师范英语专业毕业论文

学科分类号（二级）7405011本科学生毕业论文（设计）题 目 A Study of Mrs. Ramsay and Lily Briscoes Tragedies in To the Lighthouse from the Approach of Text World Theory 从文本世界理论的角度浅析到灯塔去中 拉姆齐太太和莉丽布里斯库的悲剧生活 姓名章艳波 学号094050131 院、系外国语学院 英语系 专业英语 （师范4） 指导教师杜蓓 职称/学历讲师 (硕士) 2013年4月30日独创性声明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。尽我所知，除文中已经标明引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出贡献的个人或集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 学位论文作者签名：年 月 日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权云南师范大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。学位论文作者签名： 指导老师签名： 年 月 日 年 月 日STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIPExcept where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or part from a thesis presented by me for another degree or diploma. No other persons work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma in my tertiary institution. Signed Dated Acknowledgements I am deeply grateful to my supervisor Professor Du Bei for her patient guidance, general assistance, helpful advice and continual encouragement, all of which have been of inestimable work to the completion of my paper. Without her helpful instruction, detailed comments, and beneficial advice, this paper would have never been finished so smoothly. My thanks also go to all the teachers who have taught me and helped me a lot during the four years of my study in Yunnan Normal University. Without their teaching, I can not learn so much. At last, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my family, who gave me great help and encouragement during my four years study and the thesis writing.iiAbstractVirginia Woolf (1882-1941) is one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century. To the Lighthouse has been widely considered as one of Woolfs most successful novels. A lot of people studied To the Lighthouse from different perspectives including the writing style of the stream of consciousness, masculinity, psychoanalysis and so on. The paper focuses on Mrs. Ramsay and Lily Briscoes sad image through the approach of Text World Theory that is a practical theory from Cognitive Poetics. By analyzing several examples from the aspects of thought and speech of these two womens text world and sub-world, we can not only see how readers to build the outside and inside world of Mrs. Ramsay and Lily Briscoe, but also understand Mrs. Ramsay and Lily Briscoes tragic lives clearly. Key words: To the Lighthouse; Text World Theory; Mrs. Ramsay; Lily Briscoe摘要弗吉尼亚伍尔夫（1882-1941）是20世纪英国著名现代小说家。到灯塔去被广泛地认为是她最著名的小说。许多人从不同的角度来研究这本小说，包括意识流的写作技巧，男子主义，心理分析等。本文主要从认知诗学中实践较强的世界文本理论来分析拉姆齐太太和莉丽布里斯库的形象。本文通过几个例子从思想、语言两个角度分析这两位女性的文本世界和亚世界， 我们不仅看到读者如何对拉姆齐太太和莉丽布里斯库的外部世界和内心世界进行心理构建，而且也清楚地理解了拉姆齐太太和莉丽布里斯库的悲剧生活。关键词：到灯塔去；文本世界理论；拉姆齐太太；莉丽布里斯库iiContents1 Introduction.11.1 Virginia Woolf and To the Lighthouse .11.2 The significance of choosing this subject .12 Literature review.22.1 Studies of cognitive poetic .22.2 Review of text world theory abroad and at home.32.3 Studies on Virginia Woolfs To the Lighthouse.43 Theoretical basis and analytical framework.53.1 Three layers of text world theory .53.1.1 Discourse world layer.53.1.2 Text world layer .53.1.3 Sub-world layer.63.2 Thought and speech under text world theory .73.3 Analytical framework of the study.74 The tragic lives of Mrs. Ramsay and Lily Briscoe .84.1 Women in victorian age.84.2 Mrs. Ramsay and Lily Briscoes tragedies through thought presentation .94.2.1 Mrs. Ramsays tragedy.94.2.2 Lily Briscoes tragedy.114.3 Mrs. Ramsay and Lily Briscoes tragedies through speech presentation .124.3.1 Mrs. Ramsays tragedy .124.3.2 Lily Briscoes tragedy.155 Conclusion.16Reference.17 i1 Introduction1.1 Virginia Woolf and To the Lighthouse Virginia Woolf (1882-1941), regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century, was a famous English novelist and a distinguished feminist essayist. She created a great number of novels and short stories as well as hundreds of essays. Her major works include the novels Mrs. Dalloway in 1925, To the Lighthouse in 1927, Orlando in 1928, The waves in 1931, Flush in 1933 Between the Act in 1941 and the essays A Room of Ones Own in 1929, Three Guineas in 1938, The Common Reader, 1st and 2nd Series in 1925 and 1923, The Death of the Moth and Essays in 1942, and the diary of A writers Diary in 1953. To the Lighthouse has been widely considered as one of Woolfs most successful novels. Some critics like Edwin Muir, William Troy, A.D. Moody, and Frank Swinnerton put it at the top of her writing career. In the novel, Woolf examines the life of a middle class British family. It is divided into three parts. The first part, “The Window”, introduced most of the characters spending their holidays at the Ramsays summer home. Mrs. Ramsay promised her son James that they would go to the Lighthouse if the weather was good. But Mr. Ramsay refused cruelly. In the second part, “Time Passes”, ten years time past quickly. Mrs. Ramsay, Pure Ramsay，and Andrew Ramsay died during the period of time. The house eventually became ruin. Finally，the Ramsays and some other guests came back to the house again. In the third part, “The Lighthouse”, mainly talked about how Mr. Ramsay leaded his son James, his daughter Cam and other guests to go to the Lighthouse. At last, the Ramsays reached the Lighthouse and Lily Briscoe had finished her painting lasting ten years.1.2 The significance of choosing this subjectNo mater what a novel is about, when it is studied, people pay much attention to its characterization and characters that always reflect temporal social environment. To the Lighthouse was considered by Virginia Woolf as her best novel that adapted perfectly the narrative technique of stream of consciousness. Woolf studied characters deep consciousness and focused on their psychological experience. The point of the thesis is how Virginia Woolf created Mrs. Ramsay and Lily Briscoes images in the creating process and how readers established Mrs. Ramsay and Lily Briscoes sad images during the reading process by applying Text World Theory which is found by Paul Werth. Text Word Theory is a main brunch of Cognitive Poetic. It is used to analyze characters in many novels for these years.The significance of this thesis at least has three aspects. First of all, analyzing characters in To the Lighthouse from the approach of Text World Theory may become an illuminating force to promote a cognitive study to the novel. Second, applying the approach of Text World Theory to analyze the readers reading process is creative. Third, Mrs. Ramsay and Lily Briscoes tragedies expose social background at that time, which gives a lesson to modern women - women can get real happiness only basing on independent spirit.2 Literature review2.1 Studies of cognitive poeticsCognitive Poetics, formed in the mid-1990s, is the study of literary reading that draws on the principle of cognitive science. Although its history is short, practitioners in this field have manifested great wishing and tendency for truly multidisciplinary studies.During its short history, different names have been used, each showing the slightly different emphases of its uses. For example, cognitive stylistics focuses on detailed textual analysis in the European literary linguistics. While cognitive rhetoric indicates the connection with classical rhetoric in uniting effect and form in language study, which has been used in North America. Since three books publication, cognitive poetic has become a promising new branch. These three books are: Cognitive Stylistics (Semino and Culpaper, 2002), Cognitive Poetics: An Introduction (Stockwell, 2002) and Cognitive Poetics in Practice (Gavins and Steen, 2003). Cognitive Poetics emerged varied dimensions of investigation. One of dimensions is formed different frameworks for the consideration of “worlds” in literary works. Recently, Text World Theory, offering a way of understanding how to stimulate readers diagram knowledge while reading literary text, is developing out of the “worlds” tradition.2.2 Review of text world theory abroad and at homeText World Theory, considering human language in the light of disciplines such as cognitive poetics, cognitive psychology, cognitive linguistics, possible world logic and formal semantics, is a cognitive poetic model of human discourse processing. Paul Werth originally formulated and then set down the basic framework for the theory. Then, his work stopped because of his death in 1995. In 1999, Mick Short wrote Text Words: Representation Conceptual Space in Discourse which is the first work about Text World after Paul Werth. Since then the theory has been used by different authors. Whats more, most authors explore the building of text world in literary discourse by using text world model. In 2000, Hidalgo Downing wrote an article “Text World Creation in Advertising Discourse”. She studied the method that text worlds were created in advertising discourse by analyzing features of context and linguistic choice. Besides, Text Worlds: Representing Conceptual Space in Discourse written by Mick Short in 1999, there is another book Text World Theory: an Introduction written by Gavins in 2007 introduced Text Word Theory in detailed.In China, studies of Text World Theory are just emerging. In 2007, Huang Hongli who is from Shanghai Jiaotong University studied the modality of nothingness in the Beatles through Text World Model. In 2008, Ma Juling who is from Henan University showed a Text World mainly based on Text World Theory approaching to American black humor fictions in her PHD dissertation. In 2009, Liu Shisheng and Liang Xiaohui who are from Tsinghua University published an article about the identification of Text World in Academic Exploration. It showed that a text world was a space where characters take mental or physical action. In 2011 from Tsinghua University, Liu Shisheng and Pang Yuhou published an article in Foreign Language Research analyzing the narrative world of the film A Beautiful Mind (2001) by using the Text World Theory. In 2012, Yang Lin who is from Qufu Normal University analyzed the main character Mrs. Ramsays image from the perspective of Text World Theory. To sum up, there arent many articles can be found about Text World Theory in China.2.3 Studies on Virginia Woolfs To the LighthouseSince To the Lighthouse was published in 1930s, it has been considered Virginia Woolfs most excellent novel by herself and literary critics. Bennet, one of Woolfs opponents, considered the novel was the best book of hers that he knew. Even some critics who are from the Cambridge attacking Woolfs books during the 1930 pointed out To the Lighthouse was her best novel. In 1950, Joseph Blotner claimed that Mrs. Ramsay was “the meaning of the novel and a symbol of female principle in life” (Yang, 2012: 12). In 1970s, Phvllis Rose considered Mrs. Ramsay as Woolfs memories of her mother and considered Lily Briscoe as Woolfs expression of a deep ambivalence to her mother (qtd.in Yang, 2012: 12). Joan Lidoff asserted that the novel showed a feminine voice and a few female genres by analyzing the awareness of union in both language and meaning (qtd.in Yang, 2012: 13). In 1980, Gayatri C. Spivak regarded the novel as the attempt of connecting Mrs. Ramsay the thinker and Lily the artist to describe and define Mrs. Ramsays image (Yang, 2012: 12).In China, To the Lighthouse is favored. In 2006, Guo Xiaochun from Xiangtan University published an article Feminists tragedy reading To the Lighthouse (translate from Guo, 2006) in Journal of Tangshan Teachers Cillege. She explored Mrs. Ramsay and Lily Briscoes sadness in life. In 2010, Cai Bei published an article An Analysis of Lilys Mental Growth in To the Lighthouse in Overseas English. She revealed Lily Briscoes psychology changing process. In 2012, Yang Lin from Qufu University analyzed the novel in her Master Degree thesis A Cognitive Interpretation of To the Lighthouse from the perspective of Text World Theory. The same year, Yang Jingsha from Yunnan Normal University explored Mrs. Ramsays tragic lives because they did not realize themselves (Yang, 2006: 30). In addition, a lot of people studied To the Lighthouse from different perspectives, including the writing style of the stream of consciousness, masculinity, postmodernism, psychoanalysis, historical and social text. But no study has found to analyze Mrs. Ramsay and Lily Briscoes tragedies under Text World Theory.3 Theoretical basis and analytical framework3.1 Three layers of text world theory3.1.1 Discourse world layerDiscourse world is the nearest contest of a situation occurring in a discourse, including at least two discourse participants (one writer or speaker or one or more readers or listeners) and a naturally-occurring language event which can take place both the same and different times and places, for example, having conversations on the phone take place in the same time but different places. And communicating by writing letters and sending e-mails takes place in different time and different places. In these situations, the producers and receivers build a different discourse world. Factors of the discourse world include the understanding of the nearest situations, and the dreams, hopes, memories, imaginations, belief, knowledge and intentions of the discourse participants. In Text World Theory, served as integral factors of the discourse world context (Werth, 1999: 52), all of those are called Common Ground. The Common Ground is a flexible entity, which is updating in any language event. For example, when one is reading, he or she constantly gets new information, even sometimes throws away the old information got from the reading material or his or her background knowledge before. In certain discourse, while, only the relevant background knowledge of the participants can be activated due to the participants knowledge is beyond known for others. Therefore, when reading Virginia Woolfs To the Lighthouse, readers need only specific knowledge relevantly with the text, such as Virginia Woolfs life and role in Victorian time. Thus, the discourse world layer of the Text World Theory is important to analysis discourse among characters in the text. 3.1.2 Text world theoryText world is created in the mind of each participant, which is the situation described by the discourse. It is not only interrelated with the nearest discourse world text, but also describes situations from the imagination or memory of its interlocutor. In constructing a text world, participants combine their knowledge-based judgments and the textual linguistic cues, which mainly depend on two kinds of input: discourse participants cognitive and the text itself. Text world analysis includes world building elements and function-advancing proposition. Everyday, we use many specific expressions to communicate our experiences with others. The worldbuilding elements include time, location, character and object. Tense can reflect time. Adverbial of phrases or noun phrases can illustrate location. The noun phrases and the pronoun phrases can indicate the character and the object. “The function- advancing proposition or function- advancers are verbs which can describe the enactors to each other and the objects surrounding them, propel the action, or present an argument of some kind.”(Yang, 2012: 18). It contains both physical activities in the mind such as cognition, reaction and perception.3.1.3 Sub-world layerAfter a text world established, many other worlds may separate from it, that is to say, further conceptual layers are created, which are called sub-worlds. It can take place for a great amount of reasons with many types. Different scholars classify sub-worlds in different ways. While the theories of Werth and Gavin are popular most. Then, we will represent sub-worlds by Gavins.According to Werths classification, Gavins classify sub-world into two types: world-switch and modal world. For the world-switch, it describes a change of world in the temporal or spatial location by focusing on discourse, such as direct speech and thought, flash-forward or flashback, spatial alternation and so on. For the modal world, it can be further divided into three specific modal worlds. They are deontic modal world, spistemic modal world and boulomaic modal world. Deontic modality can be seen by some modal verbs such as should, ought to, must or can, or by some participles or adjectivals such as it is allowed that and it is demanded that. All of those are used to express a degree of obligation. Epistemic modality can be seen by some verbs such as know, think, belief or suppose and so on, which expresses a characters belief or knowledge. Boulomaic modality can be seen by some verbs such as expect, want, wish, hope, dream or desire, which expresses a wish or desire (qtd.in Yang, 2012: 21-22).3.2 Thought and speech under text world theoryAccording to the Text World Theory, once a speech or a thought either indirect or direct breaks in, an epistemic modal world will establish or a world-switch will take place. Free Indirect Discourse is a complicated way to represent a particular characters thought or speech. To some degree, it can be summarized as the appearance of different narrative voice in a text. From these Free Indirect Discourses, readers are likely to feel that another character in the text world join the narrators voice of the text. The characters mental activities are mainly expressed by Free Indirect Discourse. In To the Lighthouse, different characters Free Indirect Discourses are used abundantly, which enables readers to ether into characters mental world without any disorder.In Gavins term, Direct Speech forms a world-switch just like flash-forward or flashback. In its original text world, like Direct Speech, we suppose Direct Thought, Free Direct Thought and Free Direct Speech will build a world- switch (qtd.in Yang, 2012: 25).In the novel, different speeches and thoughts are presented from various characters perspective. Therefore, it is difficult for readers to understand the novel from the approach of Text World Theory. However, it also offers chances to readers to enter the inner worlds of characters deeply in the novel.3.3 Analytical framework of the studyThis thesis pays attention to the text world level and sub-world level under the Text World Theory. First, it divides discourse presentation of the novel into two categories - thought presentation and speech presentation. Then from each category under the Text World Theory, it studies