应用和解决方案兼容的三维可视化外文文献及译文

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Further application fields could be entered, if distributed spatial objects could be integrated on the fly into one 3d scene. We argue, that this integration can only be successful (and in some cases only be possible) if it does not mean to copy and concentrate all data into one monolithic system. In this article we sketch promising new applications and examine their technical requirements. We discuss how these issues can be addressed by the use of interoperable geo web services, following the standards proposed by the OpenGIS Consortium, the ISO, and the initiative Geodata Infrastructure North Rhine-Westphalia (GDI NRW) in Germany. To overcome current limitations we introduce a new web service for the 3d visualization of spatial data. The presented application scenarios are a result of the feasibility study Virtual Regions in the Rhine-Ruhr area 2006 which has been carried out on behalf of the state government of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.1. INTRODUCTION3D city and landscape models reveal a high information potential for a variety of application fields in the private and public sector. Besides the well-known applications in the fields of architecture,urban and transport planning, surveying and mobile telecommunication, 3d models become increasingly important in the fields of city and regional marketing (e.g. representation of regions,municipalities, companies and Football World Cup locations), tourism (recreation, culture), telematics (pedestrian and car navigation), civil protection (flood protection, noise and pollutant dispersion, disaster management), real estate management (broker, banks, assurances), and facility management.Most applications typically need various geoinformation from different data providers. E.g. an architecture firm requires for the planning of a new shopping mall digital 3d geoinformation interms of a small scaled and low detailed city model covering the whole planning area, which willsupport the identification of appropriate locations. The 3d objects also have to be related to socioeconomical 2d geoinformation. When the appropriate location has been found, detailed architectural resp. building models with detailed texturing are necessary for the target area in order to be able to demonstrate the integration of the shopping mall with its environment by 3d visualization.Difficulties arise, because spatial data sets are not only scattered over different public and private data providers, but also use different models, data formats, and levels of detail. Because of these heterogeneous conditions, integrated 3d visualization of these data resources proves to be complicated. Indeed, a general strategy for interoperable 3d geo-visualization in the context of geoinformation systems is still missing.At large, the widespread and sustainable use of 3d geoinformation in the mentioned application fields is hindered by high pricing, limited data availability, missing 3d analysis instruments, diversity of formats and processing systems, and insufficient access mechanisms. Above, data actuality and quality of 3d models often is low, because in many cases 3d city models have been acquired for specific projects only and were not updated afterwards.However, users require immediate data access, means for the interoperable integration of different 3d geoinformation in different levels of detail, tools for 3d analysis and further data processing (based on data storage using databases, general purpose 3d GIS with functionalities like visibility analyses etc.) as well as solutions for interactive visualization and presentation. Furthermore, aspects of model integrity, security, data updating (and its costs), 2d-3d-integration, real time visualization and texturing (highly resp. less detailed, photo-realistic or pseudo textures) are of utmost importance for the quality and user acceptance of 3d geoinformation systems.It is the aim of the initiative Geo Data Infrastructure North Rhine-Westphalia (GDI NRW) toimprove the availability, use and distribution of spatial data and thereby enable the geoinformation market in NRW and beyond. The GDI NRW realizes an open network bringing together geoinformation producers, value adders, brokers and users. By the application of web service technology the spatial data from public and private sources can be registered, queried and visualized in an interoperable way (Bernard et al. 2003). The Initiative GDI NRW was founded in 1999 as a public private partnership between data providers, software manufacturers, users, and participants from academia and administration. The CeGi Center for Geoinformation GmbH manages the operative business of the GDI NRW. Interoperability of distributed data resources is the key issue wrt. Spatial data infrastructures. To ensure interoperability the GDI NRW adopts (and is also involved in the development of) international standards of the OpenGIS Consortium and the ISO/TC 211 (see Altmaier and Mller 2002, GDI NRW 2003, CeGi 2003a, OGC 2003, ISO 2003).To overcome the above mentioned specific problems of 3d data handling and visualization, the Special Interest Group 3D (SIG 3D) has been founded as a working group in the GDI NRW. For more than a year it is working on the development of user-oriented concepts for the interoperable integration of different distributed 3d spatial data resources of public and private providers. The general idea is to avoid central data storages and monolithic, proprietary applications. Instead, 3d spatial data should be kept at its sources and made accessible via standardized interfaces using web services(see Kolbe 2003, Grger and Kolbe 2003).2. DEMANDS AND CHANCES FOR DISTRIBUTED 3D GEOVISUALIZATIONIn the feasibility study, Virtual Regions in the Rhine-Ruhr area 2006”which has been carried out by CeGi GmbH until ”July 2003 on behalf of the state government of North Rhine-Westphalia,Germany, current and future application fields for interoperable 3d GIS and 3d visualization have been identified and rated. The investigations are based on numerous and comprehensive interviews with experts coming from business, administration, organisations and research institutions focused on their role as a provider resp. user of 3d geoinformation.2.1. Overall chances of distributed 3D data resourcesAccording to the results of the feasibility study, an interoperable system of distributed 3d data resources provides the following chances and advantages (CeGi 2003b):2.1.1. Interoperability and compatibilityBy ensuring interoperability of data formats and systems the users can access arbitrary 3d spatial data sources in a homogeneous way. It allows the application of the same analysis and visualization tools for different data sets. The retrieval of appropriate geoinformation is supported by a metadata information system, which currently is developed for NRW. Although there already exist numerous international standards of the OpenGIS Consortium for data access and visualization (OGC 2003),some technical issues like the realtime exploration of 3d scenes over the internet presently only can be realized by proprietary software applications. Therefore, the questions concerning the right balance between standardisation and proprietary systems as well as concerning the capability of 3d GIS functionalities and 3d visualization services (e.g. static or dynamic visualisation) have to be discussed. In the medium term, only a mixture of standard-based and proprietary solutions can be realized. However, each application of standardised services, formats and modeling improves the systems overall compatibility and the compatibility of providers and possible users.2.1.2. Multiple use and sustainabilityInteroperability and compatibility offer multiple usage of geoinformation as well as the creation of added value and more convenient data updating, and thereby assure the sustainability and quality of 3d data resources. In many cases the acquisition of 3d geoinformation has been project-based (especially in projects that were focused on 3d visualization only), which means that database storage, further data processing, re-use and data updating are not assured. Mostly, a one-time investment is done without considering long-term and sustainable re-use possibilities. Therefore, in the context of sustainability the question arises, if in the different application fields the focus is rather on 3d presentation, realism and aesthetics or on 3d GIS and analyses.2.1.3. Improvement of work flow and efficiencyThe sustainable use of distributed 3d spatial data resources induces synergy effects by avoiding repeated work due to redundant data storage and analyses. Thus it brings facilitation of work and improvement of efficiency. This includes the shortening of internal processes by providing fast data access (e.g. improved use of geoinformation in municipal administrations), improved visualization of urban planning projects, more transparent and curtated planning procedures, improved citizen participation processes or simplification and automation of work flows, which allow a higher accuracy and the balanced load of process components.2.1.4. Chances of refinancingInteroperable 3d geoinformation systems show market, economisation and refinancing potentials. In the long run, only such applications running on a spatial data infrastructure can be successful, which reveal real market potentials, i.e. there is a strong demand on the market by users, or a specific need and long-lasting sale possibilities based on the applicationsdirect and indirect economisation and refinancing possibilities.2.1.5. Public Private PartnershipThe complex technical, socio-economical and administrative conditions concerning the sustainable realization of the spatial data infrastructure in NRW require the participation of economy,administration and academia (Public Private Partnerships). Only by collaboration and concerted decision making the existing deficiencies and limitations can be overcome.2.2. Special chances of 3D visualization3d visualization reveals chances and advantages in the following respect:（1）.It provides graphical presentations of and insights into states, procedures and processes.（2）.It supports analysis, decision making, management and planning and thereby improves workflows and efficiency in different application fields.Most technological issues concerning 3d visualization are clear. There already exist varioussolutions for 3d visualization. Whereas most of them are proprietary applications, their technological basic concepts can be transferred when developing standards for the visualization, access and retrieval of distributed 3d data resources.2.3. Application fields for 3d geo-visualizationIn the following the chances and advantages of distributed 3d data and visualization systems will be highlighted for the different application fields. The analytical and management support of 3d visualizations in the government and business sector takes an important role. 3d applications in the customer sector, like e.g. location based services on mobile phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs), are presently only of marginal importance. Generally, multiple-shift usage as well as economization potentials of 3d data and applications also depend on the way the underlying data is stored (e.g. locally in files versus databases or 3d geoinformation systems).In the sector of site and city marketing, tourism and business development, 3d visualization enables the presentation of business locations, municipalities, touristic sites and industrial areas.These presentations serve e.g. for captive marketing activities, municipal advertisement of recreation and tourism locations, evaluation of aesthetical aspects of city planning as well as for the marketing of trade areas and industrial buildings. Marketing for sporting events as well as recreation infrastructures like bicycle paths, museums and exhibitions are counted among the tourism sector. Aim of the business marketing is the acquisition of investors for e.g. trade and industry, companies, fairs, architects, hotels, restaurants, public transport, real estate providing companies.Especially in the sector of event and building management, 3d visualization supports the management aspect, e.g. concerning the facility management of industrial buildings, event locations and public establishments. Site models are used for calculations of area- and volume-oriented services like commercial cleaning, seating, assurance value determination or fire fighting activities as well as for security surveillance concerning electricity and gas systems, partially in conjunction with external location based services.In the sector of city, traffic and regional planning, the 3d vizualisation of distributed 3d dataresources facilitates the improvement of plan visualization as well as the support of decisionmaking, analyses and planning activities. It comprises e.g. the visualization of building structures,civil engineering, and visibility applications concerning urban landuse planning and buildingpermission procedures as well as monument protection and greenspace planning (tree andgreenspace register). 3d visualization contributes in this sector especially to the improvement ofwork flows and efficiency, first of all in the context of municipal administrations, e.g. by processsimplification, higher degrees of citizen participation in planning procedures, more transparentdecision making in planning processes, more reality-like presentations of planning alternatives(analysis of impacts), early rejection of non-realistic alternatives or well-founded support of council decisions. An active participation of citizens includes e.g. the examination of planning alternatives over the internet by a standard web browser integrating annotation and decision possibilities. 3d GIS, high data actuality and updating as well as an on-demand access to distributed data resources are essential in this application field.Concerning the sector of traffic and transport, 3d visualization is employed in telematic applications like pedestrian and car navigation systems. Currently, manufacturers of navigation systems are acquiring 3d spatial data for the most important and famous landmarks in Europe which will be integrated in their navigation systems in the future. The sector of traffic and transport relies on high availability and interoperability of continuously updated, georeferenced 3d data.In the environmental sector 3d visualization is used especially for the presentation of analyses results. Dispersion models are employed for analyses of noise characteristics, air flows and emission dispersions. 3d visualization is also used for view determinations in the context of urban planning (new building projects, shadow and lighting effects). Presentations of water bodies in flood protection simulations and aspects of coastal and mudflat protection (waterway and port protection through monitoring of mudflat geomorphology, seismology and geology) employ 3d visualization as well. Furthermore, 3d visualization can be used in the fields of landscape planning and environmental protection.2.4. Scenarios for integrated 3d visualizationIf 3d spatial data are stored decentralized at different places, the totally covered space isfragmented. In his work on the consistency of distributed 2d spatial data resources Laurinidistinguishes between zonal and layer fragmentation (Laurini 1998). For 3d data zonalfragmentation means a partitioning of the modeled 3d space where different resources containspatial data of different regions resp. subspaces. Layer fragmentation describes instead situationswhere distributed data sets represent different aspects / elements of the same space (and in 2d maps are kept in different layers). According to this distinction two scenarios for integrated 3d geovisualization for distributed 3d city and region models can be developed.The so-called mosaic scenario manages the 3d visualization of large areas. 3d city and site models from different sources are embedded at the time of presentation into a regional model and are visualized together. This scenario is especially suited for building region portals, where area-covering presentation is needed on the one hand, and possibilities for detailed examination of locations of interest should be given on the other hand(“zoom in to the level of 3d building models”)In the hierarchy scenario visualization is focused on a specific area for which different providers at different locations contribute 3d spatial data. A typical application would be the integrated presentation of a 3d city model consisting of spatial objects with different degrees of detail. For example, while building models may be delivered by the citys land registry office and the digital terrain model is retrieved from the states survey office, company B provides vegetation and other 3d objects like traffic signs/lights that are needed to increase the degree of realism. Above, a company C might contribute a highly detailed 3d model of a place of interest like a museum or a stadium which interior is also modeled and therefore can virtually be entered and explored. The addition of thematic 3d spatial objects also belongs to the hierarchy scenario.Applications may also combine aspects from both scenarios. However, these applications alwayshave in common that spatial data is kept at their sources by their owners who provide online access by standardized interfaces. The advantage is that spatial data have not to be copied into a central system, but will be retrieved at the time of presentation from the different providers. By avoiding redundant data storage it is ensured that every 3d visualization is based on the latest data. Above, this approach allows exact accounting of the 3d spatial objects that are actually used in presented 3d scenes.3. INTEROPERABLE 3D GEOVISUALIZATION OVER THE WWWAfter the description of the different application scenarios the technical issues regarding their realization have to be discussed. Several municipalities and companies nowadays already have built up virtual 3d city models. Since none of the commercially available geoinformation systems provide full support for the representation, storage, analysis, and visualization of 3d spatial objects yet (see Zlatanova 2002 et al.),