How to appreciate an English poem英语专业论文

How to appreciate an English poemThe poetic forms of English poetry are in a great variety. There are the heroic couplet, which includes a pair of rhymed lines in each stanza( which consists of four lines); the blank verse, which is unrhymed; and the sonnet, which includes 14 lines with a fixed rhyming scheme.一、英雄偶体诗Heroic Couplet refers to lines of iambic pentameter which rhyme in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on. The adjective “heroic” was applied in the later seventeenth century because of the frequent use of such couplets in heroic poems and dramas. This verse form was introduced into English poetry by Geoffrey Chaucer. From the age of John Dryden through that of Samuel Johnson, the heroic couplet was the predominant English measure for all the poetic kinds; some poets, including Alexander Pope, used it almost to the exclusion of other meters.英雄偶体诗的诗句采用抑扬格五音步，韵式为：aa,bb,cc.。修饰语“英雄”使用于17世纪晚期，因为这种类型的偶体诗常用于史诗和英雄剧。这种韵式最早被诗人乔叟引入英国，从德莱顿到萨缪尔，英雄偶体成为了英国诗歌韵式的主流，包括蒲柏在内的一些诗人几乎只用这一韵式。O could I flow like thee, and make thy stream My great example, as it is my theme! Though deep yet clear, though gentle yet not dull; Strong without rage, without oerflowing full.二、注意meter（格律、节拍）和foot（音步）的区别The most common meter in English poetry, the so-called iambic pentameter, is a sequence of five iambic feet or iambs, each consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one (da-DUM)An iambic foot is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. The rhythm can be written as:daDUMA line of iambic pentameter is five iambic feet in a row:daDUMdaDUMdaDUMdaDUMdaDUMIts possible to notate this with a (Breve) mark representing an unstressed syllable and a /(Forward Slash) mark representing a stressed syllable. In this notation a line of iambic pentameter would look like this:/The following line from John Keats Ode to Autumn is a straightforward example: To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shellsThe scansion（节奏韵律分析）of this can be notated as follows:/Toswellthegourd,andplumptheha-zelshellsThe divisions between feet are marked with a |, and the caesura (a pause) with a double vertical bar |./Toswell|thegourd,|andplump|theha-|zelshellsEg:A Red, Red Rose-Robert BurnsO, my love is like a red, red roseThats newly sprung in June.O, my love is like the melody,Thats sweetly playd in tune.As fair art thou, my bonnie lass,So deep in love am I,And I will love thee still, my dear,Till a the seas gang dry.Till a the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi the sun!And I will love thee still, my dearWhile the sands o life shall run.And fare thee weel, my only Love!And fare thee weel, awhile!And I will come again, my love,Tho it were ten thousand mile!Meaning:The beauty of my love can be compared with a red rose, and the sweet voice and shape of my love are like piece of soft music. My graceful girl, you are very beautiful and I love you very much; my dear, I will love you firmly until all the seas go dry. The speaker expresses his fiery passion for his love and swears to love her forever.My dear, I will love you till all the seas go dry and the rocks melt with the sun. I will love you firmly so long there is a life keeping time or I will love you until the end of my life.Farewell to you, my only dear love, farewell to you only for a short time! I will come back again even though it were ten thousand mile away, my dear!Theme: to express strong affection to his love, swearing that he will love her for ever.Structure:1.Stanza 1: compare his sweet heart as a red rose and sweet music.2. Stanza 2-3 : swear that he will love her for ever, and assure that he will never change his heart.3. Stanza 4: assure his lover that he will leave for a short time but will come back no matter how far it is.Form: Scottish Folklore, short lines, strong rhythm. The first and third lines have 8 syllables and the second and fourth lines have 6 syllable in the first two stanzas and 7 syllables in the second two stanzas. Rhyming: the first and second stanzas: abcb. The third and fourth: abab.Rhetorical features: simile is used to express the strong affection which can not be controlled. And repetition is use to intensify his emotion.三、十四行诗的韵式（rhyme scheme）及其他韵式介绍十四行诗，又译“商籁体”，为意大利文sonetto，英文Sonnet、法文sonnet的音译。欧洲一种格律严谨的抒情体诗（lyric poetry）。（一）意大利十四行诗（皮特拉克十四行诗）意大利十四行诗由Giacomo da Lentini（连蒂尼）创造。皮特拉克（Petrarch）的创作使其臻于完美，又称“彼特拉克体”（Petrarchan Sonnet），后传到欧洲各国。由两节四行诗(two quatrains,called the octave)和两节三行诗(two tercets, called the sestet)组成，每行11个音节，韵式为ABBA，ABBA，CDE，CDE或ABBA，ABBA，CDC，CDC。以米尔顿（Milton）的On His Blindness为例：When I consider how my light is spent (a)Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide, (b)And that one talent which is death tohide, (b)Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent (a)To serve therewith my Maker, and present (a)My true account, lest he returning chide; (b)Doth God exact day-labor, light denied? (b)I fondly ask; but Patience to prevent (a)That murmur, soon replies, God doth not need (c)Either mans work or his own gifts; who best (d)Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His state (e)Is Kingly. Thousands at his bidding speed (c)And post oer land and ocean without rest; (d)They also serve who only stand and wait. (e)（二）英国十四行诗（莎士比亚十四行诗）“莎士比亚体”（Shakespearean），由三节四行诗和两行对句(couplet)组成，每行10个音节(syllable)，采用抑扬格五音步（iambic pentameter），韵式(rhyme scheme)为ABAB，CDCD，EFEF，GG。Sonnet 18(By William Shakespeare )Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summers lease hath all too short a date:Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmd;And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance or natures changing course untrimmd;But thy eternal summer shall not fadeNor lose possession of that fair thou owest;Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growest:So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long lives this and this gives life to thee. 我怎么能够把你来比作夏天？你不独比它可爱也比它温婉：狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践，夏天出赁的期限又未免太短：天上的眼睛有时照得太酷烈，它那炳耀的金颜又常遭掩蔽：被机缘或无常的天道所摧折，没有芳艳不终于雕残或销毁。但是你的长夏永远不会雕落，也不会损失你这皎洁的红芳，或死神夸口你在他影里漂泊，当你在不朽的诗里与时同长。只要一天有人类，或人有眼睛，这诗将长存，并且赐给你生命。Sonnet 116Let me not to the marriage of true minds (a)Admit impediments, love is not love (b)*Which alters when it alteration finds, (a)Or bends with the remover to remove. (b)*O no, it is an ever fixd mark (c)*That looks on tempests and is never shaken; (d)*It is the star to every wandring bark, (c)Whose worths unknown although his height be taken. (d)*Loves not times fool, though rosy lips and cheeks (e)Within his bending sickles compass come, (f)*Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, (e)But bears it out even to the edge of doom: (f)*（三）中国十四行诗代表性的诗人为冯至、白马内蒙古剧作家、诗人白马马世新于上世纪八十年代初创作了一百多首中国十四行诗,并于1997年由远方出版社出版了十四行诗集爱的纪念碑。作者将这一泊来诗体与中国传统诗歌审美观念相结合，创作出了一种适合中国普通读者欣赏习惯的十四行诗样式。其诗为三段式，押韵格式为:abba,abba,cdcdcd。白马十四行诗 “爱的礼物 ”一支古老的意大利情歌 （a）经过彼特拉克大师吟唱 (b)带着乡土和野草的芬芳 (b)悠然登上了诗的雅座 (a)文艺复兴的亚得里亚海波 (a)又使这隽永迷人的绝唱 (b)荡起轻盈美丽的双浆 (b)飞向世界的各个角落 (a)一支歌填上了诸家新词 (c)也填补了一片片心灵的荒芜 (d)一种调融入了百般情思 (c)也融化了千万个心灵的孤独 (d)这温馨甜蜜的十四行诗 (c)是上苍赐予人间的爱的礼物 (d)