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情态动词和助动词情态动词的语法特征 1) 情态动词本身有意义, 表示说话人的某种语气、态度或看法 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。2) 情态动词 不能单独做谓语,同行为动词或系动词一起构成谓语动词。除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。3) 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。4) 情态动词有现在式和过去式没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。助动词 的语法特征 (be, do, have has, shall, will)1)一般没有词义;2)不能单独做谓语,同其他动词一起构成谓语, 表示时态、语态、语气构成疑问或否定形式;3)有人称和数的变化4)有时态的变化常见助动词的用法1.Be -用于构成 现在进行时 (be+现在分词) 被动语态 (be+过去分词)2.Has (have)- 用于构成 现在完成时 has (have) +过去分词 过去完成时 had+过去分词3.Do -用于构成 行为动词一般现在时和一般过去式的否定式或疑问式 eg: Dont eat too much.4.Shall (will) -构成一般将来时, shall 只用于第一人称主语; will用于各种人称主语常见情态动词的用法1.Can与could1) (表示能力、功能)能,会 can用于现在时,could用于过去式The classroom can seat thirty students. 这教室能坐三十位学生。 June can drive now. 琼现在会开车了。 比较can 和be able tol be able to 强调通过努力而获得的能力,而can则强调自身已具有的能力。如: She can sing the song in English. 她能用英语唱这首歌。 He will be able to sing this song in English in a few minutes, too. 几小时之后,他也能用英语唱这首歌。 l be able to 强调一种结果,而can只强调一种可能。如: Luckily, he was able to escape from the big fire in the end. 幸运的是,他终于逃出了大火。 If he got here a few hours earlier, I could save him. 要是他早几小时来,我还能救他。l be able to 可以有各种时态;而can只有一般现在和一般过去两种时态。如: I could help you last night, but you didnt come. 昨天晚上我能帮你,而你又没来。 Can you see it there? 你能看见它在那儿吗? He is / was / will be able to help you. 他能帮你的忙 Will you be able to camera the lecture tomorrow?你明天能把讲座录下来吗? Im sorry I havent been able to answer your letter in time.真对不起我没能及时给你回信. Remark: 指过去某时或某个时刻设法做成某事,不用could,而用waswere able to相当于 succeed in doing sth, manage to do sth。 I talked with her for a long time,and eventually I was able to make her believe me.我谈了很久,最终还是使她相信了我的话。l can可用于表示可能性,推测,允许等情况,而be able to通常不这样用。 You are able to use my pen. (误) You can use my pen. (正) l can有被动语态,主语为人或物皆可,而be able to只接不定式的主动形式,不接表示被动的不定式,也不可用无生命的名词作主语。例如: The work is able to be done by him. (误) He is able to do the work.(正)2) (表示允许、请求)可以, could 比较委婉。 You cant take the book out of the room. 你不可以将这本书拿出室外。 Can I use your pen? 我可以用一下你的笔吗? Could I borrow a pencil, please? Yes, certainly. /No, Im afraid not. 3) 在否定,疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。 He couldnt be a bad man.他不大可能是坏人。 He cant be watching TV now. I saw him having a walk just now.2. may, might1) 表示请求和允许, may 比较正式。意思是:可以He may come if he likes. 如果他想来,可以来.-May I leave work early today as I have to go to the dentists? 去看牙医-Yes, you may./No, you may not.2)表示推测,意思是:可能(会),或许(会)。常用语肯定句, might 的语气更弱。 It may rain this evening. Youd better take an umbrella. 今晚可能要下雨,你最好带上雨伞。3)表示祝愿,意思是:祝,(但愿)。 May the friendship between our two peoples last forever. 祝两国人民的友谊万古长青。 may not 可能不 cannot 不可能3.must1) 表“必须,一定做某事”。 具有强制性,表达一种责任、义务或命令You must talk to them about their study.你必须同他们谈谈关于他们学习的事。注意:l must 没有过去式,表达过去的含义,可以使用had to 代替mustI had to walk home yesterday. There were no buses.must 表示说话人主观上认为有必要做某事或个人愿望. have to 侧重强调这种义务或责任是由某种客观情况或规定决定,而不是说话者本人能够控制的 Bob, you must look after yourself and keep healthy. I have to work late tonight. My boss has told me to.2)在否定结构中mustnt 表“禁止,绝不允许”,具有强制性。You mustnt park here.你不能在这儿停车。3)must 用于一般疑问句时,表示“一定,必须”,肯定和否定回答应该特别注意 比较: Must we go now? yes, we must. 是的,我们一定要走 No, we mustnt. 不,我们不可以走。 Must I finish the book this week? Yes, you must. 是的,你一定要读完 No, you neednt(无人称与时态变化)/dont have to/ dont need to. 不,你不必。 4)“一定,准是”,表推测,暗含有很大的可能性,用在肯定句。He must be ill. He looks so pale.他肯定是病了。他的脸色那么苍白。注意: l may 暗含的可能性较小。must 暗含的可能性较大。否定的猜测用cant The baby cant be ill. He is so active.那宝宝不大可能是病了。他那么活跃。If Tom didnt leave here until five oclock, he cant be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿,他此时一定还未到家。l must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测,意为一定l must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时, must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。 比较: He must be staying there. 他现在肯定呆在那里。He must stay there. 他必须呆在那。 l must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时,must 要接完成式。 I didnt hear the phone. I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电 话,我想必是睡着了。l must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测,must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。-Why didnt you answer my phone call?-Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didnt hear it.4.Shall ,Should 1)shall 用做助动词,表一般将来时;2)shall 用作情态动词,用来提出建议。Shall we go there on foot?3)should 作为助动词 shall 的过去式,可以在间接引语中与第一人称主语搭配,表示过去将来时间。4)should 作为情态动词,“应当,应该”, 表达说话认为应该做的事, 多用于规劝错误行为,不具有强制性。 相当于ought to do, had better do sth(最好做某事), be supposed to do sth否定形式: shouldnt do , oughtnt to do, had better no doEg: You should (= are supposed to ) complete your test in time. 你们应该按时做完你们的实验5)用于疑问句,用来征求别人的意见。(第一人称, 同shall)When should I leave tomorrow?Ought I to finish my homework now? Yes, you ought to.5.Will, would1)表示说话人的意愿 (will 表示现在,would表示过去)Dont worry. I will (愿意) go there with you.be willing to do sth愿意做某事2) 表示征求意见,提出请求琥珀劝说 (此句型中, 用some代替any)Will/ Would you like sth?Yes, please./No, thanks Will/ Would you like to do sth? 肯定Thanks/Id like(love) to. 否定Id like(love) to, but.Will you please do sth?Would you mind my opening the window? 3) 表示习惯或倾向性 A stone will not float. 6.Need 1)作为情态动词,“必须,必要”,常用语疑问句和否定句 , 肯定回答: must, 否定回答: needntEg: Need I buy a ticket? Yes, you must. /No, you neednt.肯定形式:need do sth否定形式:neednt2)做实义动词need sth 变否定形式 dont need sth to do sth to do stheg: He needs help (n.) now.He didnt need to get there yesterday.3) neednt do sth/ dont need to do sth/ dont have to do sth “不必”7. would rather表示宁愿 would rather dowould rather not dowould rather than 宁愿而不愿。还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示宁愿、宁可的意思。If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.典型例题-Shall we go skating or stay at home?-Which _ do? A. do you ratherB. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法,would rather +do sth 意为宁愿,本题为疑问句,would 提前,所以选B。情态动词的回答方式 问句 肯定回答否定回答Need you?Yes, I must.No, I needntMust you?/dont have to. 典型例题1)-Could I borrow your dictionary?-Yes, of course, you_. A. mightB. will C. can D. should 答案C.could表示委婉的语气,并不为时态。答语中of course,表示肯定的语气,允许某人做某事时,用can和 may来表达,不能用could或might。复习: will 与you连用,用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用,用来提出劝告。2)-Shall I tell John about it?-No, you _. Ive told him already. A. needntB. wouldntC. mustntD. shouldnt 答案A。neednt 不必,不用。 wouldnt 将不, 不会的。 mustnt 禁止、不能。 shouldnt不应该。本题为不需要,不必的意思,应用neednt。3)-Dont forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.-_.A. I dont B.I wont C. I cantD. I havent 答案B.will既可当作情态动词,表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表意愿、意志、决心,本题表示决心,选B。
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