汽车变速器外文翻译

外文翻译Auto TransmissionFirst, an overview of automotive transmission and the development trend Automobile available more than a century, especially from the mass production of motor vehicles and the automotive industry since the development of large, Car has been the economic development of the world for mankind to enter the modern life and have had a tremendous impact on the immeasurable, The progress of human society has made indelible contributions to the great, epoch-making set off arevolution. From From the vehicle as a power plant using internal combustion engine to start, auto transmission has become an important component. Is Generation is widely used in automotive reciprocating piston internal combustion engine with a small size, light weight, reliable operation and the use of The advantages of convenience, but its torque and speed range of smaller changes, and complex condition requires the use of motor vehicles Traction and the speed can be considerable changes in the scope. Therefore, its performance and vehicle dynamics and economy of There are large inter-contradictions, which contradictions of modern automotive internal combustion engine by itself is insoluble. Because Here, in the automotive power train set up the transmission and main reducer in order to achieve the purpose of deceleration by moment. Speed The main function of performance: change gear ratio of motor vehicles, and expand the wheel drive torque and rotational speed of the Fan Wai, in order to adapt to constantly changing driving cycle, while the engine in the most favorable conditions within the scope of work; no change in the direction of engine rotation, under the premise of the realization of cars driving back; the realization of the free, temporary Interruption of power transmission, in order to be able to start the engine, idling, etc. Variable-speed drive transmission by the manipulation of institutions and agencies. Change the transmission ratio by way of transmission is divided into There are class-type, non-stage and multi-purpose three. Have class most widely used transmission. It uses gear drive, with a number of transmission ratio setting. Stepless transmission Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) transmission ratio of a certain The framework of multi-level changes may be unlimited, there is a common type of power and torque (dynamic fluid-type) and so on. Continuously Variable Transmission Transmission development is the ultimate goal, because only it can make the most economical engine in working condition Can provide the best vehicle fuel economy and optimal power in order to provide the most comfortable By the feeling. Today's CVT is a typical representative of the CVT and IVT, however as a result of the reliability of Poor, non-durable materials and high cost issues, development is not very good. Comprehensive refers to transmission torque converter and the mechanical components have the level of transmission variable hydraulic mechanical Speed, the transmission ratio can be between the maximum and minimum range of a few discontinuous change for no class, but its Significantly lower transmission efficiency than the efficiency of gear drives. 2 By manipulation, transmission control type can be divided into mandatory, automatic and semi-automatic control to manipulate three - Species . Mandatory on the driver to manipulate the direct transmission gear shift control for the majority of motor vehicles used Also known as Manual Transmission Manual Transmission (MT). Automatic transmission control selection of the transmission ratio (transmission) is carried out automatically. Just add the driver to manipulate Speed pedal, you can control the speed, also known as Automatic Transmission Automatic Transmission (AT). It is According to the speed and load (throttle pedal travel) for two-parameter control, stall in accordance with the above two Parameters to automatically take-off and landing. AT and MT in common is that they are level transmission, but AT According to the speed of the speed shift automatically, you can eliminate the manual transmission "setback" of the shift feel. However, AT also have many drawbacks, such as body complex, mechanical efficiency is not high, high cost, reliability and control Sensitivity remains to be increasing . AMT (Automated Mechanical Transmission) is in the traditional dry clutch and manual transmission gear based on the transformation of form, mainly to change the part of the manual gearshift control. That is, the overall structure of the MT cases the same switch to electronically controlled automatic transmission to achieve. Semi-automatic control, there are two forms of transmission. A number of stalls is a common automatic control, and the remaining stalls manipulated by the driver; the other is pre-style, that is, pre-selected pilot stalls, the clutch pedal in the down or release the accelerator pedal, the for retirement or an electromagnetic device to shift the hydraulic device. In recent years, with advances in vehicle technology and road traffic density increased, the performance requirements of the transmission is also getting higher and higher. A large number of automotive engineers in improving the performance of automobile transmission study a great deal of effort devoted to the rapid transmission of technology development, such as AT, AMT, DCT, CVT and the emergence of IVT. 2003 Hyundai AT, AMT, DCT, CVT forum reached a consensus on the following:in the next Development, MT will continue to be the most widely used automotive transmission, AMT will increase the proportion of the application, AT also Will occupy a large market share, CVT's use of certain limitations, can only be due to a number of small displacement Car, DCT (dual clutch transmission) will also be the budding growth. From 2003 to now, vehicle speed The development of devices and the forum basically the consensus reached by consensus. By comparing the analysis, the traditional mechanical transmission is still the most widely used vehicle change Speed. Although it has many shortcomings, such as shifting the impact of large, bulky, cumbersome to manipulate and so on; however, it also There are many advantages, such as high transmission efficiency, reliable operation, long life, manufacturing processes mature and low cost. Therefore, if we can improve the mechanical transmission of the above-mentioned shortcomings, it still has great room for development. Second, Manual Transmission Fault Diagnosis Manual transmission at the beginning of the fault diagnosis prior to Failure to confirm from other parts is not: to check the tire And wheels, to confirm the normal tire pressure, and the wheel is flat Value of; to confirm instead of noise and vibration from the engine. Clutch , And steering and suspension, etc. (A), skip file 1. Phenomenon Vehicle acceleration, deceleration, climbing or severe vehicle vibration, the gear lever neutral position automatically jump. 2. Reasons self-locking device of the ball did not enter the grooves or linked file does not meet the full-gear tooth meshing long; self-locking device worn groove ball or serious, self-locking spring is too soft or broken fatigue; gear along the direction of tooth wear as a long cone-shaped; one or two too松旷shaft bearing, so that one or two three-axis and the crankshaft axis of the heart or different transmission and clutch shell shell bonding plane of the vertical axis the relative change in the crankshaft; Second Gear axis often axial or radial gap is too large; the axis of axial or radial gap is too large. 3. Fault diagnosis and troubleshooting Jump to file stalls Unascertained: After taking heat the entire vehicle, increase the use of continuous, slow approach to road test each file is determined. Will jump to the gear lever hanging file stalls the engine off, transmission cover removed carefully to observe the mating dance gear case file. engagement does not meet the length, then the resulting fault; to reach a total length of engagement, should continue to check; check mating wear parts: wear into a cone, then failure may be caused by; check b-axis of the gear profile and the axis of the axial and radial clearance, clearance is too large, then failure may be caused by; check self-locking devices, locking devices, if only a very small dynamic resistance, and even feel the ball is not plugged groove (the transmission cover caught in the vice, the hand-shaking shift stroke), the fault for the bad performance of self-locking ; Otherwise, the fault for the clutch and gearbox shell bonding plane and the vertical axis of the crankshaft caused by changes. (B), arbitrary files 1. Phenomenon Technical condition in the clutch normal circumstances, transmission at the same time put up or two files linked to the need to stall, the results linked to other stalls. 2. Reasons interlocking device failure: if the fork shaft, pin or interlocking interlocking ball too much wear and tear, etc.; the bottom of the arc gear face wear and tear is too large or fork axis of the allocated blocks wear groove is too large; ball pin gear lever broken or the ball-hole, ball松旷wear too. In short arbitrary file transmission is mainly due to institutional failure manipulation. 3. Fault diagnosis and troubleshooting linked to the need to stall, the results linked to the other stalls: rocking gear lever, to check their point of view before, if in excess of the normal range, while the lower end of failure by the gear lever ball pin and the positioning groove ball with or松旷, the ball is too large holes caused by wear and tear. Swung shift 360 °, compared with a broken pin. If the pendulum angle to normal, still not on, or linked to more than picking file, then the lower end of failure by the gear lever away from the limitations arising from the groove in (due to break away from the bottom of the arc-shaped guide groove face wear and tear or wear). At the same time linked to the two files: the fault caused by the interlocking device failure. (C), the difficulties linked to files 1. Phenomenon Clutch technical condition, but can not be linked smoothly linked file into the stalls, often percussive sound gear. 2. Reasons synchronizer failure; Bending fork shaft, locking the spring strong, ball injury, etc.; a shaft or a spline shaft bending injury; inadequate or excessive gear oil, gear oil does not meet the specifications. 3. Fault diagnosis and troubleshooting Synchronizer check whether the fall to pieces, cone ring is conical spiral groove wear, whether worn slider, spring is too soft, such as elastic. If the Synchronizer normal, check whether the bending of a shaft, spline wear is severe. check whether the mobile axis normal fork. (D), abnormal sound transmission 1. Phenomenon Transmission refers to transmission work abnormal sound when the sound is not normal. 2. Reasons 1) abnormal sound gear Gear wear off very thin gap is too large, the impact of running in; bad tooth meshing, such as the repair did not replace the gear pairs. New and old gear with the gear mesh can not be correct; tooth metal fatigue spalling or damage to individual teeth broken; gear and the spline shaft with松旷, or the axial gear clearance is too large; axis caused by bending or bearing松旷space to change gears. 2) Bearing ring Serious bearing wear; Bearing (outer) ring with the journal blocks (holes) with the loose; Ball Bearing Ma break-up or a point of ablation. 3) ring made for other reasons Such as the transmission within缺油, lubricants have been thin, too thick or quality deterioration; transmission into the foreign body inside; some loose bolts fastening; odometer or the odometer shaft ring gear, such as fat. 3. Troubleshooting transmission issued metal dry friction sound, which is缺油and the poor quality of oil. Refueling and inspection should be the quality of oil, if necessary, replacement. for moving into a file if the sound obvious, namely, the profile of gear tooth wear; If the occurrence of cyclical noise, while damage to individual teeth. when the ring gap, and riding the clutch pedal under the noise disappeared after the general axis is a before and after the bearing or regular engagement ring gear; if any files are changed into the ring, after more than two-axis bearing ring. transmission occurs when a sudden impact the work of sound, most of the tooth was broken and should be removed timely transmission inspection cover to prevent mechanical damage. moving, only for transmission of a file into the ring gear made in the above-mentioned good premise, it should check with improper gear mesh, if necessary, should be re-assembling a pair of new gear. In addition, it may be synchronizer gear wear or damage should be repaired or replaced depending on the circumstances. when shifting gear ring made of impact, it may be the clutch or the clutch pedal can not be separated from stroke is incorrect, damaged synchronizer, excessive idling, gear improperly adjusted or tight-oriented, such as Bush. In such cases, to check whether the separation of the clutch, and then adjust the idle speed or the gear lever, respectively, the location, inspection-oriented with the bearing bushing and separation tightness. If excluded from the above examinations, the transmission is still made ring, should check the shaft bearings and shaft hole with the situation, bearing the state of their own technology, etc.; as well, and then view the odometer shaft and ring gear is made and, if necessary, be repaired or replacement. (E), transmission oil 1. Phenomenon Around the transmission gear lubricants, transmission gear box to reduce the fuel can be judged as lubricant leakage. 2. Reasons and troubleshooting improper oil selection, resulting in excessive foam, or the volume too much oil, when in need of replacement or adjust the lubricant oil; side cover is too loose, damaged gaskets, oil seal damage, damage to seals and oil seals should be replaced with new items; release and transmission oil tank and side cover fixed bolts loosening, tightening torque should be required; broken gear-housing shell or extended wear and tear caused by oil spills, must be replaced; odometer broken loose gear limit device must be locked or replaced; gear oil seal oil seal oil should be replaced. Third, the maintenance manual gearbox Santana is now as an example: Santana used to manually synchronize the entire, multi-stage gear transmission, there are four forward one block and reverse gear. Block are forward-lock synchronizer ring inertial, body-wide shift synchronizer nested engagement with a reasonable structure, the layout of a compact, reliable, long life and so on. However, if the use and maintenance is not the right way to do so, failure may occur at any time.      The proper use of Synchronizer:      1, the use of addition and subtraction block off both feet. Block addition and subtraction, if the clutch with one foot, then the speed at the time of addition and subtraction block must be correct, the timing should be appropriate and, if necessary, to addition and subtraction can be blocked off both feet, so that addition and subtraction method can reduce the block with Gear speed difference between the circumference, thereby reducing wear and tear Synchronizer to extend the life of Synchronizer.      2, prohibited the use of tap-shift gear lever when the method (that is, a push of the operation of a song). Hand should always hold down the shift, this can greatly reduce the synchronizer sliding lock Moreton Central time and reduce wear and tear.      3, no state in the gap off the use of force挂挡synchronizer start the engine. Moment of inertia as a great engine, the friction torque Synchronizer also small, so the time synchronization process is very long, so that lock ring temperature increased sharply, it is easy to burn synchronizer.      4, is strictly prohibited by synchronizer clutch instead of the initial (that is, the use of non-use of the clutch friction synchronizer start挂挡role), control speed and braking.      The correct use of lubricants:      Santana at the factory, the transmission has been added to the quality of lubricating oil, under normal circumstances, the level of the transmission lubrication need to be checked. However, when normal travel 100,000 kilometers 10,000 kilometers -20 after the first lubricating oil must be replaced. Santana grade lubricants used in transmission as follows: Gear Oil API-GLA (MIL-L2105), SAE80 or SAE80W-90 grade汽车变速器一、汽车变速器概述及发展趋势汽车问世百余年来，特别是从汽车的大批量生产及汽车工业的大发展以来，汽车己为世界经济的发展、为人类进入现代生活，产生了无法估量的巨大影响，为人类社会的进步作出了不可磨灭的巨大贡献，掀起了一场划时代的革命。自从汽车采用内燃机作为动力装置开始，变速器就成为汽车重要的组成部分。现代汽车上广泛采用的往复活塞式内燃机具有体积小、质量轻、工作可靠和使用方便等优点，但其转矩和转速变化范围较小，而复杂的使用条件则要求汽车的牵引力和车速能在相当大的范围内变化。故其性能与汽车的动力性和经济性之间存在着较大的矛盾，这对矛盾靠现代汽车的内燃机本身是无法解决的。因此，在汽车传动系中设置了变速器和主减速器，以达到减速增矩的目的。变速器的主要功能表现为：改变汽车的传动比，扩大驱动车轮转矩和转速的范围，以适应经常变化的行驶工况，同时使发动机在最有利的工况范围内工作；在发动机旋转方向不变的前提下，实现汽车的倒退行驶；实现空档，暂时中断动力传递，以便发动机能够起动、怠速等。变速器由变速传动机构和操纵机构组成。按传动比变化方式，变速器分为有级式、无级式和综合式三种。有级式变速器应用最为广泛。它采用齿轮传动，具有若干个定值传动比。无级式变速器Continuously Variable Transmission(CVT)的传动比在一定的范围内可按无限多级变化，常见的有电力式和液力式(动液式)等。无级变速器是变速器发展的终极目标，因为只有它才能使发动机处于最经济的工作状况，才能为整车提供最优的燃油经济性和最优的动力性，才能给人们提供最舒适的乘坐感觉。当今无级变速器的典型代表就是CVT和IVT，然而由于工作可靠性差、材料不耐用和成本高等问题，发展不是很好。综合式变速器是指由液力变矩器和机械式有级变速器组成的液力机械式变速器，其传动比可在最大值和最小值之间的几个间断范围内作无级变化，但其传动效率明显低于比齿轮传动效率。2按操纵方式，变速器又可分为强制操纵式、自动操纵式和半自动操纵式三种。强制操纵式变速器靠驾驶员直接操纵变速杆换档，为大多数汽车所采用，也称手动变速器Manual Transmission（MT）。自动操纵式变速器的传动比选择(换档)是自动进行的。驾驶员只需操纵加速踏板，即可控制车速，也称自动变速器Automatic Transmission（AT）。它是根据车速和负荷（油门踏板的行程）来进行双参数控制，档位根据上面的两个参数来自动升降。AT与MT的共同点，就是二者都是有级式变速器，只不过AT能根据车速的快慢来自动实现换档，可以消除手动变速器“顿挫”的换档感觉。但是，AT也有很多缺点，如机构复杂，机械效率不高，成本高，可靠性和操纵灵敏性还有待提高等。AMT(Automated Mechanical Transmission)是在传统干式离合器和手动齿轮变速器的基础上改造而成，主要改变了手动换档操纵部分。即在MT总体结构不变的情况下改用电子控制来实现自动换档。半自动操纵式变速器有两种形式。一种是常见的几个档位自动操纵，其余档位则由驾驶员操纵；另一种是预选式，即驾驶员预先选定档位，在踩下离合器踏板或松开加速踏板时，换退一个电磁装置或液压装置来进行换档。近年来，随着车辆技术的进步和道路上车辆密度的加大，对变速器的性能要求也越来越高。众多的汽车工程师在改进汽车变速器性能的研究中倾注了大量的心血，使变速器技术得到了飞速的发展，如AT，AMT，DCT，CVT和IVT的出现。2003年现代汽车AT、AMT、DCT，CVT论坛中达成了如下一些共识：在未来发展中，MT仍将是使用最为广泛的汽车变速器，AMT的应用比例会增加，AT也会占有相当大的市场份额，CVT的使用有一定的局限性，只能由于一些小排量的汽车，DCT（双离合器变速器）也将萌芽生长。从2003年到现在，汽车变速器的发展情况基本上和论坛所达成的共识一致。通过对比分析得到，传统机械式变速器仍然是目前使用最为广泛的汽车变速器。虽然它有诸多缺点，如换档冲击大，体积大，操纵麻烦等；但是，它也有很多优点，如传动效率高，工作可靠，寿命长，制造工艺成熟和成本低等。所以，如果能改善机械式变速器上述的缺点，它还是有很大的发展空间的。二、手动变速器的故障诊断在开始对手动变速器进行故障诊断之前，要确认故障不是来自其他部分的:要检查一下轮胎和车轮，以确认轮胎气压正常，且车轮是经过平衡的;要确认噪声和振动不是来自发动机。离合器、转向系和悬架等的。（一）、跳档1现象汽车在加速、减速、爬坡或汽车剧烈振动时，变速杆自动跳回空档位置。2原因自锁装置的钢球未进入凹槽内或挂档后齿轮未达到全齿长啮合；自锁装置的钢球或凹槽磨损严重，自锁弹簧疲劳过软或折断；齿轮沿齿长方向磨损成锥形；一、二轴轴承过于松旷，使一、二轴和曲轴三者轴线不同心或变速器壳与离合器壳接合平面相对曲轴轴线的垂直变动；二轴上的常啮合齿轮轴向或径向间隙过大；各轴轴向或径向间隙过大。3故障诊断与排除方法先确知跳档档位：走热全车后，采用连续加、减速的方法逐档进行路试便可确定。将变速杆挂入跳档档位，发动机熄火，小心拆下变速器盖，观察跳档齿轮的啮合情况。未达到全长啮合，则故障由此引起；达到全长啮合，应继续检查；检查啮合部位磨损情况：磨损成锥形，则故障可能由此引起；检查二轴上该档齿轮和各轴的轴向和径向间隙，间隙过大，则故障可能由此引起；检查自锁装置，若自锁装置的止动阻力很小，甚至手感钢球未插入凹槽(把变速器盖夹在虎钳上，用手摇动换档杆)，则故障为自锁效能不良；否则，故障为离合器壳与变速器接合平面与曲轴轴线垂直变动等引起。（二）、乱档1现象在离合器技术状况正常的情况下，变速器同时挂上两个档或挂需要档位时，结果挂入别的档位。2原因互锁装置失效：如拨叉轴、互锁销或互锁钢球磨损过甚等；变速杆下端弧形工作面磨损过大或拨叉轴上拨块的凹槽磨损过大；变速杆球头定位销折断或球孔、球头磨损过于松旷。总之乱档的主要原因是变速器操纵机构失效。3故障诊断与排除方法挂需要档位时，结果挂入了别的档位：摇动变速杆，检查其摆转角度，若超出正常范围，则故障由变速杆下端球头定位销与定位槽配合松旷或球头、球孔磨损过大引起。变速杆摆转360°，则为定位销折断。如摆转角度正常，仍挂不上或摘不下档，则故障由变速杆下端从凹槽中脱出引起(脱出的原因是下端弧形工作面磨损或导槽磨损)。同时挂入两个档：则故障由互锁装置失效引起。（三）、挂档困难1现象离合器技术状况良好，但挂档时不能顺利挂入档位，常发生齿轮撞击声。2原因同步器故障；拨叉轴弯曲、锁紧弹簧过硬、钢球损伤等；一轴花键损伤或一轴弯曲；齿轮油不足或过量、齿轮油不符合规格。3故障诊断与排除方法检查同步器是否散架、锥环内锥面螺旋槽是否磨损、滑块是否磨损、弹簧弹力是否过软等。如果同步器正常，检查一轴是否