高一英语寒假作业 专题二 学习语法规则

专题二 学习语法规则动词不定式不定式由to+动词原形构成，不定式虽然不能做谓语，但保留着动词的特征，可带有自己的宾语和状语，从而形成不定式短语。不定式短语具有名词、形容词及副词的性质，可做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语、定语及状语等句子成分。一、不定式做主语(1) 英语中，不定式短语可放在句首充当句子的主语。如：To learn English well is very important. 学好英语很重要。(2) 但为了使句子平衡，常用it做形式主语放在句首，而将真正的主语不定式放到句末，特别是在疑问句及感叹句中必须采用这种方式。如：Is it necessary to bring an umbrella today? 今天带雨伞有必要吗？(3) 不定式做主语时，不能有单独的名词或代词做逻辑主语，而应用for sb. /of sb. 做它的逻辑主语，当不定式表示对逻辑主语的利害关系时，用for sb；当不定式用来对逻辑主语表示赞美或责备时，用of sb。如：It is not good for your eye to read in the sun. 在阳光下看对你的眼睛不好。It is very kind of you to help us. 你来帮助我们，真是太好了。二、不定式做宾语(1) 在英语中，不定式可用来做宾语。如：I want to buy a Chinese-English dictionary. 我想买一本汉英词典。(2) 不定式做宾语时须注意：A. 不定式并不是可做任何及物动词的宾语。能接不定式做宾语的动词有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, begin, care, choose, continue, dare, decide, desire, demand, determine, elect, expect, fail, hate, hesitate, hope, intend, know, learn, like, long, love, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, promise, pretend, prefer, refuse, require, start, try, wait, want, wish, wonder. 如：I cant afford to buy such an expensive computer. 我买不起这么昂贵的电脑。B. 做宾语的不定式如果带有自己的补足语，则须用it做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语置于补足语之后。如：I find it interesting to stay with you. 我发觉与你呆在一起很有趣。C. 不定式一般不做介词的宾语，但可做介词but, except的宾语，并且，当but, except前面如果有动词do时，不定式的to须省略。如：He said nothing except to go away. 他一话没说就走了。Now we cant do anything but wait for him. 现在我们只能等待他。三、不定式做宾语补足语不定式做宾语的补足语须从三个方面来掌握。(1) 动词接动词不定式做宾语的补足语时，不定式的to不能省略。这样的动词有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, force, forbid, get, help, order, permit, persuade, require, teach, tell, want, wish, warn, call on, wait for, long for。如：The teacher advised us to learn through experiment. 老师劝我们通过实验来学习。They didnt allow us to enter the hall. 他们不允许我们进入大厅。(2) 动词接动词不定式做宾语的补足语时，不定式的to须省略。这样的动词有：have, let, make, feel, hear, notice, see, watch, observe ，但它们变为被动语态时，不定式的to不能省略。如I saw Li Lei fall down from his bike. Li Lei was seen to fall down from his bike. 我看见李蕾从单车上摔了下来。(3) 动词help接动词不定式做宾语的补足语时，不定式的to可省略也可不省略。如：He often comes to help us (to) do some farming work. 他经常来帮我们干农活。四、不定式做表语(1) 不定式短语可用来做系动词的表语。如：My hope is to become a scientist like Einstein. 我的希望就是做一个像爱因斯坦那样的科学家。(2) 不定式做表语时须注意两点(from )：A. 一般说来，不定式前面的to不能省略，但当主语部分含有动词do时，to须省略。如：What I want is to visit the History Museum now. 我所想的就是现在去参观历史博物馆。B. 不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，表示主语的责任、义务或将来的行为；当不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时，不定式是表语，表示主语的内容或性质。如：We are to keep the order in the street. 我们将去街上维持秩序。(将来时)Our job is to keep the order in the street. 我们的工作是维持街上的秩序。(系表结构)五、不定式做定语(1) 不定式做定语时，一般放在所修饰的名词、代词之后，表示即将发生的动作。如：I have a letter to answer. 我有一封信要回复。(2) 不定式做定语时，中心词与不定式的关系：A. 主谓关系，即：中心词是不定式的逻辑主语。如：Liu Ying was the very girl to meet you. 刘英正是来接你的那个女孩子。B. 动宾关系，即：中心词是不定式的逻辑宾语。如：Do you have anything to do now? 你现在有事情要做吗？当不定式与所修饰的中心词有动宾关系时，不定式中的动词须为及物动词，若是不及物动词，不定式后须加上适当的介词。如：Go ahead, please. I have a friend to wait for here. 请先走吧，我还有个朋友要在这儿等。C. 说明关系，即：不定式是中心词的内容。如：I had a dream to fly in the sky like a bird. 我做了一个像鸟儿在天上飞的梦六、不定式做状语不定式做状语，可表示动作的目的、结果、原因、条件和方式。A. 表目的表目的时，不定式可放在句子的前面也可放在句子的末尾。但在句子前面时，不定式常与句子用逗号隔开；而在句子末尾时一般不用逗号隔开。如：To get there on time, we set out at five in the morning. 为了按时到达那儿，我们早晨五点就出发了。He goes there to enjoy the fresh air. 他去那儿享受那儿的新鲜空气。比较：to do, in order to do, so as to do都可表示目的，但to do, in order to do的位置既可在句首，又可在句末；而so as to do只能在句末(from )。In order to build a house, he bought some wood and steel yesterday. He bought some wood and steel yesterday in order to build a house. / He bought some wood and steel yesterday so as to build a house. 为了建房，昨天他买来了木料和钢材。B. 表结果不定式在下列结构中表示谓语动作的结果，不定式的位置一般在句子末尾。(1) 表示终结性的动词find, see, hear, learn, discover的不定式，常表示出乎意料的结果，并且，不定式前常有never, only等副词修饰。如：I hurried to the railway station yesterday, (only) to find that the train had left. 昨天我急急忙忙赶到火车站时，发现火车已经开走了。I went to the classroom, to discover it empty. 我走到教室，结果发现教室是空的。(2) 在 “so + adj. / adv. + as + to do”中。如：The scenery is so beautiful as to attract many people here every year. 景色非常美，每年都要吸引很多人来这里。(3) 在 “adj. / adv. + enough + to do”中。如：He ran fast enough to catch up with Li Lei. 他跑得很快，结果赶上了李蕾。(4) 在 “so + adj. / adv. +a(n) + n. + as + to do”中。如：This is so interesting a story as to interest children. 这是个很有趣的故事，使孩子们非常感兴趣。(5) 在 “such + adj. / adv. + n. + as + to do”中。如：She is such a good girl to help you make great progress. 她是个非常好的姑娘，帮助你取得了很大的进步。(6)  在 “too + adj. / adv. + to do”中。如：They went too slowly to catch the early bus. 他们走得太慢了，结果没能赶上早班车。C. 表原因不定式表示原因时，一般放在句子的末尾，说明主语某种心情、情感(glad, pleased, sad, worried, sorrow, excited) 所产生的原因。如：Im very glad to hear that Li Lei has been elected secretary of the Party. 听说李蕾被选为了党的书记，我很高兴。D. 表条件不定式表示条件时，一般放在句首。如：To be heated, liquid will change into gas. 如果受热，液体就会变成气体。E. 表方式不定式可接在as if / as though之后表示方式时，如(from )：He moved his mouth as if to say something. 他的嘴唇动了动，好像要说什么事似的。七、不定式做同位语不定式可用作同位语，说明某些名词或代词task, idea, thought的内容。不定式做同位语时，在名词或代词与不定式之间常用逗号隔开。如：Suddenly I have got the idea, to hunt rabbits in the woods. 突然，我有了这个想法，去林子里去猎取野兔子。八、不定式做独立成分To tell you the truth, I dont like it. 告诉你实话，我不喜欢它。不定式的形式变化概念：不定式不能做谓语。属于非谓语动词。构成：to do  即：不定式符号+ 动词原形用法：动词不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式、完成进行式和否定形式。动词不定式的被动形式有一般形式和完成式和进行式。以write为例说明不定式的形式变化：主动形式：    一般式     （not） to write    完成式     （not）to have written    进行式     （not） to be writing完成进行式 （not） to have been writing被动形式：一般式（not） to be written完成式（not） to have been written1不定式的一般式：表示几乎和谓语同时发生或谓语动词之后发生。He helped the old man clean the house.他帮助老人打扫房子。2不定式的完成式：表示在谓语动作之前发生或谓语动词之后将来的某个时间以前完成动作。I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday我很高兴昨天见到你母亲。3不定式的进行式：表示和谓语动词同时发生。Things seem to be going on smoothly. 似乎一切进展顺利。4不定式的完成进行式：表示不定式的动作是在谓语动词所表示时间之前一直进行的动作：We are happy to have been working with you.我们很高兴这一段时间和你们在一起工作。5不定式的一般被动式：当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动式。You are to be congratulated. 应该向你祝贺。6完成被动式：表示在谓语动作之前的被动动作。It is a good thing for him to have been criticized.他受到批评是好事。7不定式的否定式：否定副词not 或 never, seldom, hardly等要放在不定式符号之前。He got up in order not to be late for the train.他早起，是为了赶上火车。It is expected not to be taken away until next Monday.人们希望下周以前这不要拿走。完成下面的练习一. 用适当地不定式形式填空;1. The box is too heavy _(lift)2. It remains _(see) whether it will do us good or harm.3. He pretended _(study) for a long time.4. John is behind us. He seems _(follow) us.5. Bob, who is working with us, is said _(study) abroad.6. It is raining so hard, It is a good thing for the house _(repair).7. All these plants need _(water).8. Ill have to change my clothes before I go out. I dont want _(see) like this.9. We have to wait. Hes got one more problem _(work out).10. It is necessary for everything _(finish) before the meeting begins.二. 将下列句子翻成英语，句中必须有不定式1. 我们不帮助他们是错误的。 2. 他们拒绝采纳这个建议是不明智的。 3. 他没及时看到另外那辆车。 4. 他们发现不可能把一切按时准备好 5. 我喜欢的是在海里游泳，然后躺在暖和的沙上。 6. 她第一个想到这个主意。 7. 我们要尽一切力量帮助他们。 8. 据说他们正在这条河上修另一座大桥。 9. 对不起给你添了这么多麻烦。 10. 需回答的问题在第32页上。 感受文化背景 （希腊罗马神话）Pandora After the stealing of fire, Zeus became increasingly unkind to men. One day he ordered his son Hephaestus to build an image of a beautiful lady out of clay. He then asked the gods and goddesses to give her different kinds of giftsAmong others, Athena clothed her in an attractive coat and Hermes gave her the power of telling lies. Zeus called her Pandora.Zeus decided to send her down to men as a present. So Hermes, the messenger, brought her to Epimetheus, brother of Prometheus. The greatness of her beauty touched the hearts of all who looked upon her, and Epimetheus happily received her into his house. He had quite forgotten Prometheus' warning: never to accept anything from Zeus. The couple lived a happy life for some time. Then trouble came on to the human world.When he was busy with teaching men the art of living, Prometheus had left a big case in the care of Epimetheus. He had warned his brother not to open it. Pandora was a curious woman. She had been feeling very disappointed that her husband did not allow her to take a look at the contents of the case. One day, when Epimetheus was out, she opened it and out it came unrest and war, plague and sickness, theft and violence, grief sorrow, and all the other evils. The human world was therefore to experience these evils. Only hope stayed and never flew out. So men always have hope within their hearts潘多拉偷窃天火之后，宙斯对人类的敌意与日俱增。一天，他令儿子赫菲斯托斯用泥塑出一个美女，并请众神赠予她不同的礼物。其中，雅典娜饰之以华丽的衣裳，赫耳墨斯赠之以说谎的能力。宙斯称她为潘多拉。宙斯决定把她作为礼物送给世间的男子。于是信使赫耳墨斯将她带给普罗米修斯的弟弟厄庇墨透斯。她姿容绝美，见者无不为之倾心。厄庇墨透斯兴高采烈地把她迎入屋内。普罗米修斯警告过他不得接受宙斯的任何馈赠，而他已将之忘于脑后。这一对夫妻有过一段幸福的生活，但不久灾难却降临人间。当普罗米修斯忙于教授人们生存之道的时候，他把一个盒子给厄庇墨透斯照看。他警告过他的弟弟不要打开盒子。潘多拉好奇心强。她的丈夫不允许她看盒中之物，这使她感到十分懊恼。一天乘厄庇墨透斯出门在外，她打开盒子，从里面跑出的是不和与战争、瘟疫与疾病、偷窃与暴力、悲哀与忧虑、以及其他一些人类从此要遭受的不幸。只有希望留在里面，没有飞出来，因此人们常常把希望藏于心中。专题二【参考答案】动词不定式一.1. to lift 2. to be seen 3. to have been studying 4. to be following 5. to have studied6. to have been repaired 7. to be watered 8. to be seen 9. to work out 10. to be finished.二.1. It will be a mistake for us not to help them。2. It's unwise of them to turn down the proposal.3. He failed to see the other car in time.4. They found it impossible to get everything ready in time.5. What I like is to swim in the sea and then to lie on the warm sand.6. She was the first person to think of the idea.7. We must do everything we can to help them.8. They are said to be building another bridge across the river.9. I am sorry to have given you so much trouble. 10. The questions to be answered are on page 32.8