模具设计毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译模具的发展

沈阳航空航天大学毕业设计（论文）毕业设计论文外 文 翻 译13Die history1 Die position in industrial productionMold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main process of industrial production equipment. 采用模具生产零部件，具有生产效率高、质量好、成本低、节约能源和原材料等一系列优点，用模具生产制件所具备的高精度、高复杂程度、高一致性、高生产率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比 With mold components, with high efficiency, good quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materials and a series of advantages, with the mold workpieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and low consumption , other manufacturing methods can not match. 已成为当代工业生产的重要手段和工艺发展方向。 Have already become an important means of industrial production and technological development. 现代经济的基础工The basis of the modern industrial economy. 现代工业品的发展和技术水平的提高，很大程度上取决于模具工业的发展水平，因此模具工业对国民经济和社会发展将起越来越大的作用。The development of modern industrial and technological level depends largely on the level of industrial development die, so die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role. 1989 年 3 月国务院颁布的关于当前产业政策要点的决定中，把模具列为机械工业技术改造序列的第一位、生产和基本建设序列的第二位 ( 仅次于大型发电设备及相应的输变电设备 ) ，确立模具工业在国民经济中的重要地位。 March 1989 the State Council promulgated on the current industrial policy decision points in the mold as the machinery industry transformation sequence of the first, production and capital construction of the second sequence (after the large-scale power generation equipment and the corresponding power transmission equipment), establish tooling industry in an important position in the national economy. 1997 年以来，又相继把模具及其加工技术和设备列入了当前国家重点鼓励发展的产业、产品和技术目录和鼓励外商投资产业目录。 Since 1997, they have to mold and its processing technology and equipment included in the current national focus on encouraging the development of industries, products and technologies catalog and to encourage foreign investment industry directory. 经国务院批准，从 1997 年到 2000 年，对 80 多家国有专业模具厂实行增值税返还 70% 的优惠政策，以扶植模具工业的发展。 Approved by the State Council, from 1997 to 2000, more than 80 professional mold factory owned 70% VAT refund of preferential policies to support mold industry. 所有这些，都充分体现了国务院和国家有关部门对发展模具工业的重视和支持。 All these have fully demonstrated the development of the State Council and state departments tooling industry attention and support. 目前全世界模具年产值约为 600 亿美元，日、美等工业发达国家的模具工业产值已超过机床工业，从 1997 年开始，我国模具工业产值也超过了机床工业产值。 Mold around the world about the current annual output of 60 billion U.S. dollars, Japan, the United States and other industrialized countries die of industrial output value of more than machine tool industry, beginning in 1997, Chinas industrial output value has exceeded the mold machine tool industry output.据统计，在家电、玩具等轻工行业，近 90 的零件是综筷具生产的；在飞机、汽车、农机和无线电行业，这个比例也超过 60 。 According to statistics, home appliances, toys and other light industries, nearly 90% of the parts are integrated with production of chopsticks; in aircraft, automobiles, agricultural machinery and radio industries, the proportion exceeded 60%. 例如飞机制造业，某型战斗机模具使用量超过三万套，其中主机八千套、发动机二千套、辅机二万套。 Such as aircraft manufacturing, the use of a certain type of fighter dies more than 30,000 units, of which the host 8000 sets, 2000 sets of engines, auxiliary 20 000 sets. 从产值看， 80 年代以来，美、日等工业发达国家模具行业的产值已超过机床行业，并又有继续增长的趋势。 From the output of view, since the 80s, the United States, Japan and other industrialized countries die industry output value has exceeded the machine tool industry, and there are still rising. 据国际生产技术协会预测，到 2000 年，产品尽件粗加工的 75% 、精加工的 50 将由模具完成；金属、塑料、陶瓷、橡胶、建材等工业制品大部分将由模具完成， 50 以上的金属板材、 80 以上的塑料都特通过模具转化成制品。 Production technology, according to the International Association predicts that in 2000, the product best pieces of rough 75%, 50% will be finished mold completed; metals, plastics, ceramics, rubber, building materials and other industrial products, most of the mold will be completed in more than 50% metal plates, more than 80% of all plastic products, especially through the mold into.模具的历史发展 2 The historical development of mold模具的出现可以追溯到几千年前的陶器和青铜器铸造，但其大规模使用却是随着现代工业的掘起而发展起来的。 The emergence of mold can be traced back thousands of years ago, pottery and bronze foundry, but the large-scale use is with the rise of modern industry and developed.19 世纪，随着军火工业 ( 枪炮的弹壳 ) 、钟表工业、无线电工业的发展，冲模得到广泛使用。 The 19th century, with the arms industry (guns shell), watch industry, radio industry, dies are widely used. 二次大战后，随着世界经济的飞速发展，它又成了大量生产家用电器、汽车、电子仪器、照相机、钟表等零件的最佳方式。 After World War II, with the rapid development of world economy, it became a mass production of household appliances, automobiles, electronic equipment, cameras, watches and other parts the best way. 从世界范围看，当时美国的冲压技术走在前列许多模具先进技术，如简易模具、高效率模具、高寿命模具和冲压自动化技术，大多起源于美国；而瑞士的精冲、德国的冷挤压技术，苏联对塑性加工的研究也处于世界先进行列。 From a global perspective, when the United States in the forefront of stamping technology - many die of advanced technologies, such as simple mold, high efficiency, mold, die and stamping the high life automation, mostly originated in the United States; and Switzerland, fine blanking, cold in Germany extrusion technology, plastic processing of the Soviet Union are at the world advanced. 50 年代，模具行业工作重点是根据订户的要求，制作能满足产品要求的模具。 50s, mold industry focus is based on subscriber demand, production can meet the product requirements of the mold. 模具设计多凭经验，参考已有图纸和感性认识，对所设计模具零件的机能缺乏真切了解。 Multi-die design rule of thumb, reference has been drawing and perceptual knowledge, on the design of mold parts of a lack of real understanding of function. 从 1955 年到 1965 年，是压力加工的探索和开发时代对模具主要零部件的机能和受力状态进行了数学分桥，并把这些知识不断应用于现场实际，使得冲压技术在各方面有飞跃的发展。 From 1955 to 1965, is the pressure processing of exploration and development of the times - the main components of the mold and the stress state of the function of a mathematical sub-bridge, and to continue to apply to on-site practical knowledge to make stamping technology in all aspects of a leap in development. 其结果是归纳出模具设计原则，并使得压力机械、冲压材料、加工方法、梅具结构、模具材料、模具制造方法、自动化装置等领域面貌一新，并向实用化的方向推进，从而使冲压加工从仪能生产优良产品的第一阶段。 The result is summarized mold design principles, and makes the pressure machine, stamping materials, processing methods, plum with a structure, mold materials, mold manufacturing method, the field of automation devices, a new look to the practical direction of advance, so that pressing processing apparatus capable of producing quality products from the first stage.进入 70 年代向高速化、启动化、精密化、安全化发展的第二阶段。 Into the 70s to high speed, launch technology, precision, security, development of the second stage. 在这个过程中不断涌现各种高效率、商寿命、高精度助多功能自动校具。 Continue to emerge in this process a variety of high efficiency, business life, high-precision multi-functional automatic school to help with. 其代表是多达别多个工位的级进模和十几个工位的多工位传递模。 Represented by the number of working places as much as other progressive die and dozens of multi-station transfer station module. 在此基础上又发展出既有连续冲压工位又有多滑块成形工位的压力机弯曲机。 On this basis, has developed both a continuous pressing station there are more slide forming station of the press - bending machine. 在此期间，日本站到了世界最前列其模具加工精度进入了微米级，模具寿命，合金工具钢制造的模具达到了几千万次，硬质合金钢制造的模具达到了几亿次 p 每分钟冲压次数，小型压力机通常为 200 至 300 次，最高为 1200 次至 1500 次。 In the meantime, the Japanese stand to the worlds largest - the mold into the micron-level precision, die life, alloy tool steel mold has reached tens of millions of times, carbide steel mold to each of hundreds of millions of times p minutes for stamping the number of small presses usually 200 to 300, up to 1200 times to 1500 times. 在此期间，为了适应产品更新快、用期短 ( 如汽车改型、玩具翻新等 ) 的需要，各种经济型模具，如锌落合金模具、聚氨酯橡胶模具、钢皮冲模等也得到了很大发展。 In the meantime, in order to meet product updates quickly, with the short duration (such as cars modified, refurbished toys, etc.) need a variety of economic-type mold, such as zinc alloy die down, polyurethane rubber mold, die steel skin, also has been very great development.从 70 年代中期至今可以说是计算机辅助设计、辅助制造技术不断发展的时代。 From the mid-70s so far can be said that computer-aided design, supporting the continuous development of manufacturing technology of the times. 随着模具加工精度与复杂性不断提高，生产周期不断加快，模具业对设备和人员素质的要求也不断提高。 With the precision and complexity of mold rising, accelerating the production cycle, the mold industry, the quality of equipment and personnel are required to improve. 依靠普通加工设备，凭经验和手艺越来越不能满足模具生产的需要。 Rely on common processing equipment, their experience and skills can not meet the needs of mold. 90 年代以来，机械技术和电子技术紧密结合，发展了 NC 机床，如数控线切割机床、数控电火花机床、数控铣床、数控坐标磨床等。 Since the 90s, mechanical and electronic technologies in close connection with the development of NC machine tools, such as CNC wire cutting machine, CNC EDM, CNC milling, CNC coordinate grinding machine and so on. 而采用电子计算机自动编程、控制的 cNc 机床提高了数控机床的使用效率和范围。 The use of computer automatic programming, control CNC machine tools to improve the efficiency in the use and scope. 近年来又发展出由一台计算机以分时的方式直接管理和控制一群数控机床的 nNc 系统。 In recent years, has developed a computer to time-sharing by the way a group of direct management and control of CNC machine tools NNC system.随着计算机技术的发展，计算机也逐步进入模具生产的各个领域，包括设计、制造、管理等。 With the development of computer technology, computers have gradually into the mold in all areas, including design, manufacturing and management. 国际生产研究协会预测，到 2000 年，作为设计和制造之间联系手段的图纸将失去其主要作用。 International Association for the Study of production forecasts to 2000, as a means of links between design and manufacturing drawings will lose its primary role. 模具自动设计的最根本点是必须确立模具零件标准及设计标准。 Automatic Design of die most fundamental point is to establish the mold standard and design standards. 要摆脱过去以人的思考判断和实际经验为中心所组成的设计方法，就必须把过去的经验和思考方法，进行系列化、数值化、数式化，作为设计准则储存到计算机中。 To get rid of the people of the past, and practical experience to judge the composition of the design center, we must take past experiences and ways of thinking, for series, numerical value, the number of type-based, as the design criteria to the computer store. 因为模具构成元件也干差万别，要搞出一个能适应各种零件的设计软件几乎不可能。 Components are dry because of mold constitutes a million other differences, to come up with a can adapt to various parts of the design software almost impossible. 但是有些产品的零件形状变化不大，模具结构有一定的规律，放可总结归纳，为自动设计提供软件。 But some products do not change the shape of parts, mold structure has certain rules, can be summed up for the automatic design of software. 如日本某公司的 CDM 系统用于级进模设计与制造，其中包括零件图形输入、毛坯展开、条料排样、确定模板尺寸和标准、绘制装配图和零件图、输出 NC 程序 ( 为数控加工中心和线切割编程 ) 等，所用时间由手工的 20% 、工时减少到 35 小时；从 80 年代初日本就将三维的 cad cam 系统用于汽车覆盖件模具。 If a Japanese companys CDM system for progressive die design and manufacturing, including the importation of parts of the figure, rough start, strip layout, determine the size and standard templates, assembly drawing and parts, the output NC program (for CNC machining Center and line cutting program), etc., used in 20% of the time by hand, reduce their working hours to 35 hours; from Japan in the early 80s will be three-dimensional cad / cam system for automotive panel die. 目前，在实体件的扫描输入，图线和数据输入，几何造形、显示、绘图、标注以及对数据的自动编程，产生效控机床控制系统的后置处理文件等方面已达到较高水平；计算机仿真 (CAE) 技术也取得了一定成果。 Currently, the physical parts scanning input, map lines and data input, geometric form, display, graphics, annotations and the data is automatically programmed, resulting in effective control machine tool control system of post-processing documents have reached a high level; computer Simulation (CAE) technology has made some achievements. 在高层次上， CAD CAM CAE 集成的，即数据是统一的，可以互相直接传输信息 At high levels, CAD / CAM / CAE integration, that data is integrated, can transmit information directly with each other. 实现网络化。 Achieve network. 目前 Present. 国外仅有少数厂家能够做到。 Only a few foreign manufacturers can do it.3我国模具工业现状及发展趋势 Chinas mold industry and its development trend模具工业现状 Die & Mould Industry Status由于历史原因形成的封闭式、“ 大 而全” 的 企业特征，我国大部分企业均设有模具车间，处于本厂的配套地位，自 70 年代末才有了模具工业化和生产专业化这个概念。 Due to historical reasons for the formation of closed, big and complete enterprise features, most enterprises in China are equipped with mold workshop, in factory matching status since the late 70s have a mold the concept of industrialization and specialization of production. 生产效率不高，经济效益较差。 Production efficiency is not high, poor economic returns. 模具行业的生产小而散乱，跨行业、投资密集，专业化、商品化和技术管理水平都比较低。 Mold production industry is small and scattered, cross-industry, capital-intensive, professional, commercial and technical management level are relatively low.据不完全统计，全国现有模具专业生产厂、产品厂配套的模具车间（分厂）近17000家，约60万从业人员，年模具总产值达200亿元人民币。 According to incomplete statistics, there are now specialized in manufacturing mold, the product supporting mold factory workshop (factory) near 17 000, about 600 000 employees, annual output value reached 20 billion yuan mold. 但是，我国模具工业现有能力只能满足需求量的60左右，还不能适应国民经济发展的需要。 However, the existing capacity of the mold and die industry can only meet the demand of 60%, still can not meet the needs of national economic development. 目前，国内需要的大型、精密、复杂和长寿命的模具还主要依靠进口。 At present, the domestic needs of large, sophisticated, complex and long life of the mold also rely mainly on imports. 据海关统计，1997年进口模具价值6.3亿美元，这还不包括随设备一起进口的模具；1997年出口模具仅为7800万美元。 According to customs statistics, in 1997 630 million U.S. dollars worth of imports mold, not including the import of mold together with the equipment; in 1997 only 78 million U.S. dollars export mold. 目前我国模具工业的技术水平和制造能力，是我国国民经济建设中的薄弱环节和制约经济持续发展的瓶颈。 At present the technological level of China Die & Mould Industry and manufacturing capacity, Chinas national economy in the weak links and bottlenecks constraining sustainable economic development.1、模具工业产品结构的现状 3.1 Research on the Structure of industrial products mold按照中国模具工业协会的划分，我国模具基本分为10大类，其中，冲压模和塑料成型模两大类占主要部分。 In accordance with the division of China Mould Industry Association, China mold is divided into 10 basic categories, which, stamping die and plastic molding two categories accounted for the main part. 按产值计算，目前我国冲压模占50左右，塑料成形模约占20，拉丝模（工具）约占10，而世界上发达工业国家和地区的塑料成形模比例一般占全部模具产值的40以上。 Calculated by output, present, China accounts for about 50% die stamping, plastic molding die about 20%, Wire Drawing Die (Tool) about 10% of the worlds advanced industrial countries and regions, the proportion of plastic forming die die general of the total output value 40%.我国冲压模大多为简单模、单工序模和符合模等，精冲模，精密多工位级进模还为数不多，模具平均寿命不足100万次，模具最高寿命达到1亿次以上，精度达到35um，有50个以上的级进工位，与国际上最高模具寿命6亿次，平均模具寿命5000万次相比，处于80年代中期国际先进水平。 Most of our stamping die mold for the simple, single-process mode and meet the molds, precision die, precision multi-position progressive die is also one of the few, die less than 100 million times the average life of the mold reached 100 million times the maximum life of more than accuracy 3 5um, more than 50 progressive station, and the international life of the die 600 million times the highest average life of the die 50 million times compared to the mid 80s at the international advanced level.我国的塑料成形模具设计，制作技术起步较晚，整体水平还较低。 Chinas plastic molding mold design, production technology started relatively late, the overall level of low. 目前单型腔，简单型腔的模具达70以上，仍占主导地位。 Currently a single cavity, a simple mold cavity 70%, and still dominant. 一模多腔精密复杂的塑料注射模，多色塑料注射模已经能初步设计和制造。A sophisticated multi-cavity mold plastic injection mold, plastic injection mold has been able to multi-color preliminary design and manufacturing. 模具平均寿命约为80万次左右，主要差距是模具零件变形大、溢边毛刺大、表面质量差、模具型腔冲蚀和腐蚀严重、模具排气不畅和型腔易损等，注射模精度已达到5um以下，最高寿命已突破2000万次，型腔数量已超过100腔，达到了80年代中期至90年代初期的国际先进水平。 Mould is about 80 million times the average life span is about, the main difference is the large deformation of mold components, excess burr side of a large, poor surface quality, erosion and corrosion serious mold cavity, the mold cavity exhaust poor and vulnerable such as, injection mold 5um accuracy has reached below the highest life expectancy has exceeded 20 million times, the number has more than 100 chamber cavity, reaching the mid 80s to early 90s the international advanced level.2、模具工业技术结构现状 3.2 mold Present Status of Technology我国模具工业目前技术水平参差不齐，悬殊较大。 Technical level of Chinas mold industry currently uneven, with wide disparities. 从总体上来讲，与发达工业国家及港台地区先进水平相比，还有较大的差距。 Generally speaking, with the developed industrial countries, Hong Kong and Taiwan advanced level, there is a large gap. 在采用CAD/CAM/CAE/CAPP等技术设计与制造模具方面，无论是应用的广泛性，还是技术水平上都存在很大的差距。 The use of CAD / CAM / CAE / CAPP and other technical design and manufacture molds, both wide application, or technical level, there is a big gap between both. 在应用CAD技术设计模具方面，仅有约10%的模具在设计中采用了CAD，距抛开绘图板还有漫长的一段路要走；在应用CAE进行模具方案设计和分析计算方面，也才刚刚起步，大多还处于试用和动画游戏阶段；在应用CAM技术制造模具方面，一是缺乏先进适用的制造装备，二是现有的工艺设备（包括近10多年来引进的先进设备）或因计算机制式（IBM微机及其兼容机、HP工作站等）不同，或因字节差异、运算速度差异、抗电磁干扰能力差异等，联网率较低，只有5%左右的模具制造设备近年来才开展这项工作；在应用CAPP技术进行工艺规划方面，基本上处于空白状态，需要进行大量的标准化基础工作；在模具共性工艺技术，如模具快速成型技术、抛光技术、电铸成型技术、表面处理技术等方面的CAD/CAM技术应用在我国才刚起步。 In the application of CAD technology design molds, only about 10% of the mold used in the design of CAD, aside from drawing board still has a long way to go; in the application of CAE design and analysis of mold calculation, it was just started, most of the game is still in trial stages and animation; in the application of CAM technology manufacturing molds, first, the lack of advanced manufacturing equipment, and second, the existing process equipment (including the last 10 years the introduction of advanced equipment) or computer standard (IBM PC and compatibles, HP workstations, etc.) different, or because of differences in bytes, processing speed differences, differences in resistance to electromagnetic interference, networking is low, only about 5% of the mold manufacturing equipment of recent work in this task; in the application process planning CAPP technology, basically a blank state, based on the need for a lot of standardization work; in the mold common technology, such as mold rapid prototyping technology, polishing, electroforming technologies, surface treatment technology aspects of CAD / CAM technology in China has just started. 计算机辅助技术的软件开发，尚处于较低水平，需要知识和经验的积累。 Computer-aided technology, software development, is still at low level, the accumulation of knowledge and experience required. 我国大部分模具厂、车间的模具加工设备陈旧，在役期长、精度差、效率低，至今仍在使用普通的锻、车、铣、刨、钻、磨设备加工模具，热处理加工仍在使用盐浴、箱式炉，操作凭工人的经验，设备简陋，能耗高。 Most of our mold factory, mold processing equipment shop old, long in the length of civilian service, accuracy, low efficiency, still use the ordinary forging, turning, milling, planing, drilling, grinding and processing equipment, mold, heat treatment is still in use salt bath, box-type furnace, operating with the experience of workers, poorly equipped, high energy consumption. 设备更新速度缓慢，技术改造，技术进步力度不大。 Renewal of equipment is slow, technological innovation, technological progress is not much intensity. 虽然近年来也引进了不少先进的模具加工设备，但过于分散，或不配套，利用率一般仅有25%左右，设备的一些先进功能也未能得到充分发挥。 Although in recent years introduced many advanced mold processing equipment, but are too scattered, or not complete, only about 25% utilization, equipment, some of the advanced functions are not given full play.缺乏技术素质较高的模具设计、制造工艺技术人员和技术工人，尤其缺乏知识面宽、知识结构层次高的复合型人才。 Lack of technology of high-quality mold design, manufacturing technology and skilled workers, especially the lack of knowledge and breadth, knowledge structure, high levels of compound talents. 中国模具行业中的技术人员，只占从业人员的8%12%左右，且技术人员和技术工人的总体技术水平也较低。 Chinas mold industry and technical personnel, only 8% of employees 12%, and the technical personnel and skilled workers and lower the overall skill level. 1980年以前从业的技术人员和技术工人知识老化，知识结构不能适应现在的需要；而80年代以后从业的人员，专业知识、经验匮乏，动手能力差，不安心，不愿学技术。 Before 1980, practitioners of technical personnel and skilled workers, the aging of knowledge, knowledge structure can not meet the current needs; and staff employed after 80 years, expertise, experience lack of hands-on ability, not ease, do not want to learn technology. 近年来人才外流不仅造成人才数量与素质水平下降，而且人才结构也出现了新的断层，青黄不接，使得模具设计、制造的技术水平难以提高。 In recent years, the brain drain caused by personnel not only decrease the quantity and quality levels, and personnel structure of the emergence of new faults, lean, make mold design, manufacturing difficult to