学术英语写作总结[共33页]

专业英语写作考点总结Part Academic English Writing （专业英语写作）Chapter 1 Six Considerations in Academic Writing1、 Academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose and strategy ,organization, style, flow and presentation. （学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲 或宣读）。2、 Organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部分(1) description of a situation （描述情况）(2) Identification of a problem （甄别问题）(3) Description of a solution （描述解决方法）(4) Evaluation of the solution （评估解决方法）3、 Formal Grammar Style：（正规的语法风格）(1) Generally avoid contractions （一般来讲避免使用略缩词） 例：wont改为will not(2) Use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定 形式） 例：not.any改为no not.much改为little not.many改为few(3) Limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限制使用 多个词连用的表达法） 例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。(4) Avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a textbook or other instructional materials).（避免向读者说“你”） 例：You can see the results in Table 1. 改为：The results can be seen in Table 1.(5) Be careful about using direct questions. In some fields they are common, while in others they are not.（使用直接引语时需谨慎） 例：What can be done to lower costs? 改为： It is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered. 或者 We now need to consider how costs may be lowered.(6) Place adverb within the verb. （将副词放于动词词组内） 例：This model was developed by Krugman originally. 改为：This model was originally developed by Krugman.(7) Consider whether you should split infinitives.（考虑是否该使用割裂不定式） 例：We need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program.(8) Aim for an efficient use of words. （目的是为了有效地使用词汇） 例：There are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising. 改为：Some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great promise.习题：（1） You can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.错误：使用了you。改为：This model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.（2） OK, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? Therere a lot of possibilities.错误：使用了口语OK；直接引语的使用；使用了缩略词Therere。改为：Coffee prices have fallen for many reasons.（3） You can see the difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway stations clearly.错误：使用了you；将副词clearly放在了句尾。改为：The difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway station can clearly be seen.（4） Recent research has shown that the arms are used commonly for protection during a fall to the ground.错误：将副词commonly放在了动词之后。改为：Recent research has shown that the arms are commonly used for protection during a fall to the ground.（5） So far, there hasnt been any comprehensive study looking into the role of smiling in getting the initial trust of individuals.错误：使用了So far；使用了there be 结构；使用了not.any结构；使用了非正式的looking into。改为：To date, no comprehensive study has examined the role of smiling in gaining the initial trust of individual.（6） There are some studies that have concluded that bamboo could be used by builders more widely than it is now as a construction material.错误：使用了there be 结构；副词widely 位置放错。改为：Some studies have concluded that bamboo could be more widely used than it is now as a construction material.（7） These special tax laws have been enacted in six states: Illinois, Iowa,Ohio,etc.错误：使用了etc。改为：These special tax laws have been enacted in six mid western states: Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Minnesota.（8） There isnt very much research on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete.错误：使用了there be 结构；使用了not.very much。改为：Little research has been done on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete. Chapter 2 Two Underlying Structures in Academic Writing （专业写作的两个基本结构）1、Two underlying structures in academic writing：（专业写作的两个基本结构）(1) general-specific structure （泛论-特指(GS)结构）(2) problem-process-solution structure （问题-过程-解决方法）2、 GS texts usually begin with one of the following: （GS文本通常以下列一种形式开始）(1) A short or extended definition （简短或拓展定义）(2) A contrastive or comparative definition （对比或比较定义）(3) A generalization or purpose statement （一般化或目标性陈述）(4) A statement of fact. （事实陈述）3、 Super ordinate-category word：technique, method, process, device, and system. （超级坐标词）4、 Deletions（删除）：在下列情况下，你可以减少限制性关系代词 A. 定语从句仅有关系代词、be动词、一个或多个介词短语 B. 定语从句由被动态动词加上一些额外的信息 C. 定语从句含有关系代词、以-ble结尾的形容词和额外的信息例题：p23(1). metal that is often used > metal often used(2). device that is capable of > device capable of(3). roof which is on top of > roof on top of (4). precipitation which results from > precipitation resulting from(5). This sentence cannot be reduced.(6). flute that is pitched an octave higher -> flute pitched an octave higher (7) . a process that involves the selective transport> a process involving the selective transport(8) . a celestial body which has approximately the same mass > a celestial body with approximately the same mass5、 考题类型：句子排序 例题：P276、 Comparative Definitions（对比性定义）（1）比较定义基本上有两类： 1) 呈现一个概念是如何随着时间的流逝而变化 的这样一种史实陈述。 2) 呈现对当代各位专家是怎样不同地看待此概 念所做的一个全面性的评述。7、 Participle（分词）例题：P39（1）The oil is skimmed from the surface by using a boom and then pumped into a tank for recycling.（2）After being harvested, the grapes are crushed to release the pulp and seed and then fermented for three weeks.（3）First, the glass is cut to size and inspected to determine if it has any imperfections. It is then heated to over 600oC and cooled in a step known as quenching.8、 词和词型的变换 P23-P25Chapter 3 Data Commentary（数据信息解读）1、 In many disciplines the data is displayed in a table, graph, figure, or some other kind of non-verbal illustration.（在许多学科中，数据信息都是以图表、图形、 数据统计图或非口头图示的方式展示出来。）2、Structure of Data Commentary（数据信息解读的基本结构）A、Location elements and/or summary statements.（定位要素和/或总结陈述）B、Highlighting statements.（强调陈述内容）C、Discussions of implications, problems, exceptions, recommendations, etc.（对 内涵含义,问题,例外情况,推荐等的讨论）3、 Location elements and summaries.（定位要素和总结）A、Starting a Data Commentary.（开始数据解读）B、Passives in Starting a Data Commentary.（用在开始数据解读中的被动式）C、Verbs in Indicative and Informatives Summaries.（用在陈述性和信息性总结 中的动词）D、Language Focus:Linking as-Clause.（语言聚焦：连接词As引出的从句）Chapter 4 Summary and Abstract Writing（总结与摘要写作）1、 Principle Requirements for a good Summary（一份良好的任务总结具备四个主 要需求）(1) It should be focused on the relevant aspects of the source text or texts and present a comprehensive view of all the main points of the original.（ 它应聚焦于来源文 本的相关方面并能呈现对全部原始要点的综合性观点）(2) It should present the source material in an accurate and objective fashion.（它应以 精确、客观的形式呈现来源材料）(3) It should condense the source material and be presented in the summary writers own words and avoid terminology.（ 它应凝缩来源材料并以总结写作者自己的 文字呈现出来,而且要避免用专业术语）(4) Provide an independently referential summary, and keep the length in control.（提 供完全独立的参阅性总结，并能控制其文章长度）2、写作总结的基本步骤 (1)快速略读文本，脑中注意小标题。若无小标题，试将文本分成几部分。(2)考虑清楚为什么给了你这个文本。确定你在处理哪种类型的文本,即:来 源文本类型 (3)读文本，标示重要的信息或者作笔记(4)用你自己的词汇写下每一部分的要点。每一部分尽量写出一个一句话 的总结。 (5)对每一个主要题目，写下关键的佐证点，但必要时也要包括小的细节。(6)再次仔细检查这个过程，做些适当的变动。3、Basic Structure of Abstract Writing（摘要写作的基本结构）（1）Topic sentence（主题句）（2）Supporting Sentences（佐证句）（3）Concluding Sentence（结论句）4、P70-P72的例句，写作时会用得上。5、Summary and Abstract 两个词要会写，以及知道两者的区别，其中summary 要分三段来写，abstract不分段。Part II Basal English Writing （基础英语写作）Chapter 1 Punctuation（标点符号）1、 The comma（逗号）2、 The period（句号）3、 The semicolon（分号）4、 The colon（冒号）5、 The question mark（问号）6、 The quotation mark（引号）7、 The exclamation mark（感叹号）8、 The dash（破折号）9、 Italics and underlining（斜体字和下划线）10、 练习题：P96-9711、本节所有的例句都要仔细看 Chapter 2 Vocabulary（词汇）1、 Levels of diction : formal and informal, abstract（抽象） and concrete（具体）, and general（笼统） and specific（特指）. It also includes how to appreciate the connotative（引申含义） as well as denotative（字面含义，本义） meanings of words.2、 English words can be categorized as（分为） formal, informal and colloquial（口 语的）.3、 练习题：1/P1024、 练习题：P109-P113Chapter 3 English Sentence Writing（英语句子写作）1、 Types of sentences（句子的类型） P114（1） According to structure （根据结构）1 simple sentences（简单句）2 compound sentences（并列句：a、逗号加并列连词 b、分号，没有并列 连词 c、分号，连接副词及其后加逗号）3 complex sentences（复合句：一个主句，一个或多个从句）4 compound-complex sentences（并列复合句）（2） According to use（根据功能）1 declarative sentences （陈述句）2 interrogative sentences （疑问句）3 imperative sentences （祈使句）4 exclamatory sentences （感叹句）（3） According to rhetoric （根据修辞）1 loose sentences （松散句，主体部分放在前面）2 periodic sentences （掉尾句，主体部分放在最后） 3 balanced sentences （平行句）4 long and short sentences （长、短句） 2、 练习题 （P121）（1） He thought the painting was of little value. He let me have it for only ten pounds. (Compound) 改为：He thought the painting was of little value, so he let me have it for only ten pounds.（或者He thought the painting was of little value and he let me have it for only ten pounds.）（2） I always take my raincoat whenever I go out these days.(Periodic) 改为：Whenever I go out these days, I always take my raincoat.（3） They were on holiday. Their house was broken into. Some valuable paintings were stolen.(Compound-complex) 改为：When they were on holiday, their house was broken into and some valuable paintings were stolen.（4） The firemen fought for three hours. They finally managed to put out the fire.(Complex) 改为：After the firemen fought for three hours, they finally managed to put out the fire.（5） Nobody in this world is quite perfect. We all have some faults.(Compound) 改为：Nobody in this world is quite perfect; we all have some faults.（或者 Nobody in this world is quite perfect, for we all have some faults.）（6） The train is going to Dalian. The train leaves at 20:15. (Simple) 改为：The train to Dalian leaves at 20:15.（7） In spite of the interruption, he was able to finish all his exercises before the class was over. (Loose) 改为：He was able to finish all his exercises before the class was over in spite of the interruption.（8） Many people choose travel by air. It is fast. It offers convenience. It is not very expensive. (Parallel Structure) 改为：Many people choose travel by air, because it is fast, convenient and not very expensive.3、 练习题 P121（1） 履历通常包括个人信息、教育背景、工作经历和过去的成就。 译：A resume generally consists of personal information, educational background, employment history and past achievements.（2） 戴安娜在南京医科大学主修中医学。 译：Diana is majoring in Chinese traditional medicine in Nanjing Medical University.（3） 请代我向你父母致以问候。 译：Please send my best regards to your parents.（4） 现代高等教育应该具有前瞻性，超越眼前的社会需求。 译：Modern college education should be far-sighted and able to see beyond the immediate needs of the society.（5） 这种细菌是引起现在流行病的原因吗？ 译：Is this bacterium responsible for the current epidemic?（6） 经常回顾昨天，你就会珍惜今天，向往明天。 译：Take a frequent and backward look at your yesterday, and you will value your today and look forward to your tomorrow.（7） 中国传统知识分子认为：穷则独善其身，达则兼济天下。 译：Traditional Chinese intellectuals hold that one should refine his personal virtue when in poverty, and help save the world when in success.（8） 就算我追求爱情，我也肯定不会只顾沉浸在爱河里而荒废学业。 译：If I did hunt for love, I certainly wouldnt bathe myself in the river of love all the time, neglecting my studies.（9） 学校倡导大学生改变就业观念，并鼓励他们把自己的才华和天赋投入到西 部大开发中去。 译：Universities promote a change in the concept of employment among the graduates, encourage them to give their talents and genius to the Western Exploration.4、 Sentence Expansion （句子拓展） （各个位置的例句都要看） 句子拓展的三种方法：addition（增添法），coordination（并列法）， subordination（从属法）。 重点题型，要会判断句子正误（1）增添法：常见的修饰词有形容词、副词、数词、名词、名词性词组、 代词等（adjectives, adverbs, numerals, nouns, noun phrases and pronouns）。修 饰词通常在句中作定语或状语。1 添加形容词 （addiong adjectives）单个形容词做定语一般放在被修饰词之前，但修饰由any ,every, no somebody, one 或thing构成的不定代词时，放在其后。2 添加副词（adding adverbs）如果句子里同时带有几个副词做修饰语时，其位置应按一下顺序排列：程度副词-方式副词-地点副词-时间副词。3 添加短语（Adding phrases）短语有8种：名词短语、动词短语、介词短语、非限定性短语（分词短语、动名词短语、不定式短语）、同位短语、限定性短语。（noun, verb, prepositional; three kinds of verbal phrase(participial, gerund and infinitive),appositive and absolute）（2）并列法：包含三种方法1 Coordinating pronouns （并列连词）2 Conjunctive adverbs （使用连接副词）3 Semicolon （运用分号连接）（3）从属法：从句主要包括名词性从句（noun clause），状语从句（adverbial clause）和定语从句（attributive clause）。名词性从句又分为主语从句（subject clause）、表语从句（predicative clause）、宾语从句（object clause）和同位语从句（appositive clause）。1 常见的状语从句有时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、比较、让步等。5、 几种短语拓展法：（1） 介词短语进行拓展（expanding with prepositional phrases） 介词短语在句中可做表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。作定语时置于所修 饰词之后，做状语时位置比较灵活，可位于句首，也可位于句中或句尾， 有时用逗号将其与句子的主体部分隔开。（2） 不定式短语进行拓展（expanding with infinitive phrases）不定式短语做名词时，可做主语、表语、宾语；做形容词时，在句中作定语；做副词时，可以表示目的、原因、结果、状语等。（3） 动名词短语进行拓展（expanding with gerund phrases）动名词为动词-ing形式，名词性可做主语、表语、宾语、定语和补足语。动词性可以带宾语和状语。（4） 分词短语进行拓展（expanding with participial phrases）分词短语有现在分词短语和过去分词短语两种形式。6、 effective sentences（有效句）（1） Effective sentences have some or all of the following qualities : unity（一致性）, coherence（连贯性）, conciseness（简洁性）,emphasis（强调性）, variety（多样性）. （2）此节中的每个例子都要认真看。7、 练习题： P142（1） This composition is quite good as far as the use of language is concerned, but its content is poor. 改为：This composition is good in language but poor in content. （The language of this composition is quite good but its content is rather poor.）（2） The young man is honest and hardworking, and is a very reliable worker. 改为：The young man is an honest, hardworking and reliable worder.（The young worker is honest, hardworking and reliable.）/平行意思多种表达形式不连贯（3） Dufu was one of the best-known poets. 改为：Dufu was one of the best-known poets in Tang Dynasty.（4） A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds. 改为：A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does.（A man is judged not only by his words but also by his deeds.）/同类意思同种表达方式（5） We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman. 改为：We thought she was charming, intelligent and capable.（6） To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase. 改为：To get ready for the trip, she put all the things he needed into a suitcase. / 连贯性 主语不一致 悬垂修饰语导致 dangling modifiers（7） Those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign his name on this sheet of paper. 改为：Those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign their names on this sheet of paper. /避免造成人和数目的不一致或改变（8） When one thies hard enough, you can do almost anything. 改为：When one thies hard enough, he can do almost anything./同上（9） For years I have been attending summer camp and enjoyed every minute of it. 改为：For years I have been attending summer camp and enjoying every minute of it.（10） When I saw the grade on my report card, I was terribly disappointed , because I studied very hard. 改为：When I saw the grade on my report card, I was terribly disappointed , because I had studied very hard.（11） If I were rich and she was single, I would marry her. 改为：If I were rich and she were single, I would marry her.（12） They insisted that the money be collected and that a receipt be given in return. 此句正确。8、 练习题 P142（1） Tom and his sweetheart married in the early part of the month of October. 改为：Tom and his sweetheart married in early October./wordy（2） In 1979, there was a strike participated in by five thousand union workers. 改为：In 1979, five thousand unions participated in the strike.（3） The cause of the flood was due to heavy rain in late spring. 改为：The flood was due to heavy rain in late spring.（4） There are a number of students from our institute who are planning to join the expedition. 改为：A number of students are planning to join the expedition.（5） What I am trying to say is that in my opinion he is a very honest man. 改为：In my opinion he is a very honest man.（6） I came to this institute because of many factors, but most of all of the fact that I want to be an interpreter. 改为：I came to this institute because I want to be an interpreter.（7） These watermelons are large in size and sweet in taste. 改为： These watermelons are large and sweet.（8） At the present time I am taking the course of World History and in addition a course in Geography too. 改为：At present I am taking World History and Geography.（9） We planned to meet just before sunrise very early in the morning. 改为：We planned to meet before sunrise.（10） His attitude was of a puzzling nature. 改为：His attitude was puzzling.9、 练习题： P143（1） He was selfless, hardworking and modest; thats why he became a great Scientist. 改为：He became a great scientist because he was modest, selfless, and Hardworking.（2） As a clerk, John was honest, efficient and well-dressed. 改为：John was a well-dressed, honest, and efficient clerk.（3） Jane walked out of his life, bursting into tears as she left the room. 改为：As she left the room, Jane, bursting into tears, walked out of his life.（4） China has changed a great deal as a result of reform and the open policy during the past 14 years. 改为：As a result of the reform and the open policy during the past 14 years, China has changed a great deal.（5） Huang, the famous writer, was among his neighbors. 改为：Huang, who was among his neighbors, was a famous writer.（6） Social position, reputation, even life itself, and friends,were no longer interesting to him after he went bankrupt. 改为： After he went bankrupt, friends, social position, reputation, even life itself were no longer interesting to him.10、 常见的语法错误： P143 书中每个正确的句子都要看 （1） Misused parts of speech（用错词性）；（2） Sentence fragments（残缺句）；（3） Run-on sentences（流水句）；（4） Misplaced modifiers & dangling modifiers（误置修饰与悬虚结构）；（5） Problem in agreement and reference（一致与指代问题）。11、 练习题 P146 修改残缺句（1） After returning from the beach. The children were exhausted. 改为：After returning from the beach, the children were exhausted.（2） John neglecting his duties and spending time on independent research. 改为：John neglected his duties and spent time on independent research. （3） Karen dropped calculus. Which she had dropped severall times before. 改为：Karen dropped calculus, which she had dropped severall times before.（4） Working together to save our environment. We can leave the world a better place than wo found it. 改为：Working together to save our environment, we can leave the world a better place than wo found it.（5） Ellen returned the lost wallet to the man. Proving that she is an honest person. 改为：Ellen returned the lost wallet to the man, which proved that she is an honest person.（6） Some errors in writing are serious. For exa