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The Present Perfect Tense1 study EnglishHow long have you been studying English?I have been studying English for three years.(2011-now)2011started studying English2014studying3 yearshas been studyingWhen did you start studying English? In 20112 现在完成时现在完成时 助动词助动词have/has + 过去分词过去分词1.肯定句肯定句 现在完成时的肯定句式是现在完成时的肯定句式是“havehave（hashas）过去分词）过去分词”。 注意：该句式中的注意：该句式中的havehave或或hashas是助动词是助动词，hashas用于第三人用于第三人称单数，其它人称一律用称单数，其它人称一律用havehave。eg. He has eaten supper.eg. He has eaten supper.They have eaten supper.They have eaten supper.32.疑问句疑问句现在完成时的一般疑问句式是把助动词现在完成时的一般疑问句式是把助动词havehave或或hashas提提到主语之前。到主语之前。 ( (回答用回答用“YesYes，-have/has-have/has“NoNo，-haven-havent/hasnt/hasnt t” ）3.否定句否定句：现在完成时的否定句式是现在完成时的否定句式是“havent/hasnthavent/hasnt过去分词过去分词”。 eg. Has he eaten supper?eg. Has he eaten supper?Yes, he has./No, he hasnt.Yes, he has./No, he hasnt.eg. He hasnt eaten supper.eg. He hasnt eaten supper.They havent eaten supper.They havent eaten supper.4现在完成时态的分类现在完成时态的分类 用法一、用法一、 1。表过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。表过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,（强调结果现在还存在）（强调结果现在还存在）例如例如 I have just cleaned my clothes. 我刚洗过衣服。我刚洗过衣服。 （“洗衣服洗衣服”是发生在过去的动作，对现在造成的结果是发生在过去的动作，对现在造成的结果是是“衣服干净了衣服干净了”） I have just had my breakfast. (对现在的影响：不饿对现在的影响：不饿) Has he had his breakfast? Yes, he has. When did he have his breakfast? He had breakfast at 6:00.5 1. My father bought many books for me yesterday . Now , I have a lot to read because _ 2. I saw this film last week. Now, I know this film because I_. 3. I did my homework yesterday. Now, I can give it to the teacher because I_my father has bought many books for me.have seen it before have done it.6通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词 just (谓语动词之前谓语动词之前) （刚（刚刚）刚）, already（已经（已经(肯定句肯定句) ）, before, yet（一般疑问（一般疑问(句句末）末） ：已经；否定句：还）：已经；否定句：还） never, ever (疑问句疑问句) twice recently(近来）近来）等状语连用等状语连用 1 Tom has already finished his homework. Tom hasnt finished his homework yet. 2 I have just had my lunch. She hasnt seen you before. 3 Have you ever eaten fish? I have never eaten fish I have never heard of that before. Have you ever ridden a horse? She has already finished the work. Have you milked the cow yet? Yes, I have done that already. Ive just finished my homework. He has not come yet. 7 1. I _(have) lunch already 2. the train_ (arrive) yet? 3.Tom _ never_ (be ) to China. 4. The twin _just _(see) my father. 5. The twins _(see) my father just now. 6._ you ever _(ride) a horse? Never.have hadHas arrivedhasbeenhasseensawhave ridden87._ you _(clean) the room?7._ you _(clean) the room? Yes, we_(do) that already. Yes, we_(do) that already. When _ you _(do) it? When _ you _(do) it? We _(do) it an hour ago. We _(do) it an hour ago.8._ he _(see) this film yet? No.8._ he _(see) this film yet? No. When _ he _(see) it? When _ he _(see) it? He _ it tomorrow. He _ it tomorrow. 9. How many times _you_(come) here? 9. How many times _you_(come) here? Once. Once.HaveHavecleanedcleanedhave donehave donediddiddododiddidHasHasseenseenwillwillseeseewill seewill seehavehavecomecome91 你已经问过这个问题两边了，别再烦我了。2我能借你的字典用一下吗？对不起，已经借给tom了。3 你以前见过她吗？不，从来没有过。 4 你曾经去过北京吗？是的我去过那儿三次。5 你已经看完那本小说了吗？是的，我已经把它还给图书馆了。10 用法二用法二： 表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，也可以表表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，也可以表示示一直持续到现在并可能还将持续下去一直持续到现在并可能还将持续下去。A A 动词动词使用延续性动词使用延续性动词。B B 和表时间段的时间状语连用。和表时间段的时间状语连用。常与常与for或或since引导的时间连用引导的时间连用so far, up to/till now, in the last/past+一段时间，一段时间，all ones life, by now, these days, these days、for two years、since 1984、since he came here I havent seen her these days. She has learnt English for 3 years/since 3 years ago. They have lived here since 1990. What has happened to the USA in the last 350 years?11注意：注意：(1)since一段时间一段时间agofor时间时间段段; since two weeks ago=for two weeks; I have kept the library book for a week.= I have kept the library book since a week ago. (2)since + 时间点时间点for时间时间段段 since 2000=for years(3) since+从句从句(常常用一般过去时用一般过去时) The Greens have lived in Beijing since they moved to Beijing from Paris(4)It is /has been +一段时间一段时间 + since 从句从句. 自从某事发生已有一段时间了自从某事发生已有一段时间了. It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army. 12一、用一、用for和和since填空。填空。_three hours_three oclock_two days_yesterday afternoon_I came here_last Sunday_a week_a long time_1997 _two weeks_three years ago _ last monthforsinceforsincesincesinceforforsinceforsincesince13用用forfor和和sincesince填空填空1.They have been learning Chinese _ they came to China.2. I havent seen her _ a long time.3. He has been living here _ 2001.4. She has been doing her homework _ two hours.5. Its 5 years _ we left school.6. How long has Mary been a teacher? _ two years ago. sinceforsinceforsinceSince14 用用for 或或since填空。填空。1. Jill has been in Ireland_Monday.2. Jill has been in Ireland_three days.3. My aunt has lived in Australia_15 days.4. Margaret is in her office. She has been there_7 oclock.5. India has been an independent country_1974.6. The bus is late. Weve been waiting_20 minutes.7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty many years.8. Mike has been ill_a long time. He has been in hospital _October9. Its ten years _ we met each other last time. 10. He has taught English _ 25 years. 11. The Greens have lived on the farm _ 1990. 12. They have been practicing the guitar _ two hours. 13.How long have you been a reporter? _ 8 years ago. 14. I havent gone for a walk in the park _ a long time. 15. Hes been collecting stamps _ he was in primary school. 16. Peter has been to summer camp _ 3 times. 15 1 我自从上周三以来都没有看过电视了。 2 教室这么脏，谁没有扫？ 3 我自从98年来这儿，一直在二中教英语。 4 她自从三岁开始一直在这儿住。 5在刚刚过去的半年里我已经教了许多好朋友。 6你爸爸在那个工厂工作多久了？自从我们99年搬家来这儿。16三、非延续性动词与现在完成时三、非延续性动词与现在完成时短暂性动词在肯定句、疑问句中不能与时间段连用，这些短暂性动词在肯定句、疑问句中不能与时间段连用，这些动词是：动词是：become, begin, buy, borrow, arrive, come, die, fall, finish, get to know, go, join, leave, marry等。等。为了表述这种意思，我们常用相应的延续性动词为了表述这种意思，我们常用相应的延续性动词have，keep等来代替非延续性动词。等来代替非延续性动词。他入党五年了。他入党五年了。He joined the Party five years ago .He has been in the Party for five years.He has been a Party member for five years.it is five years since he joined the Party电影开始五分钟了。电影开始五分钟了。 The film began five minutes ago.The film has been on for five minutes.It is five minutes since the film began17 第一类第一类：动词：动词 be + adj. die finish open/close fall ill/asleep marry sb/get married to 第二类第二类：动词：动词 be + 介词介词. start/begin leave join be deadbe away from be in/be a member ofbe open/closedbe onbe overbe ill/asleepbe married to18 第三类第三类：动词：动词 另一个动词另一个动词 buy borrow get/begin to延续性延续性v. become put on eg.keephavebe延续性延续性v.wear19 His father died 2 years ago. The football match began at 9:00a.m. The twins joined the army when they were 18 years old. My teacher left Nanjing 3 days ago.His father has been dead for 2 years/since two years.The football match has been on since 9:00 a.m.The twins have been soldiers/ in the army、members of the army since they were 18years old. My teacher has been away from Nanjing for 3 days/since 3 days ago.20 巧记瞬间性动词的转换巧记瞬间性动词的转换 “开始开始离离去去借借来来还还， 出生出生入入死死买买到到家，家，穿衣穿衣入睡入睡要要感冒感冒， 开开开开关关关关变变结束。结束。”1 beginbe on6 returnbe back2 leavebe away from7 joinbe in3 gobe off8 diebe dead4 borrowkeep9 buyhave5 comebe here10 arrivebe here10 reachbe here11put onwear13catch a coldhave a cold14openbe open15closebe closed17end/finishbe over16becomebe12fall asleepbe asleep21,结束性动词转换为以下延续性动词或者表示可以延续的状态的短语 arrive at / in sp / get to / reach sp / come / go / move to sp be in sp / at school / at home / on the farm / be here / be thereHe got to Beijing five minutes ago.He Beijing for .2) I moved to the USA in 2008. I the USA since .3) I went home yesterday. I home for .4)They came here last week. They _ here since _. come to / go back to / return to be back to go out be outHe came out two years ago.He _ for _.2) We return to Beijing yesterday.We _ _ to Beijing since _. become beI became a teacher in 2000. I _ a teacher for_.2) The river became dirty last year. The river _ _ dirty for _ _. close be closed open be openThe shop closed two hours ago. The shop _ _ for _.2) The door opened at six in the morning. The door _ _ _ for six hours.22 get up be up; die be dead; leave sp. be away from sp.fall asleep / get tot sleep be asleep; finish / end be over;marry be married;1) I got up two hours ago.I _ _ _since _.2) He left Shanghai just now.He _ _ _ Shanghai for five minutes.3) My grandpa died in 2002.My grandpa _ _ _for _ _.4) The meeting finished at six.The meeting _ _ _ for six hours.5) I got to sleep two hours ago .I _ _ _ since _ _.6) They married in 1990. They _ _ _since _. start / begin to do sth. do sth. ;begin be on1) I began to teach at this school in 1995. I _ _ at this school since _.2) The film began two minutes ago. The film _ _ _ for _ _.23 borrow keep; lose not have ;buy have ;put on wearcatch / get a cold have a cold; get to know know1) They borrowed it last week. They _it since _.2) I bought a pen two hours ago. I _a pen for _.3) I got to know him last year. I _ him since _.4) I put on my glasses three years ago. I _ my glasses for _.have / has gone to have been inHe has gone to Beijing.He _ Beijing for two days. join the league / the Party / the army be a league member /a Party member / a soldier be a member of the league / the Party be in the league / the Party / the army1) He joined the league in 2002.He _ a _ for two years.He _ a _ the _ for two years.He _ the league for two years.2) My brother joined the army two years ago.My brother _a _ for _ _.My brother _ in _ for two years.24注意点四：注意点四：have been in, have been to 与与have gone to 的用法的用法1、have (has) been in 表示表示“在某地（多长时间）在某地（多长时间）”，现在仍在那里。常与表，现在仍在那里。常与表示一段时间的状语连用。例如：示一段时间的状语连用。例如：Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗来上海已经有三天了。布朗来上海已经有三天了。They have been in Canada for five years. 他们到加拿大有五年了。他们到加拿大有五年了。2、have( has)been to表示表示“曾经去过某地曾经去过某地”，现在已经不在那里了。可与，现在已经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never等连用，例如：等连用，例如：I have just been to the post office. 我刚才去邮局了。我刚才去邮局了。Mary has never been to the Great Wall. 玛丽从未去过长城。玛丽从未去过长城。Have you ever been to Hangzhou before? 你以前曾经去过杭州吗？你以前曾经去过杭州吗？Have (has) been to 后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。例如：后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。例如：They have been to that village several times. 他们去过那个村庄好几次了。他们去过那个村庄好几次了。3、have (has) gone to 意为意为“到某地去了到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之，说话时该人不在现场，例如：中。总之，说话时该人不在现场，例如：-Where is Tom? -He has gone to the bookshop. 他到书店去了。他到书店去了。Jack Johnson has gone to London. 杰克杰克.约翰逊到伦敦去了。约翰逊到伦敦去了。25have /has been to和和have / has gone to 的用法区别的用法区别 1 “ Have /has been to+地名地名 ”表示曾经去过某地，说话时已经回到说话地点， 常与once 、twice、ever、never 等时间连用。2 “have / has gone to +地名地名 ”表示去某地了，现在没有回答，人不在说话地点。 巧记巧记： been to been to ，gone togone to 意不同，两者用法要记清；意不同，两者用法要记清； have been tohave been to + 地名，曾经到过某地行；地名，曾经到过某地行； have gone tohave gone to + 地点，到某地去了一走远。地点，到某地去了一走远。用have /has been to和和have / has gone to填空 Hi，Lucy， you ever Beijing？ No，I . What about your sister，Lily？ Oh，she Chengdu， she will come back next week. Ok，thanks. Youre welcome.have been to haventhas gone to26 ,用have / has been to / in, have gone to及go的各种形式填空.1) Where is Jack He _ his country.2) David _ the park just now.3) John _ England since he came back.4) How long _ they _ this village 5) The Smiths _ Beijing for years.6) _ ying for years.6) _ you ever _ America - Yes, I _ there many times.7) I _ this school since three years ago.8) Where is Jim He _ the farm.9) When_ he _ He _ an hour ago.10) Would you like to _ to the zoo with me -Yes, but I _ there before.11) Where _ you _ now - I _ to the zoo.12) He often _ swimming.13) _ you _ there last year 14) _ they often _ skating in winter27试一试，用所给词的正确形式填空1 I （live）here since I was ten years old. 2 I （live）here in 1998.3 - you your breakfast？-Yes，I have. -When you it？- 30 minutes ago.注意现在完成时的几个特殊方面：（一）现在完成时与一般现在时的区别have livedlivedHave haddid have 现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在产生现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在产生的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况。所以它不能和表示过去时的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况。所以它不能和表示过去时间状语连用；而一般过去时只单纯表示过去的动作或状态，和现间状语连用；而一般过去时只单纯表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系，可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。在不发生关系，可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。一）现在完成时与一般现在时的句型转换eg：I have studied English for three years -I studied English three years ago -It is three years since I studied English28注意点一：注意点一：现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较现在完成时表示过去的动作一直延续到现在甚至会继续下去或表示现在完成时表示过去的动作一直延续到现在甚至会继续下去或表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响；一般过去时表示动作发生的时间在过去的动作对现在造成的影响；一般过去时表示动作发生的时间在过去。现在完成时属于现在时态范围，因此，不能和表示过去的时过去。现在完成时属于现在时态范围，因此，不能和表示过去的时间状语连用。间状语连用。 如：如：yesterday, last night, two weeks ago等等 试比较：试比较：The plane has arrived . 飞机已经来了。（说明现在的情况：飞机飞机已经来了。（说明现在的情况：飞机在这儿）在这儿）The plane arrived a quarter ago. 飞机是一刻中以前来的。（强调飞机是一刻中以前来的。（强调动作发生的时间在过去）动作发生的时间在过去）I have taught here for fifteen years. 我在这儿已经教了十五年。我在这儿已经教了十五年。（表示十五年前的动作一直延续到现在，还可能会继续。）（表示十五年前的动作一直延续到现在，还可能会继续。）I taught here for a year. 我过去在这儿教过一年。（表示我过去在这儿教过一年。（表示“我我“现现在已经不在这儿任教了）在已经不在这儿任教了）29用括号中所给的动词的适当形式完成下列句子。用括号中所给的动词的适当形式完成下列句子。1. Mary _(lose) her pen. _ you _ (see) it here and there?2. _ you _ (find) your watch yet?3. -Are you thirsty? -NO, I _ just _ (have) some orange.4. We _already _ (return) the book.5. _ they _ (build) a new school in the village?6. -Has Tom taught you English?-Yes, he _ (teach) us English for two years.7. I _(not finish) my homework yet. Can you help me?8. What _ they _ (do) with the newspaper? They have read them.9. - The door is open. Who _ (open) it? Do you know?- Sorry, I dont know.10. My father _ (read) the novel twice.11. Wu Dong _(be) a soldier for one year.12. The students _(study) in the middle school since last month.13. How long _ you _(know) him?14. Mike _ (make) quite a few friends since he came to China.15. I _(give) my friend a nice book recently.16. Li Ping and Wu Dong _(see) the old man three times.17. _ she ever _(teach) you English?18. These children _ (stay) in the park for two hours.301.A：你收集贝壳有多长时间了？：你收集贝壳有多长时间了？ B:自从我上中学以来。自从我上中学以来。 A：How long _ you _ _ shells? B：_ I _ to middle school.2.我滑冰已有五个小时了。我滑冰已有五个小时了。 I _ _ _ _ 5 hours.3.A:这是你首次参加滑冰马拉松吗这是你首次参加滑冰马拉松吗?B:不不,去年我参加过。去年我参加过。 A: Was this your _ _ _? B: No，I _ in a _ last year.4.A:你什么时候得到第一双溜冰鞋？你什么时候得到第一双溜冰鞋？ B: 3年前。年前。 A: When did you _ your first _ _ _? B: Three years ago.5. A:他游泳有多长时间了？他游泳有多长时间了？ B: 他已游了半小时了。他已游了半小时了。 A: How long _ he _ _ ? B: He _ _ _ _ half an hour.have been collectingSince wenthave been skating forfirst skating marathonskated marathonget pair of skateshas been swimminghas been swimming for316. 6. 你上网多久了你上网多久了? ?7. 7. 我上网三小时了。我上网三小时了。8. 8. 你什么时候开始集邮的？你什么时候开始集邮的？9. 9. 我五年前开始集邮的。我五年前开始集邮的。10. 10. 他收集贝壳十年了。他收集贝壳十年了。How long have you been surfing the Internet?Ive been surfing the Internet for three hours.When did you start collecting stamps?I started collecting stamps five years ago.He has been collecting shells for ten years.3211、他一直在这条街住了近、他一直在这条街住了近20年了。年了。12、我打扫房间已经扫了、我打扫房间已经扫了3个小时了。个小时了。13、自从、自从4岁起我就一直学英语。岁起我就一直学英语。14、你六点起就一直在给他讲电话？、你六点起就一直在给他讲电话？15、雨下多久了？、雨下多久了？I have been cleaning the room for three hours.He has been living in the street for about 20 years.Ive been studying English since I was 4 years old.Have you been talking with him on the phone since 6:00 p.m.?How long has it been raining?33 1.Shes _ (live) here ever since she was ten.2.Both of them _ (be) in Hongkong for ten days.3.Both of them _ (come) to Hongkong ten days ago.4. Half an hour _ (pass) since the train _ (leave).5. Mary_(lose) her pen. _ you _(see) it here and there 6. _ you _ (find) your watch yet 7. -Are you thirsty -No I _just _ (have) some orange.8. We - already _ (return) the book.9. _ they _ (build) a new school in the village 10. I _(not finish) my homework . Can you help me 11. My father _ (read) the novel twice.12. I _ (buy) a book just now.13. I _ (lost ) my watch yesterday.14. My father _ (read) this book since yesterday34 句型转换。 1、He has never surfed, ?（改成反意疑问句） 2、They have been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问) -have they been here? 3、The old man _ last year. He for a year. (die) 4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换) This factory _ _ for twenty years. 5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换) Miss Gao _ _ _ _ an hour ago. 6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句） Her mother _ the Party three years _ . 7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换) _ two years _ the Green family moved to France. 8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子) _ 351 His father died two years ago.His father _ _ _ for two years.2. He has been in the army for three years._ _ three years since he _ the army.3. I began to study at this school five years ago.I _ _ at this school _ five years.4. Have you ever visited Beijing?Have you ever _ _ _ ?5. I am a teacher. I became a teacher five years ago.I _ _ _ _ for five years.I _ _ _ _ _ five years ago.6. I bought the car five years ago.I _ _ the car for five years.7. I have borrowed a new book from the school library.I _ _ a new book from the school library for two days.8. The boy has come back.The boy _ _ _ for an hour.9. The film has begun.The film _ _ _ _ five minutes.10. The man in a hat has left.The man in a hat _ _ _ _ half an hour ago.11. Both students havent finished their homework._ _ _ finished their homework.36动词的过去分词的规则变化，在动词后加ed，规则变化有以下四种：原形+ed 如：worked, passed 词尾是e时，直接加d 如：liked lived若词尾为“辅音字母加y”，则改y为i加ed。词尾 为“元音字母+y”时，直接加d；如: played stayed studied cried 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节是，双写最后一个辅音字母加ed. 如： stopped dropped 动词的过去分词的规则变化37不规则动词的过去式以及过去分词巧记规律 AAA: put put put letlet let ABA: becomebecamebecome ABB: standstoodstood ABC: eat ateeaten38AAA cost-cost-cost read-read-read put-put-put cut-cut-cut let-let-let set-set-set beat-beat-beat hit-hit-hit hurt-hurt-hurt spit-spit-spit rid-rid-rid 一、原形、过去式和过去分词的词形和读音都相同的单词，结尾字母一般是t或d。 特殊：动词read的过去式和过去分词虽然词形与原形一致，read-read-read，但发音分别是ri:d-red-red。 39有些动词的过去分词与原形是一样的:run-ran-runcome-came-come become-became-becomeovercome-overcame-overcomeABA40原型原型过去式过去式过去分词过去分词例词例词-eep-ept-eptkeep,sweep,sleep-ell-old-oldsell,tell-d-t-tlend,spend,send,build-ay-aid-aidsay,pay,lay-n-nt-ntburn,learn,mean-ee-e-e-meet,feed-ought-oughtbring,buy,fight,think-aught-aughtcatch,teachABB(含规则动词含规则动词)411.另有一些其它形式的变化。have (has)-had-had leave-left-leftlose-lost-lost make-made-madefeel-felt-felt spell-spelt-spelt stand-stood-stood2. 改变单词中间元音字母。sit-sat-sat (babysit) win-won-wonshine-shone-shone hold-held-heldfind-found-found hear-heard-heardhang-hung (hanged)-hung (hanged)ABB(含规则动词含规则动词)42ABC原型原型过去式过去式过去分过去分词词例词例词-eak-oke-okenbreak,speak-eal-ole-olensteal-ear-ore-ornwear,bear,tear-ow（aw）-ew-owngrow,blow,know,throw,draw-i-a-u-sink,swim,drink,ring,sing,begin-i-o-ndrive,rise,ride,write43ABC有些动词的过去分词是在原形词尾加n或en，变成以en结尾的单词。 take-took-taken give-gave-givenfall-fell-fallen eat-ate-eatenwrite-wrote-written speak-spoke-spokenfreeze-froze-frozen ride-rode-ridden get-got-gotten (got) forget-forgot-forgotten (forgot)特殊： am/is-was-been are-were-been,do (does)-did-done go-went-gonesee-saw-seen show-showed-shown (showed) lie-lay (lied)-lain (lied) 44
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