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2014年职称英语考试 理工类A级 阅读理解与完形填空 最后的押题此份押题，是在总结王霞、孙伟、李玉枝等王牌押题老师的基础上整理而来，若这个再不准，就没有准的啦。其中题目前的AB等字母表示重要程度，A、B的必须掌握原文，我已附在后面。您若需要其他文章，请Q我。阅读理解A 第四十八篇 Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking UprightMost of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simpleactivities that the majority of us dont question. But an international team of researchers,including Dr. Richmond from GWs Columbian College of Arts and Sciences，havediscovered that human walking upright, may have originated millions of years ago as anadaptation to carrying scarce, high- quality resources. The team of researchers from the U.S., England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees asthey competed for food resources， an effort to understand what ecological settings wouldinlead a large ape one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in commonwith living chimpanzees to walk on two legs.“These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earliestancestors might have begun walking on two legs, ，said Dr. Richmond.The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead offour in situations where they need to monopolize a resource. Standing on two legs allowsthem to carry much more at one time because it frees up their hands. Over time，intensebursts of bipedal activity may have led to anatomical changes that in turn became thesubject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong.Two studies were conducted by the team in Guinea. The first study was conducted by theteam in Kyoto Universitys “ outdoor laboratory ” in a natural clearing in Bossou Forest.Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of twodifferent types of nut the oil palm nut，which is naturally widely available, and the coulanut, which is not. The chimpanzees behavior was monitored in three situations:(a) whenonly oil palm nuts were available,(b)when a small number of coula nuts were available，and(c) when coula nuts were the majority available resource.When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanzeestransported more at one time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, thechimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. The chimpanzees regarded the coula nutsas a more highly-prized resource and competed for them more intensely.In such high-competition settings，the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees startedmoving on two legs increased by a factor of four. Not only was it obvious that bipedalmovement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource, but also that they wereactively trying to move as much as they could in one go by using everything available 一even their mouths.The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University, was a 14-monthstudy of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete forrare and unpredictable Resources. Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees activity involvedsome sort of bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to aclear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time.词汇：scarce adj.缺乏的，不足的；稀有的chimpanzee n.黑猩猩ape n.无尾猿; 类人猿bipedal adj. 二足的anatomical adj.解剖的coula nuts( coula 也可写作 cola 或 kola)可乐果注释：1. GWs Columbian College of Arts and Sciences:乔治华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学 院。乔治华盛顿大学（George Washington University)的英文简称为 GW，是美国顶尖的私立大学之一，于 1821 年建校，位于美国首都华盛顿。2. ecological settings: 生态环境3. bipedal activity：双足活动4. anatomical chaiige: 解剖学上的变化5. Kyoto University:京都大学，是继东京大学之后成立的日本第二所国立大学，于I897 年建校。京都大学主要校区位于日本历史名城京都市。6. Bossou: 博苏,几内亚的一个地名。博苏森林生活着黑猩猩群落。7. oil palm nut: 油棕榈坚果8. increased by a factor of four:增加了四倍9. in one go: 口气10. Oxford Brookes University: 牛津布鲁克斯大学，创立于 1865 年，是英国最具特色的综合性大学之一。牛津布鲁克斯大学位于世界学术名城牛津。这里学风浓郁、精英荟萃，历来为求学圣地。练习：1. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs?A Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items.B Chimpanzees behaviors may suggest why humans walk on two legs.C Human walking upright is viewed as an adaptation to carrying precious resources.D Our ancestors ecological conditions resembled those of modern-day chimpanzees.2. Dr. Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of findingA when humans began walking on two legs.B what made our ancestors walk upright.C what benefits walking upright brought to our ancestors.D how walking upright helped chimpanzees monopolize resources.3. Kyoto, Universitys study discovered that chimpanzees.A regarded both types of nut as priced resources.B preferred oil palm nuts to coula nuts.C liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts.D ignored both types of nut altogether.4. Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto Universitys experiment?A Because they imitated the human way of walking just for fun.B Because they wanted to please the researchers to get more coula nuts from them.C Because they wanted to get to die nut-rich forest faster by walking that way.D Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs.5. What can we infer from the reading passage?A Chimpanzees are in the same process of evolution as our ancestors were.B Chimpanzees are similar to humans in many behaviors.C Walking on two limbs and walking on four limbs each have their advantages.D Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival.答案与题解：1. A 第一段第一句和第二句说明，大多数人对人类直立行走习以为常,并不质疑这种习惯。而 A 的内容正好与此相反，所以是答案。其他选项所述内容均可从第一段和第二段推断出2. B 文章报道，科学家通过实验证实黑猩猩直立行走是为了解放前肢，让前肢搬运对其生命至关重要的资源，从而推断出人类祖先也经历了从四足到二足的进化过程。科学家想通过对黑猩猩的实验解释人类直立行走的成因。所以 B 是答案，A、C、D选项不是科学家进行研究的目的。3. C 第五段明白无误地描述了黑猩猩全然不顾油棕榈坚果（ignored the oil palm nutsaltogether),集中精力抢运可乐果。所以 C 是答案，B、C、D 的内容不符合文章原意。4. D 黑猩猩用后肢直立行走，搬运资源的效率提高了四倍。选项 D 符合原意，是答案。选项 A、B、C 的内容文章中没有提到，所以不是答案。5. D 了解了通篇文章的意思，就会选择选项 D。人类直立行走是受生态环境所迫，是人类生存的一种手段，直立行走是自然选择的结果。选项 A 和 C 的内容文章中没有涉及。文章中有选项 B 的内容，但它不是文章的主旨。参考译文：第四十八篇 研究人员发现人类开始直立行走的原因我们大多数人每天都走路而且手里搬着东西。这样的活动看似太简单，大多数人没有疑问。但是一个国际研究者（包括乔治华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学院的Richmond 博士）团队已经发现了人类直立行走可能源于数百万年以前适应搬运稀有的、高质量的资源。这些来自美国、英国、日本和葡萄牙的研究者研究了当代黑猩猩争抢食物时的行为特征，试图对什么样的生态环境竟然导致大猿（一种我们与现存的黑猩猩一样的 600 万年前的祖先）直立行走作出解释。“这些黑猩猩居住的生态环境和我们最早的祖先开始直立行走时是相同的，”Richmond 博士说。研究结果显示，当黑猩猩需要独占一种资源时，它们就从四肢行走转换为直立行走。由于直立行走可以解放它们的双手，这使得它们能搬更多的东西。久而久之，双足活动的强烈爆发可能导致了解剖学上的变化，因此这种变化也就成为自然选择的主题，在那种情况下，对食物或其他 资源的争夺是十分激烈的。有两项研究是在几内亚完成的。第一项研究是在京都大学博苏森林的一块天然空地“室外实验室”进行的。研究者们允许森林里的黑猩猩能得到两种不同的坚果，一种叫油棕榈坚果，自然界随处可见，一种叫可乐果，自然环境中不常见。人们监控黑猩猩在下列三种情形下的行为：(a)只有油棕榈坚果；（b)只有少量的可乐果，大多数是油棕榈坚果;(c)大多数是可乐果，少数是油棕榈坚果。当稀有的可乐果数量很少时，黑猩猩一次就会拿得多。同样，当大部分是可乐果时，黑猩猩对油棕榈坚果根本视而不见。黑猩猩认为可乐果才是珍贵的资源，并为得到可乐果激烈竞争。处于这种激烈竞争的环境中，黑猩猩直立行走的频率增加了四倍。很显然，双足行走可以使它们拿走更多的稀有资源，而且，为了尽可能地一口气多拿，它们积极利用可用到的任何方法，甚至嘴巴。第二项研究是在牛津布鲁克斯大学的 Kimberley Hockings 进行的。该研究历时 14 个月，主题是博苏的黑猩猩抢劫粮食，场景是它们不得不为稀有和不可预知的资源竞争。在这项研究中，黑猩猩 35%的活动是直立行走。而这一次研究再一次证实了黑猩猩的直立行走与它们试图一次搬走尽可能多的东西有关。B 第五十篇 Cell Phones Increase Traffic, Pedestrian Fatalities （A级） Cell phones are a danger on the road in more ways than one. Two new studies show that talking on the phone while traveling, whether youre driving or on foot, is increasing both pedestrian deaths and those of drivers and passengers, and recommend crackdowns on cell1 use by both pedestrians and drivers. The new studies, lead-authored by Rutgers University, Newark, Economics Professor Peter D. Loeb2, relate the impact of cell phones on accident fatalities to the number of cell phones in use, showing that the current increase in deaths resulting from cell phone use follows a period when cell phones actually helped to reduce pedestrian and traffic fatalities. However, this reduction in fatalities disappeared once the numbers of phones in use reached a “critical mass”3 of 100 million, the study found. These studies looked at cell phone use and motor vehicle accidents from 1975 through 2002, and factored in4 a number of variables, including vehicle speed, alcohol consumption, seat belt use, and miles driven. The studies found the cell phone-fatality correlation to be true even when including factors such as speed, alcohol consumption, and seat belt use. Loeb and his co-author determined that, at the current time, cell phone use has a “significant adverse effect on pedestrian safety” and that “cell phones and their usage above a critical threshold5 adds to motor vehicle fatalities.” In the late 1980s and part of the 1990s, before the numbers of phones exploded, cell phone use actually had a “life-saving effect” in pedestrian and traffic accidents, Loeb notes. “Cell-phone users were able to quickly call for medical assistance when involved in an accident. This quick medical response actually reduced the number of traffic deaths for a time,” Loeb hypothesizes. However, this was not the case when cells were first used in the mid-1980s, when they caused a “life-taking effect” among pedestrians, drivers and passengers in vehicles. In those early days, when there were fewer than a million phones, fatalities increased, says Loeb, because drivers and pedestrians probably were still adjusting to the novelty of using them, and there werent enough cell phones in use to make a difference in summoning help following an accident, he explains. The “life-saving effect” occurred as the volume of phones grew into the early 1990s, and increasing numbers of cells were used to call 911 following accidents, leading to a drop in fatalities, explains Loeb. But this life-saving effect was canceled out6 once the numbers of phones reached a “critical mass” of about 100 million and the “life-taking effect” - increased accidents and fatalities outweighed the benefits of quick access to 911 services, according to Loeb. Loeb and his co-authors used econometric models to analyze data from a number of government and private studies. He and his co-authors recommend that governments consider more aggressive policies to reduce cell phone use by both drivers and pedestrians, to reduce the number of fatalities. 词汇： crackdown n.制裁，严惩 econometric adj.计量经济的 outweigh v.超过 hypothesize v.假设，假定fatality n.死亡者 注释： 1. cell：cell phone 的缩写。 2. The new studies, lead-authored by Rutgers University, Newark, Economics Professor Peter D. Loeb第一作者为罗格斯大学纽瓦克分校的经济学教授 Peter D. Loeb 的新研究成果 lead-author：第一作者； lead-authored 为动词的过去分词形式，具有被动意义。罗格斯大学纽瓦克分校是美国新泽西州昀负盛名的文理学院。 3. critical mass：临界数量。 4. factored in：包括，把计算在内。 5. a critical threshold：指的是前文所说的 critical mass。见注释 3。 6. was canceled out：被抵消。练习：1. The two new studies, lead-authored by Professor Peter D. Loeb A show that talking on the phone while driving or walking in the street increases deaths of drivers and pedestrians. B show that talking on the phone while driving increases pedestrian deaths. C recommend that strict measures be taken to restrain cell phone use. D both A and C. 2. According to the second paragraph, when did cell phones actually help to reduce pedestrian and traffic fatalities? A Right after cell phones were invented. B Before the number of cell phone users reached a critical mass C When cell phone users totaled to a certain number. D When the number of cell phones decreased to a certain number. 3. What is said about cell phone use in paragraph 4? A The number of cell phones in use exploded in the late 1980s and part of the 1990s. B The number of traffic deaths was reduced in the late 1980s and part of the 1990s due to cell phone use. C Cell phone users are likely to be involved in traffic accidents. D The use of cell phones has a life-saving effect for pedestrians and drivers. 4. What is said about cell phone use in the mid-1980s in paragraph 5? A It had a life-taking effect because there werent enough cell phones in use then. B The increased use of cell phones then caused a “life-taking effect.” C Traffic fatalities increased then because the number of cell phones in use decreased. D Traffic fatalities decreased then because the number of cell phones in use increased. 5. Which of the following statements DOES NOT answer the question(What caused the “life-saving effect” to occur in the early 1990s？)? A There were more cell phone users during that period. B The number of cell phone users reached about 100 million. C More cell phones were used to call 911 when accidents occurred. D Cell phones enabled people to have quick access to 911 services. 答案与题解： 1. D 根据短文第一段的内容， Loeb教授的昀新研究发现，开车或行路时打手机使司机和行路人的死亡率上升，并建议采取严厉措施限制司机和行路人使用手机。 B是错误理解，因为只有行路人被提到。 2. B 短文第二段昀后两个句子提供了答案：在手机使用者达到 1亿的临界点之前，手机的使用的确减少了交通事故的死亡率。 A、C和 D的表述内容都没有在文章中提到。 3. B A是错误选择，因为该段的第四个句子 In the late 1980s and part of the 1990s, before the numbers of phones exploded, 表明,手机数量在 80年代末期和 90年代早期还未激增。 C的表述内容没有在文章中提到。句子 cell phone use actually had a “life-saving effect”用的是过去式，说的是发生在 80年代末期和 90年代早期的事情，而 D句用的是一般现在时，表示通常的状况，所以是错误的选择。4. A第五段的大概意思是， 80年代中期，交通事故的死亡率增加，因为人们还在适应这一新事物，没有足够的手机让人们在发生交通事故时及时求救。该段没有讨论 80年代中期手机数量的增减问题，所以 B、C和 D都是错误选择。 5. B第六段昀后一个句子说，当手机使用者数量达到 100万时，life-saving effect就被抵消了， life-saving effect超过了手机使用者能迅速呼叫 911服务的优点。所以， B不是问题的答案。其他选项都表述了该段的内容。完成填空A *第十二篇Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart RiskFast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of 1 so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London 2 ina newstudyStatins reduce the 3 of unhealthy ”LDL” cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trialdata has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a persons heart attack 4 .In a paper published in theAmerican Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is 5 to offset the increase in heart attack risk from 6 acheeseburger and drinking a milkshakeDr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:”Statins dont cut out a11 of the 7 effects of cheeseburgers and French friesIts better to avoid fatty food altogetherBut weve worked out that in terms of your 8 of having a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same9as a fast food meal increases it.”“Its ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets asthey 10 , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makessense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that arel 1free of chargeIt would cost less than 5 pence per1 2 一not much different to a sachet of sugar.” Dr Francis said When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, theyre encouraged to take 13 that lower their risk, 1ike14 a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a statin is a rational way of 1 5 some of the risks of eating a fatty meal词汇：statin/st tIn! n降胆固醇药物outlet/autlit/ n销售点cholesterol/ klestrl / n胆固醇offset /,fset/ V. 抵消，补偿cheeseburger/ ti:z,b: / n芝士汉堡包milkshake! milkeik / n奶昔condiment /kndimnt! n 调味品sachet /stei / ii 小袋，小包rational / rnl / adj合理的注释：1. Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs: 句中的could 是一种委婉表达建议的用词，意为“可以”。2. Imperial College London: 帝国理工学院。该学院于1907 年由城市和行会学校、皇家矿业学校以及皇家科学学院合并组成。学院于2007 年7月正式脱离伦敦大学成为一所独立大学。提供本科和研究生教育，共有四个学院，工程学院、医学院、自然科学院和生命科学院3. LDL cholesterol: 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇。LDL是low density lipoprotein（低密度脂蛋白）的缩写形式。4. a wealth of trial data: 大量的试验数据。a wealth of意为“大量的，许多”。5. American Journal of Cardiology: 美国心脏病学杂志6. French fries:炸薯条7.It makes sense.: make sense 意为“说得通，合情合理”。8. a sachet of sugar: 一小袋糖。快餐店一般备有袋糖，供饮咖啡或热奶的顾客免费取用。练习：1A changeB chargeC chain D chance2A trustB decideCsuggest Dcalculate3AnumberBamountCvolume D product4AfrequencyB treatmentC diagnosis Drisk5A severeBenoughC weak D active6A buyingB preparingC eatingD cooking7AunhealthyBstrongC different D doubtful8AexaminationBsufferingC determination D possibility9A degreeB dimensionC angle D range10A useB hateC reject D like11A transportedB providedC preserved Dconvened12AcookB patientCcustomer Dvisitor1 3AmeasuresBcareCadvantages D turns14A buyingB wearingC cleaning D changing1 5A increasingBfindingC lowering D taking答案与题解：1. B本文介绍说，吃汉堡包等快餐食品容易引发心脏病，而服用statin能降低心脏病发作的风险，一正一负正好抵消。statin 价格便宜，文章建议快餐店像免费供应调味品那样免费供应statin0 free of charge 是固定搭配，意为“免费”。选择charge 是对的。2. C 本题要选suggest ，因为其他三个选项在意思上都不合适。此外，本句主句的谓语动词用了could (provide) ，委婉地含有“建议”的意思。所以suggest 是个不二的选择。3.B 与降低unhealthy LDL cholesterol 搭配的一定是amount（量），而不可能是number（数字）、volume（体积）或product （乘积）。4.D从上下文判断，要降低（lower）的当然是risk。lower frequency（降低频率）、lowertreatment（降低治疗）或lower diagnosis （降低诊断）与上下文的意思都不匹配。5. B 本句表达的意思是：Dr Darrel Francis 在他的论文中说，经过计算，一粒statin 降低心脏病发作的风险足以抵消吃一个奶酪汉堡包和喝一杯奶昔所增加的患心脏病的风险。所以本题的答案是enough。6. C 顾客不可能在快餐店里preparing cheeseburger 或cooking cheeseburger，而buyingcheeseburger不会增加心脏病风险。所以，只有eating cheeseburger 才合乎上下文的意思。7.A从上下文判断，被cut out（去除）的effects一定是unhealthy effects，所以，unhealthy是本题的答案。8.D本句中的in terms of 意为“就而言”，要与后半句“一正一负相互抵消”的意思相匹配，所以只能是“就患心脏病的可能性而言”。possibility 是答案。9. A本句的意思与第五题的意思相同，即statin降低心脏病发作的风险与快餐增加的心脏病的风险在程度（degree）上大致相当。如果选择其他三个选项，意思变成了，“尺寸(dimension）上、角度（angle）上或范围（range）上大致相当”，就说不通了。1O.D 填词所在的句子的意思告诉我们，具有讽刺意味的一点是：顾客可以随心所欲地免费享用不健康的调味品。as one likes 是固定用法，意为“随某人所愿，随某人所喜欢”。所以，like 是答案。其余三个选项用在本句中都不合适。11.B transported （运输）、preserved （保存）或converted （转换）填人句子中，意思都不顺。只有填入provided （提供）符合句意。provided 是答案。12.C 到快餐店去就餐的人当然是customer。13.A 为了降低开车和吸烟的风险，人们被鼓励要采取一些安全措施。作者借此说明为了降低食用快餐的风险，我们也要采取措施。根据这层意思，选择measures是正确的。takemeasure的意思是“采取措施”。其他三个选项都不合适：take care是“注意，小心”，takeadvantage 是“利用”，take turns 是“轮流，依次”。14.B 本题很明显要选wearing，因为上下文的意思是“系上安全带”。buying a seatbelt,cleaning a seatbelt和changing a seatbelt都与上下文的意思相去太远。15. C通篇文章都在阐述statin能降低患心脏病的风险。所以，lowering（降低）是答案。B +第十五篇 “Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake DamageThe massive subduction zone1 earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soilliquefaction2 that has surprised researchers with its 1 severity, a new analysis shows.Weve seen localized3 examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distance and 2 of damage in Japan were unusually severe, said Scott Ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering4 at Oregon State University5. Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments, Ashford said. The shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines6, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to 3 . We saw some places that sank as much as four feet.Some degree of soil liquefaction7 is common in almost any major earthquake. Its a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their 4 and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or 5 . But most earthquakes are much 6 than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this8.With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw 7 structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes, he said. And it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built
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