to you.Father will not allow us to play on the street.My brother asked me to clean the room with him.3. 作宾语补足语作宾语补足语: 动词动词+宾语宾语+带带to的不定式的不定式 常带常带 to 的不定式做宾语补足语的动词有的不定式做宾语补足语的动词有: ask, beg, prefer, help, promise, wish, want, expect, permit, request, allow, command, tell, invite, cause, encourage, warn, advise, persuade, force, order, remind, teach, 等等.在主动结构中在主动结构中, 下列动词后作宾补的动词不定式应下列动词后作宾补的动词不定式应省略省略to: “五看五看”(see, watch, notice, observe, look at)“三使三使”(make, let, have) “两听两听”(hear, listen to)“一感觉一感觉”(feel)。e.g. Who made him work all night long? The policeman saw a child play in the street. Dont make the children do such heavy work. Shall I have him come here?但是但是, 改为被动结构后改为被动结构后, 应补出省略的应补出省略的to。e.g. He was seen to break the window.The policeman saw a child play in the street. A child was seen to play in the street by the policeman.4. 作表语作表语不定式可用作表语，说明主语的具体内容。不定式可用作表语，说明主语的具体内容。My work is to clean the room every day.我的梦想是成为一名医生。我的梦想是成为一名医生。His dream is to be a doctor.我的工作是帮助病人。我的工作是帮助病人。My job is to help the patient 5. 作定语作定语不定式放在被修饰的名词、代词后面，往往不定式放在被修饰的名词、代词后面，往往表示未发生的动作。表示未发生的动作。I have a lot of work to do.She is the first student to come to school.I have some books for you to read. She is looking for a room to live in. There is nothing to worry about. 6. 作状语作状语目的状语目的状语: 常用的结构常用的结构to do; in order to do, so as to do, so/ such as to do, etc.I come here to say good-bye to you.结果状语结果状语: 常与常与only , enough 或或too连用。连用。He studied hard only to fail the exam.He is old enough to go to school.原因状语原因状语: 一般用在句尾一般用在句尾Im glad to see you.She wept to see the sight.二二. 不定式的否定结构：不定式的否定结构：不定式的否定结构多由不定式的否定结构多由“not +不定式不定式”构成，构成， 否定副词否定副词 not, never, seldom, hardly 等要置于等要置于to前。前。请告诉你的小孩不要在街上玩耍。请告诉你的小孩不要在街上玩耍。Please tell your child not to play in the street.她检查名字为了不犯错误。她检查名字为了不犯错误。She checked the names so as not to make mistakes.三三. 不定式的时态：不定式的时态：1.一般时表示的动作一般时表示的动作, 有时与谓语动词表示的有时与谓语动词表示的 动作同时发生动作同时发生, 有时发生在谓语动词表示的有时发生在谓语动词表示的 动作之后。动作之后。 He seems to know this.他似乎知道这事。他似乎知道这事。 I hope to see you again. 我希望再见到你。我希望再见到你。2. 完成时表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的完成时表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的 动作之前。动作之前。 很抱歉给了你这么多麻烦。很抱歉给了你这么多麻烦。 Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.3. 一般进行时表示的动作正在进行一般进行时表示的动作正在进行, 与谓语与谓语 动词表示的动作同时发生。动词表示的动作同时发生。 他好象正在吃什么东西。他好象正在吃什么东西。 He seems to be eating something.4. 完成进行时表示的动作从过去开始并延续完成进行时表示的动作从过去开始并延续 至说话的时候。至说话的时候。 据说她研究这问题有好多年了。据说她研究这问题有好多年了。 She is said to have been working on the problem for many years. Practice1. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest2. Were planning _ a party next week. A. to have B. have C. having D. had C A 3. -Which do you prefer _ your weekends, fishing or watching TV? -Neither. A. Spending B. to spend C. being spent D. spend4. Did you find out _ the pie out of the oven? A. When to take B. to take C. have taken D. being takenB A 5. _ get a complete picture, further information is needed. A. In order that B. In order to C. Being D. To have 6. Its necessary _ some English grammar. A. for students to learn B. for students learning C. of students to learn D. of students learningB A 7. I ought to _ him the news, but I forgot to do so. A. remember to tell B. remember telling C. have remembered to tell D. have remembered tellingC 8. I _ you the exciting news, but you were not at home. A. meant telling B. meant to telling C. meant to having told D. meant to tellD For more exercises, click here.高考链接高考链接1. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _. ( (2008全国全国I卷卷) ) A. to be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathedB 2. Did the book give the information you needed? Yes. But _ it, I had to read the entire book. (2008北京卷北京卷) A. to find B. find C. to finding D. finding3. I feel greatly honored _ into their society. (2008北京卷北京卷) A. to welcome B. welcoming C. to be welcomed D. welcomedA C 4. _ the project as planned, well have to work two more hours a day. (2008湖南卷湖南卷) A. Completing B. Complete C. Completed D. To complete5. If there is a lot of work _, Im happy to just keep on until it is finished. (2008上海卷上海卷) A. to do B. to be doing C. done D. doingD A 6. When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there _ for a space flight. (07江西卷江西卷) A. training B. being trained C. to have trained D. to be trained7. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _. (07浙江卷浙江卷) A. to be heard B. to have heard C. hearing D. being heardD A 1. Summarize the rules of infinitive in your own way.2. Finish the exercises of the textbook on Page 5.Homework
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