动词时态和语态

动词的时态和语态I. 知识重点1 了解动词的16种时态。2 重点掌握一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时等10种时态的基本形式和基本用法。3 特别要理解各时态的时间概念。英语时态的种类（以work为例）一般进行完成完成进行时现在过去将来过去将来时态的基本用法时态基本用法例句一般现在时一般现在时表示经常或习惯的动作、状态或现状。常与always,sometimes, often, usually, every day, on Sundays, seldom等时间状语连用。How old are you?He goes to school by bus every day.I like playing football on Sundays.She seldom comes here.表示客观事实、普遍真理或科学事实Beijing is the capital of China.The sun rises in the east.Two and three makes five.Water boils at 100. 表示格言、警句或俗语A friend in need is a friend indeed.All that glitters is not gold.It is more blessed to give than to receive.表示将来按计划确定会发生的动作，可以用表示未来的时间状语。常用的动词有go, come, leave, arrive, sail, start, begin, end, stop, open, close等。They leave Shangghai tomorrow afternoon.When do you start?He goes to the library at 9:00.在某些时间状语从句和条件状语从句里，常用一般现在时表示将来发生的事情。I shall start after he comes.Ill tell her the news as soon as she comes back.Before you leave the classroom, youd betterturn off the light. 在某些以here, there开头的句子中，用一般现在时，表示现在正在发生的动作。Here comes the bus!There goes the bell!一般过去时表示过去某一时间发生的动作或情况，常与表示过去的时间状语连用。I bought a dictionary yesterday.He didnt want to come see me.There was a car accident in the highway.一般将来时表示将来发生的动作和情况shall/will+动词原形I shall go to Beijing next week.Youll be late for school.Hell visit us this afternoon.表示将来的其他结构be going to +动词原形（表示主语事先经过考虑“打算做某事”）Im going to see a film after lunch.Are you going to attend the meeting?Its going to rain.You are going to have a cold.be to +动词原形（表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作）We are to go fishing tomorrow.He is to do his work tonight.The project is to be finished in September.Amy is to study English.be about to +动词原形（表示即将做某事）We are about to play football.Im about to try it again.The girl is about to go there by bike.现在进行时表示此时此刻或现价段正在发生的的动作或存在的状态We are having lunch now.He is doing his homework.They are waiting for Mr Brown.表示最近或较近的将来，按计划或即将发生的动作，可以用表示未来的时间状语。常用动词有come, go, start, leave等。有“安排”“打算”的含义。We are leaving for Beijing this evening.He is giving us a lecture on Monday.表示一种尚未完结的渐变过程Its becoming warmer and warmer.He is realizing he is wrong.与always, constantly, all the time, for ever等副词连用，表示反复出现的或习惯的动作，同时也可表示说话人对某种行为不满的一种情绪。The boy is always crying in the midnight.They are constantly complaining their work.过去进行时 表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。He was doing his homework at eight oclock last night.What were you doing at this time last night?I was reading when my mother came back.表示过去某段时间内一直在进行的动作。He was waiting for you yesterday.We were reading yesterday afternoon.She was staying in Shanghai in those days.与现在进行时一样，可表示说话人对某种行为不满的一种情绪，与always, constantly, forever等连用。The boy was always boasting.They were constantly complaining their work.现在完成时 表示过去发生或完成的动作对现在产生影响。We have read this book.He has had breakfast.表示从过去开始持续到现在的动作或状态，通常与for, since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用The Browns have lived here for ten years.He has studied in the school since 2000.过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作之前已完成的动作或状态。（过去的过去）这一动作可以是一直持续到过去这一时刻或继续持续下去。We had never read this kind of book before.He had been a worker before he entered this college.I hadnt waited long before he came.用于某些宾语从句、状语从句或定语从句时，从句表示在主句以前发生的动作，主句通常用过去时态。They asked if I had turned off the night.I explained what had happened.As soon as she had done it, she knew it was a mistake.I decided to visit that small town where my family had lived.过去将来时从过去某时看来，将要发生的动作或状态。常用于宾语从句，尤其是间接引语中，主句谓语动词为过去时。should/would+动词原形She said she would go abroad the next year.They said they would not have a meeting.表过去将来的其他几种结构was about to + 动词原形He was about to watch TV whenHis mother came in.We were about to have a party.was going to +动词原形Amy told me she was going to buy a computer.Were you going to see a doctor?was to +动词原形They were to go shopping.He said he was to do his work the next day.3. 几种时态的区别对比时态说明例句过去进行时一般过去时过去进行时强调过去某个时刻正在进行的动作；一般过去时强调过去完成的动作。They were playing football yesterday.他们昨天在踢足球。They played football yesterday.他们昨天踢了场足球。He was watching TV last night.昨天晚上他在看电视。He watched TV last night.昨天晚上他看电视了。现在完成时一般过去时现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响；一般过去时只强调过去发生的一个单独的动作，不涉及对现在的影响。She has finished her homework.她已经完成了作业。She finished her homework.她完成了作业。现在完成时现在完成进行时现在完成时强调动作的结果；现在完成进行时强调动作的持续性。The boy has played the piano for two hours.这个男孩已经弹了两个小时的钢琴。The boy has been playing the piano.这个男孩一直在弹钢琴。（二）动词语态I知识重点1 了解主动语态与被动语态的区别。2 重点掌握被动语态的基本结构和基本用法。3 区分被动语态和系表结构。4 主动形式表示被动含义。一般完成进行完成进行现在过去将来过去将来情态动词的被动语态情态动词(can, must) be+过去分词项目说明例句主动语态表示被动意义某些系动词，如look,seem ,appear,smell, feel, sound,taste等It sounds good.The bread smells nice.The silk feels soft.某些不接物动词，如write, wash, draw, cook, burn, sell等，常与well,easily, smoothly等副词连用The pen writes smoothly.The cloth washes well.This book sells well.某些不接物动词，如move, open, lock, shut等，与cant, wont连用， 其中wont(最佳)The door wont open.The car wont move.The window wont shut.动词want, need, require, be worth等后面加现在分词The house wants painting.My car needs repairing.This book is worth reading.有些动词，如cook, print等，常用主动结构的进行时态表示被动意义The dinner was cooking.The picture was printing.热身训练题单选1. Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I _ my book in the cafe. （2015安徽24）A. have leftB. had leftC. would leaveD. was leaving2. It is reported that a space station _ on the moon in years to come. （2015安徽29）A. will be buildingB. will be built C. has been buildingD. has been built3. Is Peter coming?No, he_ his mind after a phone call at the last minute. （2015重庆1）A. changesB. changed C. was changing D. had changed4. In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat_ cut. （2015重庆13）A. will have been B. will be C. was D. has been5. Albert Einstein was born in 1879. As a child, few people guessed that he a famous scientist whose theories would change the world. （2015浙江8）A. has been B. had been C. was going to be D. was6. Jane cant attend the meeting at 3 oclock this afternoon because she _ a class at that time. （2015天津6） A. will teachB. would teach C. has taught D. will be teaching7. Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement_ so far by the two sides.（2015天津9）A. has been reached B. was reached C. will reachD. will have reached8. More expressways in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy. （2015四川4）A. are being built B. will be built C. have been built D. had been built9. Mary really hard on his book and thinks hell have finished it by Friday. （2015陕西22）A. worked B. has been working C. had worked D. has worked10. The reason why prices _, and still are, too high is complex, and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem. （2015江苏30）A. were B. will be C. have been D. had been11. As you go through this book, you _ that each of the millions of people who lived through World War II had a different experience. （2015湖南22）A. will findB. foundC. had foundD. have found12. He must have sensed that I _ him. He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, Why are you staring at me like that? （2015湖南28）A. would look atB. looked atC. was looking atD. am looking at13. I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy, but_ thankfully by the shop window（2015湖南32）A. am held backB. held backC. hold backD. was held back14.Where is Peter? I cant find him anywhere.He went to the library after breakfast and his essay there ever since. （2015福建30）A. wroteB. had writtenC. has been writing D. is writing15.To my delight, Ifrom hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony. （2015福建26）A. was chosenB. was being chosen C. would choose D. had chosen16. Did you enjoy the party? Yes. We _well by our hosts. （2015北京22）A. were treated B. would be treated C. treated D. had treated17. In the last few years, China _ great achievements in environmental protection. （2015北京26）A. has made B. had made C. was making D. is making18. Did you have difficulty finding Anns house? （2015北京27） Not really. She _ us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.A. was to give B. had given C. was giving D. would give19. Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment.All right. I_ him later. （2015北京30）A. will call B. have called C. call D will be calling20. I wasnt able to hide my eagerness when I _, What do you wish me to do now? （2015湖南25）A. askB. have asked C. am askingD. asked21. Always_ in mind that your main task is to get this company running smoothly（2015湖南31）A. to keep B. to have keptC. keepD. have kept22. 14江苏23. How much do you know about the Youth Olympic Games to be held in Nanjing?Well, the media _ it in a variety of forms.A. cover B. will cover C. have covered D. covered23. 14安徽23The twins, Who their homework, were allowed to play badminton on the playground.A. will finish B. finish C. have finished D. had finished24. 14安徽30People are recycling many things which they away in the past.A. had thrown B. will be throwing C. were throwing D. would have thrown25. 14大纲22. Unless extra money_, the theatre will close.A. was found B. finds C. is found D. found 26. 14大纲32. The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody _ them since.A. sees B. saw C. has seen D. had seen 27. 14福建27. the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.A. Spending B. Spent C. Having spent D. To spend28.14福建23.Havent seen you for ages! Where have you been? I went to Ningxia and there for one year, teaching as a volunteer. A. stayed B. stay C. had stayed D. am staying29. 14湖南22. If Mr. Dewey _ present, he would have offered any possible assistance to the people there.A. were B. had been C. should be D. was30. 14湖南28.Since the time humankind started gardening, we _to make our environment more beautiful.A. try B. have been trying C. are trying D. will try31. 14湖南34.Whenever you, a present, you should think about it from the receivers point of view.A.bought B. have bought C. will buy D. buy32. 14山东1. Writing out all the invitations by hand was more time-consuming than we_. A. will expect B. are expecting C. expect D. had expected33. 14山东5. They made up their mind that they_ a new house once Larry changed jobs. A. bought B. would buy C. have bought D. had bought 34. 14陕西22. During his stay in Xian, Jerry tried almost all the local foods his friends _,A. would recommend B. had recommended C. have recommended D. were recommending35. 14陕西23. We would rather our daughter _ at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.A. would stay B. has stayed C. stayed D. stay36. 14四川9. She _ someone, so I nodded to her and went away.A. phoned B. had phoned C. was phoning D. has phoned37. 14天津11. We wont start the work until all the preparations _.A. are being made B. will be made C. have been made D. had been made38. 14重庆4. Youd better write down her phone number before you _ it. A. forget B. are forgetting C. forgot D. will forget39. 14重庆8. James has just arrived, but I didnt know he _ until yesterday. A. will come B. was coming C. had come D. came40. 14重庆13. It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I _ it? A. had done B. have done C. did D. am doing41. 14北京22. -Hi, lets go skating. - Sorry, Im busy right now. I _ in an application form for a new job.A. fillB. have filled C. am fillingD. will fill42. 14北京31. - What time is it?- I have no idea. But just a minute, I _ it for you.A. checkB. checked C. will check D. would check43. 14北京32. I found the lecture hard to follow because it _ when I arrived. A. started B. was starting C. would start D. had started44. 14北京34. We _ back in the hotel now if you didnt lose the map.A. areB. were C. will beD. would be45. 浙江卷11. Sofia looked around at all the faces: she had the impression that she _ most of the guests before. A. has seen B. had seen C. saw D. would see46. 14江西卷24.-Tony , why are your eyes red ? -I _ up peppers for the last five minutes .A. cut B. was cutting C. had cut D. have been cutting 47.【2013江苏】25. Could I use your car tomorrow morning?Sure. I a report at home.A. will be writing B. will have written C. have written D. have been writing48.【2013江苏】34. What about your self-drive trip yesterday?Tiring! The road is being widened, and we a rough ride.A. had B. have C. would have D. have had49.【2013辽宁】22. He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all, he _ it for a very long time.A. has had B. had had C. has D. had50.【2013陕西】17. Jim a late night film at home when, right in the middle of a thrilling scene, the television went blank. A. watched B. had watched C. was watching D. would be watching动词填空1. Peter prefers _(stay) at home watching TV rather than _(go) there alone. 2.All the students are supposed _(work) hard at their lessons.3.The boy insisted that he _(do) nothing wrong and that he _(set) free at once.4.The idea Daisy came up with at the meeting deserves _(consider).5.It was late outside. He stood up as if _(leave).6.The food, _(contain) a lot of VC and VE, is good for our health.7.Andrew is the only one of the students who _(study) abroad now.8.My grandfather always keeps himself _(inform) of the outside world by surfing on the Internet every day.9.I _ (live) in London for many years , but Ive never regretted my final decision to move back to China. 10. It is the third time you _(invite) to attend your students parties.11. He will have learned English for eight years by the time he _（graduate） from the university next year.12. -What were you doing when Tony phoned you? - I had just finished my work and _（start） to take a shower.13. Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 _ (take)off at 18:20.14. The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad2 more comfortable _ （hold）.15. The boss rather than the workers should be responsible for the accident because those workers just carried out the order as _ （tell）.阅读理解Parents who help their children with homework may actually be bringing down their school grades. Other forms of prenatal involvement, including volunteering at school and observing a childs class, also fail to help, according to the most recent study on the topic.The findings challenge a key principle of modern parenting(养育子女) where schools except them to act as partners in their childrens education. Previous generations concentrated on getting children to school on time, fed, dressed and ready to learn. Kaith Robinson, the author of the study, said, I really dont know if the public is ready for this but there are some ways parents can be involved in their kids education that leads to declines in their academic performance. One of the things that was consistently negative was parents help with homework. Robinson suggested that may be because parents themselves struggle to understand the task. They may either not remember the material their kids are studying now, or in some cases never learnt it themselves, but theyre still offering advice. Robinson assessed parental involvement performance and found one of the most damaging things a parent could do was to punish their children for poor marks. In general, about 20% of parental involvement was positive, about 45% negative and the rest statistically insignificant. Common sense suggests it was a good thing for parents to get involved because children with good academic success do have involved parents , admitted Robinson. But he argued that this did not prove parental involvement was the root cause of that success. A big surprise was that Asian-American parents whose kids are doing so well in school hardly involved. They took a more reasonable approach, conveying to their children how success at school could improve their lives.1. The underlined expression parental involvement in Paragraph 1 probably means . A. parents expectation on childrens health B. parents participation in childrens education C. parents control over childrens life D. parents plan for childrens future 2. What is the major finding of Robinsons study ?A. Modern parents raise children in a more scientific way.B. Punishing kids for bad marks is mentally damaging.C. Parental involvement is not so beneficial as expected.D. Parents are not able to help with childrens homework.3. The example of Asian-American parents implies that parents should . A. help children realize the importance of schooling B. set a specific life goal for their children C. spend more time improving their own lives D. take a more active part in school managementBCA7