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理工A阅读押题机会只给有准备的人。Opportunities are only for the prepared person. 理工阅读押题共2篇文章 第三十四篇 Batteries Built by Viruses第四十八篇 Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright研究人员发现人类开始直立行走的原因Most of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us dont question. But an international team of researchers, including Dr. Richmond from GWs Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, have discovered that human walking upright , may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation源于 to carrying 搬运scarce稀有的, high-quality高质量的resources资源. The team of researchers from the U. S., England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources, in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large ape - one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees - to walk on two legs.我们大多数人每天都走路而且手里搬着东西。这样的活动看似太简单，大多数人没有疑问。但是一个国际研究者（包括乔治o华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学院的Richmond博士）团队已经发现了人类直立行走可能源于数百万年以前适应搬运稀有的、高质量的资源。这些来自美国、英国、日本和葡萄牙的研究者研究了当代黑猩猩争抢食物时的行为特征，试图对什么样的生态环境竟然导致大猿（一种我们与现存的黑猩猩一样的600万年前的祖先）直立行走作出解释。 These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs, said Dr. Richmond. 这些黑猩猩居住的生态环境和我们最早的祖先开始直立行走时是相同的， Richmond博士说。The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of fourin situations where they need to monopolize a resource. Standing on two legs allows them to carry much more at one time because it frees up their hands. Over time, intense bursts of bipedal activity may have led to anatomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong.研究结果显示，当黑猩猩需要独占一种资源时，它们就从四肢行走转换为直立行走。由于直立行走可以解放它们的双手，这使得它们能搬更多的东西。久而久之，双足活动的强烈爆发可能导致了解剖学上的变化，因此这种变化也就成为自然选择的主题，在那种情况下，对食物或其他 资源的争夺是十分激烈的。 Two studies were conducted by the team in Guinea. The first study was conducted by the teamin Kyoto Universitys outdoor laboratory in a natural clearing in Bossou Forest. Researchersallowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nutthe oil palm nut, which is naturally widely available, and the coula nut, which is not. The chimpanzees behavior was monitored in three situations: (a) when only oil palm nuts were available, (b) when a small number of copula nuts were available, and (c) when coula nuts were the majority available resource.有两项研究是在几内亚完成的。第一项研究是在京都大学博苏森林的一块天然空地-室外实验室进行的。研究者们允许森林里的黑猩猩能得到两种不同的坚果，一种叫油棕榈坚果，自然界随处可见，一种叫可乐果，自然环境中不常见。人们监控黑猩猩在下列三种情形下的行为：(a)只有油棕榈坚果；（b)只有少量的可乐果，大多数是油棕榈坚果;(c)大多数是可乐果，少数是油棕榈坚果。 When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanzees transported more at one time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competed for themmore intensely.当稀有的可乐果数量很少时，黑猩猩一次就会拿得多。同样，当大部分是可乐果时，黑猩猩对油棕榈坚果根本视而不见。黑猩猩认为可乐果才是珍贵的资源，并为得到可乐果激烈竞争。 In such high-competition settings, the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four. Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource ,but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in one go by using everything available - even their mouths.处于这种激烈竞争的环境中，黑猩猩直立行走的频率增加了四倍。很显然，双足行走可以使它们拿走更多的稀有资源，而且，为了尽可能地一口气多拿，它们积极利用可用到的任何方法，甚至嘴巴。The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University, was a 14-monthstudy of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rate andunpredictable resources. Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees activity involved some sort of bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time.第二项研究是在牛津布鲁克斯大学的Kimberley Hockings进行的。该研究历时14个月，主题是博苏的黑猩猩抢劫粮食，场景是它们不得不为稀有和不可预知的资源竞争。在这项研究中，黑猩猩35%的活动是直立行走。而这一次研究再一次证实了黑猩猩的直立行走与它们试图一次搬走尽可能多的东西有关。练习：1. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs?根据前可段，下例那一个不对！A Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items.B Chimpanzees behaviors may suggest why humans walk on two legs.C Human walking upright is viewed as an adaptation to carrying precious resources.D Our ancestors ecological conditions resembled those of modern-day chimpanzees.2. Dr. Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of findingRichmond博士指出试验发现A when humans began walking on two legs.B What made our ancestors祖先walk upright.C what benefits walking upright brought to our ancestors.D how walking upright helped chimpanzees monopolize resources.3. Kyoto Universitys study discovered that chimpanzees京都大学研究发现黑猩猩A regarded both types of nut as priced resources.B preferred首选的 oil palm nuts to copula nuts.C liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts.D ignored忽视 both types of nut altogether.4. Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto Universitys experiment?在京都大学的试验中黑猩猩为什么直立行走？A Because they imitated模仿the human way of walking just for fun.B Because they wanted to please the researchers to get more coula nuts from them.C Because they wanted to get to the nut-rich forest faster by walking that way.D Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs.5. What can we infer推断from the reading passage?从本文中可以推断出什么？A Chimpanzees are in the same process of evolution as our ancestors were.B Chimpanzees are similar to humans in many behaviors.C Walking on two limbs and walking on four limbs each have their advantages.D Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival.答案与题解：1.A 第一段第一句和第二句说明，大多数人对人类直立行走习以为常，并不质疑这种习惯。而A 的内容正好与此相反，所以是答案。其他选项所述内容均可从第一段和第二段推断出来.2.B 文章报道，科学家通过实验证实黑猩猩直立行走是为了解放前肢，让前肢搬运对其生命至关重要的资源，从而推断出人类祖先也经历了从四足到二足的进化过程。科学家想通过对黑猩猩的实验解释人类直立行走的成因。所以B 是答案，A 、C、D 选项不是科学家进行研究的目的。3. C 第五段明白无误地描述了黑猩猩全然不顾油棕榈坚果(ignored the oil palm nuts altogether ) ，集中精力抢运可乐果。所以C 是答案，B 、C 、D 的内容不符合文章原意。4.D 黑猩猩用后肢直立行走，搬运资源的效率提高了四倍。选项D 符合原意，是答案。选项A、B 、C 的内容文章中没有提到，所以不是答案。5. D 了解了通篇文章的意思，就会选择选项D，人类直立行走是受生态环境所迫，是人类生存的一种手段.直立行走是自然选择的结果。选项A 和C 的内容文章中没有涉及. 文章中有选项B 的内容，但它不是文章的主旨。第四十八篇 Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking UprightMost of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us dont question. But an international team of researchers, including Dr. Richmond from GWs Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, have discovered that human walking upright , may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation to carrying scarce, high-quality resources. The team of researchers from the U. S., England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources, in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large ape - one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees - to walk on two legs. These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs, said Dr. Richmond. The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of fourin situations where they need to monopolize a resource. Standing on two legs allows them to carry much more at one time because it frees up their hands. Over time, intense bursts of bipedal activity may have led to anatomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong. Two studies were conducted by the team in Guinea. The first study was conducted by the teamin Kyoto Universitys outdoor laboratory in a natural clearing in Bossou Forest. Researchersallowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nutthe oil palm nut, which is naturally widely available, and the coula nut, which is not. The chimpanzees behavior was monitored in three situations: (a) when only oil palm nuts were available, (b) when a small number of copula nuts were available, and (c) when coula nuts were the majority available resource. When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanzees transported more at one time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competed for themmore intensely. In such high-competition settings, the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four. Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource ,but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in one go by using everything available - even their mouths.The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University, was a 14-monthstudy of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rate andunpredictable resources. Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees activity involved some sort of bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time.练习：1. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs?A Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items.B Chimpanzees behaviors may suggest why humans walk on two legs.C Human walking upright is viewed as an adaptation to carrying precious resources.D Our ancestors ecological conditions resembled those of modern-day chimpanzees.2. Dr. Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of findingA when humans began walking on two legs.B What made our ancestors walk upright.C what benefits walking upright brought to our ancestors.D how walking upright helped chimpanzees monopolize resources.3. Kyoto Universitys study discovered that chimpanzeesA regarded both types of nut as priced resources.B preferred oil palm nuts to coula nuts.C liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts.D ignored both types of nut altogether.4. Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto Universitys experiment?A Because they imitated the human way of walking just for fun.B Because they wanted to please the researchers to get more coula nuts from them.C Because they wanted to get to the nut-rich forest faster by walking that way.D Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs.5. What can we infer from the reading passage?A Chimpanzees are in the same process of evolution as our ancestors were.B Chimpanzees are similar to humans in many behaviors.C Walking on two limbs and walking on four limbs each have their advantages.D Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival.第三十四篇 Batteries Built by Viruses（理工A） 病毒电池 What do chicken pox，the common cold, the flu，and AIDS have in common? Theyre all disease caused by viruses, tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to personIts no wonder that when most people think about viruses, finding ways to steer 躲避clear of viruses is whats on peoples minds 水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢?这些都是由病毒引起的 疾病。病毒是能够在人与人之间传染的微生物。难怪大部分人一提到病毒，首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。 Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carders, thoughIn Cambridge, Massachusetts, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual wayThey are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the worlds smallest rechargeable batteries 然而，并不是每个人都躲避这些疾病携带者。在马萨诸塞州剑桥市，科学家发现有些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。他们使病毒开始工作，使病毒构成世界上最小的充电电池。 Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair，but theyre not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher，who first came up with the ideaAt the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new waysIn the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they know about biology, technology and production techniques病毒和电池的搭档似乎并不常见，但这对于工程师安吉拉贝尔彻来说却并不陌生。安吉拉贝尔彻最早产生了这一想法。在位于剑桥市的麻省理工学院，她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科学领域。在由病毒构成的电池里，科学家融合了他们在生物、技术和生产工艺方面的知识。 Belchers team includes Paula Hammond，who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet-Ming Chiang， an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery“Were working on things we traditionally dont associate with nature” says Hammond 贝尔彻的团队包括帮助组装微型电池的宝拉哈蒙德和以电池形式存储能量的专家蒋业明。哈蒙德说，“我们现在从事的行业是传统中不会想到的。” Many batteries are already pretty smallYou can hold A, C and D batteries in your handThe coinlike batteries that power watches are often smaller than a pennyHowever。every year，new electronic devices like personal music players or cell phones get smaller than the year beforeAs these devices shrink, ordinary batteries wont be small enough to fit inside 许多电池已经很小了。A型、C型和D型电池都可以握在手里。硬币形状的手表电池通常比分币还小。然而，个人音乐播放器和手机等新型电子设备变得越来越小。这些设备变小了，普通电池就无法安装进去了。 The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small packageRight now, Belchers model battery, a metallic disk completely built by viruses, looks like a regular watch batteryBut inside，its components are very smallso tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope理想的电池应当体积小、储能多。目前，贝尔彻的电池模型是完全由病毒构成的金属圆盘，看起来就像普通手表电池。但里面的部件却非常小小到用高倍显微镜才能看到。 How small are these battery parts? To get some idea of the size，pluck one hair from your headPlace your hair on a piece of white paper and try to see how wide your hair ispretty thin，right? Although the width of each persons hair is a bit different，you could probably fit about l0 of these virusbuilt battery parts，side to side，across one hairThese microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses这些电池部件到底有多小呢？从头上拔一根头发，把它放到白纸上，看看头发的宽度是不是很细呢？尽管每个人的头发宽度不同，每个头发上可以并列排放大约l0个病毒电池部件。这些微电池可能会改变我们对病毒的看法。词汇：chicken pox水痘microorganism n微生物metallic adj金属的collaborator n合作者，协作者pluck v拔，摘，采练习： 1 According to the first paragraph, people try to根据第一段，人们在努力做什么Akill microorganisms related to chicken pox, he flu, etcBkeep themselves away from viruses because they are invisibleCstay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases.Dcure themselves of virusrelated diseases by taking medicines.2What is Belchers team doing at present?现在贝尔彻团队在做什么？AIt is finding ways to get rid of virusesBIt is massproducing microbatteriesCIt is making batteries with viruses.D It is analyzing virus genes3.What expression below is opposite反义词 in meaning to the word shrink 收缩appearing in paragraph 5？第五段shrink的反意词是什么？ABroaden BSpread CExtend DExpand膨胀.4. Which of the following is true of Belchers battery mentioned in paragraph 6？第六段中关于贝尔彻电池那一个是真的？AIt is made of metal BIt is a kind of watch batteryCIt can only be seen with a microscopeDIt is a metallic金属的 disk 圆盘with viruses inside it.5. How tiny is one battery part?一个电池有多小？AIts width is one tenth of a hair.BIt equals the width of a hairCIt is as thin as a piece of paperDIts width is too tiny to measure答案与题解：1C短文第一段的大致意思是，许多疾病都由病毒引起，诸如水痘、感冒和艾滋病，所以人们想尽办法躲避病毒。这是C所表达的意思。A不是正确选择，因为文章并没有说人们想方设法去杀死病毒。B的后半句的内容(病毒肉眼看不见)和D的内容(吃药治疗病毒引起的疾病)文中没有提到.2C短文的第二段明确提供了答案。3D 根据上下文，shrink在此的意思是“收缩”，即“缩小”。所以，它的反义词是expand(增大，扩张)。C不是正确选择，因为extend的意思是become longer，即“延伸”或“加长”。A的意思是“加宽”，也不是答案。B的意思是“伸展，展开”，在一定的上下文里也可以做shrink的反义词，但在第五段这个语境里，B不是最佳选择。4D第六段第二句中提到的metallic disk是指“金属圆盘”，它是微型电池的外形，其内部是由病毒构成的电池部件。微型电池不是由金属组成的，所以A不是答案。本段提到，这种电池looks like a regular watch battery，与手表里电池外形相似，但并不等同手表电池，所以B也不是正确选择。文章只是说电池的部件(但并没有说整个电池)小到只能用显微镜才能看到，所以C也不是正确的选择。D才是第六段所要表达的主要内容，因此是答案。5A 短文最后一段的第四句(“you could probably fit about lo of these virus-built battery parts，side to side，across one hair”)提供了本题的答案。第三十四篇 病毒电池 水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢?这些都是由病毒引起的疾病。病毒是能够在人与人之间传染的微生物。难怪大部分人一提到病毒，首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。然而，并不是每个人都躲避这些疾病携带者。在马萨诸塞州剑桥市，科学家发现有些病毒能起到非同寻常的作用。他们使病毒开始工作，使病毒构成世界上最小的充电电池。病毒和电池的搭档似乎并不常见，但这对于工程师安吉拉贝尔彻来说却并不陌生。安吉拉贝尔彻最早产生了这一想法。在位于剑桥市的麻省理工学院，她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科学领域。在由病毒构成的电池里，科学家融合了他们在生物、技术和生产工艺方面的知识。 贝尔彻的团队包括帮助组装微型电池的宝拉哈蒙德和以电池形式存储能量的专家蒋业明。哈蒙德说，“我们现在从事的行业是传统中不会想到的。” 许多电池已经很小了。A型、C型和D型电池都可以握在手里。硬币形状的手表电池通常比分币还小。然而，个人音乐播放器和手机等新型电子设备变得越来越小。这些设备变小了，普通电池就无法安装进去了。理想的电池应当体积小、储能多。目前，贝尔彻的电池模型是完全由病毒构成的金属圆盘，看起来就像普通手表电池。但里面的部件却非常小小到用高倍显微镜才能看到。这些电池部件到底有多小呢？从头上拔一根头发，把它放到白纸上，看看头发的宽度是不是很细呢？尽管每个人的头发宽度不同，每个头发上可以并列排放大约l0个病毒电池部件。这些微电池可能会改变我们对病毒的看法。第三十四篇 Batteries Built by Viruses（理工A） What do chicken pox，the common cold, the flu，and AIDS have in common? Theyre all disease caused by viruses, tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to personIts no wonder that when most people think about viruses, finding ways t0 steer clear of viruses is whats on peoples minds Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carders, thoughIn Cambridge, Massachusetts, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual wayThey are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the worlds smallest rechargeable batteries Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair，but theyre not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher，who first came up with the ideaAt the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new waysIn the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they know about biology, technology and production techniques Belchers team includes Paula Hammond，who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet-Ming Chiang， an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery“Were working on things we traditionally dont associate with nature” says Hammond Many batteries are already pretty smallYou can hold A, C and D batteries in your handThe coinlike batteries that power watches are often smaller than a pennyHowever。every year，new electronic devices like personal music players or cell phones get smaller than the year beforeAs these devices shrink, ordinary batteries wont be small enough to fit inside The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small packageRight now, Belchers model battery, a metallic disk completely built by viruses, looks like a regular watch batteryBut inside，its components are very smallso tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope How small are these battery parts? To get some idea of the size，pluck one hair from your headPlace your hair on a piece of white paper and try to see how wide your hair ispretty thin，right? Although the width of each persons hair is a bit different，you could probably fit about l0 of these virusbuilt battery parts，side to side，across one hairThese microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses词汇：chicken pox水痘microorganism n微生物metallic adj金属的collaborator n合作者，协作者pluck v拔，摘，采注释：1no wonder：不足为奇的，难怪2steer clear of：避开，绕开3though：意思为“然而，可是”。在句中使用时通常放在句末。4Cambridge，Massachusetts：马萨诸塞州的剑桥市。本文第三段提到的the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge即指坐落于剑桥市的麻省理工学院。麻省理工学院于1861年由著名自然科学家威廉巴罗吉杰斯创立。这是美国的一所私立研究型大学，培养高级科技人才和管理人才，是以理工科为主的、世界一流的综合性大学。5came up with：提出6A, C and D batteries：A、C、D均为电池型号。7These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses：这些微型电池可能会改变我们看待病毒的方式。作者想表达的意思是：人们一直认为病毒有害无益，现在病毒可用来制作
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