2021届 高考英语复习之高考真题阅读词块精析（十五）

2021高考英语复习之高考真题阅读词块精析（十五）2020全国一卷（C篇）Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sports rules require that a race walkers knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. Its this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runners knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sports strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.词块梳理1：race 1. n. 种族，人种；家庭，门弟；属，种 2. vt. 和竞赛；使急走，使全速行进；使参加比赛词组习惯用语races n. 竞赛（race的复数形式）；赛马会; v. 和竞赛；参加竞赛；急行（race的第三人称单数形式）;foot race 竞走rat race n. 激烈竞争（商业上）；无意义的竞争；环形导波管white race 白种人race walking 竞走wheelbarrow race 推小车比赛；手推车比赛race track 竞赛的跑道；核 跑道形电磁分离器head race 水利 引水道racing driver 赛车驾驶员 2：fitnessn. 健康；适当,适合近义词：n. suitability, suitableness, condition, shape, soundness, competence, competency反义词：n. unfitness, softness, poor shape, bad condition词组 | 习惯用语physical fitness 身体健康；体力；身体适宜性fitness equipment 健身器材fitness center 健身中心；健身房fitness club 健身俱乐部fitness training 体能训练；体育训练fitness test 适合性试验fitness instructor 健美师；健身指导physical fitness test 体能测验；身体适宜性测验3：benefitvt.&vi.有益于,得益n.益处,好处救济金,保险金时态:benefited alsobenefittedbenefiting benefittingbenefits 近义词：n.payment,good,goodness,performance,publicpresentationv.get,acquire,help,aid解析：avail:较文雅，常见于历史小说、演说或讲道中，较少用于日常话语，侧重功效或效力。benefit:通常既可指个人情况(如身体、智力或精神状态等)的好转或改善，又可指对实现某个目标等带来的好处。profit:着重于物质方面的受益，常用于财富或知识等方面的得益。词组|习惯用语economicbenefit经济效益benefitfrom得益于；得利于；因而得到好处mutualbenefit互惠互利socialbenefit社会公益forthebenefitof为的利益equalityandmutualbenefit平等互利benefitby得益于inbenefit有资格得到救济金(或补助费、抚恤金、保险金)ofbenefitto对.有好处ecologicalbenefit生态效益，生态效应publicbenefit公益maximumbenefit最大利益benefitofthedoubt假定其无过失或无罪（因无充分证据证明某人有罪）；裁判员对可疑情况无把握时不对有关运动员作不利判定commonbenefit公共福利reciprocityandmutualbenefit互惠互利benefitpackage给付项目；福利待遇benefitsystem福利制度；职工福利制度unemploymentbenefit失业救济金；失业津贴taxbenefit税收利益；赋税优惠additionalbenefit附加利益；额外利益；附加利益（人身保险）4： problemn. 问题, 疑难问题；习题, 思考题, 讨论题近义词：n. difficulty, question, head词组 | 习惯用语difficult problem 难题；难问题no problem 没问题problem solving 解决问题optimization problem 计优化问题；最佳化问题big problem 大问题environmental problem 环境问题social problem 社会问题scheduling problem 排定问题technical problem 技术问题practical problem 实际问题inverse problem 反问题economic problem 经济问题housing problem 住房问题；房屋问题academic problem 学术问题assignment problem 指派问题；分配问题；分派问题；配置问题bottleneck problem 瓶颈问题math problem 数学题allocation problem 配置问题，分配问题problem analysis 问题解析financial problem 经济问题；经济困难5：conditionedadj. 有条件的,习惯于的近义词：adj. fit, healthy反义词：n. unconditioned, innate, unlearned, unfit词组 | 习惯用语air conditioned 空调的，有空调的；空调开放conditioned reflex 条件反射conditioned medium 条件培养基，条件培养液conditioned response 条件反射（等于conditioned reflex）6： throughprep. 穿过；通过；凭借adv. 从头至尾；彻底adj. 直达的；过境的；完结的近义词：adj. finished, direct反义词：n. unfinished, indirect解析：across: 指“从的一边到另一边”，强调横过，多与动态动词连用。along: 指沿着一条直线在水平方向上运动。一般表动态，有时也与静态动词连用。over: 常和动态动词连用，指“从上面越过”或“横越”；表静态时，指“在彼处”。through: 侧重从一端穿到另一端。词组 | 习惯用语go through 参加；经受；仔细检查；被通过all through 一直；始终through with 完成through and through 完全，彻底；彻头彻尾地through it all 一路走过（歌词）；经过所有（歌词）go through with 完成，实行；把进行到底once through 单程的7：attractiveadj. 吸引的, 有吸引力的, 诱人的, 引起注意的副 词: attractively名 词: attractiveness近义词：adj. bewitching, captivating, enchanting, enthralling, entrancing, fascinating, charismatic反义词：n. unattractive, unappealing词组 | 习惯用语attractive appearance 造型美观attractive force 引力，吸引力attractive designs 款式新颖；款式新奇attractive and durable 美观耐用8： exercise1.n. 练习；运动；运用；操练；典礼；礼拜 2. vt. 练习；锻炼；使用；使忙碌；使惊恐词组习惯用语exercisable adj. 可操作的；可运用的；可实行的exerciser n. 做运动的人；肌肉锻练器具；试验程序military exercise 军事演习floor exercise 自由体操warm-up exercise 准备活动; 热身活动;exercise prescription 运动处方hoop exercise 圈操compulsory exercise 规定动作exercise mat 体操垫aerobic exercise 有氧运动短语:conditioning exercises coordination exercises 保健操Hit Exercise Hit-resistive Exercise 搏击散打系列physical exercise program exercise 健身操warm-down exercises 放松操练Abdominal exercises 腹肌练习; 腹部练习;hypoxic exercises 低氧运动exercise regularly 经常运动; 定期运动; 规律的运动;digressive exercise 离心运动9：physicaladj. 身体的；物质的；物理的n. 口体格检查名 词: physicality副 词: physically近义词：adj. carnal, fleshly, sensual, bodily, corporal, corporeal反义词：n. mental, immaterial, nonmaterial, supernatural, lethargic, unergetic, forceless词组 | 习惯用语physical education n. 体育课；体育教育physical model 物理模型；实体模型physical property 物理性质；实物财产physical chemistry 物理化学physical training n. 体育；体能训练；身体训练physical fitness 身体健康；体力；身体适宜性physical activity 身体活动，体育活动；体力活动physical examination 体格检查physical exercise 体育运动；身体操练physical health 身体健康physical distribution 物流，物资调运physical strength n. 体力physical condition 身体状况；实际条件；物理状态physical culture n. 体育physical quality 身体素质physical therapy n. 物理治疗法physical geography 自然地理学physical environment 物理环境，实体环境；自然环境physical process 物理过程；自理过程physical world 物质世界；物理世界 10：researchn. 研究; 探讨vi. 做研究, 探究, 研究, 探讨vt. 从事的研究, 为而做研究时 态: researched, researching, researches 近义词：n. investigation, investigating, problem solvingv. investigate, look into解析：inquiry: 普通常用词，指正式调查，也指一般的打听或查询。investigation: 一般指有系统的调查以得到希望发现或需要知道的事。research: 指科学工作者等为揭示自然规律或获取某个领域的新知识而进行长时间的调查研究。survey: 多指为写书面报告而进行的民意测验或调查。词组 | 习惯用语research and development （产品等的）研究与开发scientific research 科学研究research results 研究结果，研究成果research institute 研究机构，研究所research work 调查研究工作research center 研究中心research into 探究，研究；调查experimental research 实验性研究；试验调查research method 研究方法；研究模式market research n. 市场调查research field 研究领域basic research 基本研究research area 研究方向academic research 学术研究research project 研究项目empirical research 经验研究，实证研究；实征性研究research group 研究小组medical research 医学研究；医疗研究research team 研究小组；科学研究组research findings 研究成果；研究发现11：hit vt. 袭击；碰撞；打击；偶然发现；伤的感情vi. 打击；打；碰撞；偶然碰上n. 打击；打；（演出等）成功；讽刺时 态: hit, hitting, hits 近义词：n. deed, feat, effort, exploit, touch, touching, successv. propel, impel, touch, affect, impact, bear upon, bear on反义词：n. miss解析：beat: 普通用词，含义广泛，指连续打击。游戏、竞赛或战争中作打败解。strike: 普通用词，多指急速或突然一次猛击。hit: 普通用词，常与strike换用，侧重有目标的猛击，强调用力击中。thrash: 侧重指用棍子或鞭子等痛打。whip: 多指用鞭子抽打。词组 | 习惯用语hit the ball 击球；顺利，成功hit it off 合得来hit hard 使受到沉重的打击，使遭受严重的挫折hit the road 开始流浪，上路hit on 偶然发现；忽然想到hit the mark 打中目标；达到目的；成功hit the spot 使人满足；正合需要；恰到好处hit the headlines 成为新闻头条；被大肆宣传hit the books 用功学习；准备功课hit the target 射中靶子；达到目的hit back 抵抗，反击hit out 猛打hard hit 严重打击；大力击球；坠入情网；（美口）经济上的破产hit rate n. 命中率big hit 热门；非常成功hit upon 偶然发现，偶然碰到direct hit 直接命中hit the skids 倒霉，走下坡路hit rating 命中等级；命中率hit off 适合；将打掉 12：while1. conj. 当的时候；虽然；然而 2. n. 一会儿；一段时间词组习惯用语whiles conj. 当的时间；尽管; adv. 有时候；其间;worth while 值得between whiles 不时的，时常the while 同时at whiles 有时；间或；有时常常do while 循环当语句a while 一会儿while away 消磨；消磨时间wait a while 等一会儿a short while 片刻